-difficult to find consensus

-intelligent bx changes with age

Most people suggest:

-verbal ability

-practical-problem-solving

-social competence

A child can be either behind or not be keeping up as the rest of his/her peers progress

• 'g' = general intelligence
• Spearman: factor analysis found all components correlated but said there are also "specific intelligence"
• Multiple Intelligences
• Thurstone: 'g' not important, unrelated "primary mental abilities" are more important
• Currently we believe a combination of approaches

• Negative effects of underprivileged increase the longer it lasts
• Chain reaction: e.g. Low SES-malnutrition-bad school-home problems- hard to concentrate
• Early cognitive deficits lead to more deficits (deficit compared to peers increases)
• The longer these things go on the harder it is to overcome

1. Tests are not biased; represent success in the common culture
2. Cultural factors can hurt test performance 

• communication styles
• culture-specific content
• stereotypes 

• Termed Mental Retardation in DSM-IV-TR
• Axis II disorder
• Defined as:
• Subaverage intellectual functioning (IQ<70)
• Deficits in adaptive functioning (living abilities, self-care)
• Onset before 18 (controversial) 

• Mild (IQ 55-70)
• largest group of MR (about 90% of cases)
• Moderate (IQ 40-54)
• Severe (IQ 20-39)
• Profound (IQ below 25-20)

• IQ is not completely stable
• variable based on which test is used
• limitations in maturation, learning, independence, etc. 

• 1992 AAMR was largely ignored
• DSM-IV (IQ below 70, at least 2 deficits in adaptive)
• Different criteria for state/federal laws/guidelines 

ID is relatively stable but is affected by level of impairment

Dual dianosis: ID and some other condition (comorbidity)

-Initially held back by psychoanalytic/dynamic

-problems w/ prevelance (some disorders are 4 times higher than in general population)

-likely judged more intellectually impaired

organic

-linked to 1/3-1/2 of cases

-NOT a single entity

e.g. downs, fragile-x, prader-willi

cultural-familial

-no apparent cause

-linked to 1/2-2/3 of cases

-typically mild MR with fewer physical/medical disabilities

IQ from 71-84

Some think this is where the LD debate really is

-Infant IQ does not predict later IQ very well

-habituation/attention trials predict a small amount

-regression to the mean occurs a lot (really high IQ as an infant will prob decrease some)

-better prediction by 4 years for later childhood (.77)

Controversy: high functioning autism?

Must have impaired social interaction and restricted patterns of behavior/interests/activities

No delays in language, cognition, or adaptive funcition needed

• Neurological disorder
• females only
• Child appears normal for 5 months then deteriorates
• deceleration of head growth
• loss of purposeful hand movements (hand wringing)
• loss of social engagement
• poor gait
• impaired language and usually severe to profound MR

AKA heller syndrome

• Normal for 2 years 
• prior to 10 yrs loses at least 2 previously acquired skills
• expressive/receptive language
• social skills/adaptive behavior
• bowel/bladder control
• play motor skills
• Abnormalities in social interaction
• abnormalities in communication
• use of restricted/repetitive bx, interests, or activiteis

At least 6 symptoms w/ delays in 1 area prior to 3yrs

Social Interaction (at least 2 symptoms)

Communication (at least 1 symptom)

Repetitive (at elast 1 symptom)

• Eye gaze, body posture
• peer relations
• social sharing
• social/emotional reciprocity 

• delay in/lack of language
• impaired sustaining of a conversation
• echolalia/stereotyped use of language
• lack of make believe play, social imitation 

• behavior
• interests
• activities 

• Attachment: might not be as impaired as we once thought (used to think they weren't capable)
• 40-50% have secure attachment if adapted criteria are used
• Inappropriate Social imitation
• Joint attention Deficits
• Problems orienting to social stimuli

Might be a chain

Social orienting deficits when young leads to impairment in joint attention and later language delays

• Severe behavior: SIB, aggression
• Sleep disturbance
• Eating disturbance
• Unusual fears, "phobias?" 

Wakefield

Study w/ 12 kids, study has been retracted

-kids taken from kid's party (not a good sample)

-advocating for spaced dosing of vaccinations which Wakefield had a patent for