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ICTS
Phsyical Science (Jessica)
68
Science
Undergraduate 4
01/07/2012

Additional Science Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is energy?
Definition

ability to do work or cause change.

Classified into 2 categories:

1. Kinetic 

2. Potential

Term
What is Potential Energy?
Definition

Potential Energy is stored energy.

PE=mgh

PE=Mass X gravtional field strength X height

**Gravtional field strength also known as acceleration of gravity.


Term
What is Kinetic Energy?
Definition

Kinetic Energy is the energy of motion.

KE=1/2(mass)X(velocity)2

KE = ½ * m * v²

Term
What is matter?
Definition

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Basically anything that takes up space and has volume.

IT CANT BE CREATED OR DESTORYED is conserved!

 

Term
What are the 3 physical states of matter?
Definition

1. Solid- have a DEFINITE shape and volume

2. Gas-have a DEFINITE volume and INDEFINITE shape

3. Liquid-INDEFINITE volume and INDEFINITE  shape

Term
What are the 3 major phases changes that can occur?
Definition

1. Solid to liquid

melting or freezing

2. liquid to gas

evaporation or condensation

3. solid to gas

sublimation or deposition

Term
What is sublimation?
Definition

When it goes from a solid to a gas/vapor. 

Example of sublimation is dry ice.

Term
What is the law of conversavtion of energy?
Definition

Energy cannot be destoryed or created. It just changes.

It can be converted from one form to another but the total energy remains constant.

Term
What are the different forms of energy?
Definition

1. Gravtional Energy (potential energy)

2. Mechanical (stored) Energy (potential energy)

3. Nuclear Energy (potential energy)

4. Chemical Energy (potential energy)

5. Mechanial (motion) Energy (kinetic energy)

6. Electrical Energy (kinetic energy)

7. Sound Energy (kinetic energy)

8.Radiant Energy (kinetic energy)

9. Thermal (heat) Energy (kinetic energy)

 

Term
What is gravitational energy?
Definition
Is energy of an object or substance due to its position. Anything that is up high.
Term
What is nuclear energy?
Definition
Is energy that is stored in the nucleus. It is what keeps the atom together.
Term
What is Chemical Energy?
Definition
Is the form of energy involved in chemical energy. 
Term
What are the 3 laws of motion?
Definition

Newton's First Law of Motion: Every object retains its state of rest or its state of uniform straight line motionunless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Newton's Second Law of Motion: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force action on it and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.

Newton's Third Law of Motion: Whenever two objects interact, the froce exerted on one object is in size and opposite in direction to the force exerted on the other object.

Term
Newton's First Law of Motion
Definition
  • Also known as the law of inertia
  • In simplier terms, the first law says " That an object at rest will remain at rest unless it is put into motion by an unbalanced force"
Term
Newton's Second Law of Motion
Definition
  • This law is about the relationship between net, force, acceleration, and mass  that causes the change of motion.
  • The acceleration of an object depends on both the net force applied and the mass of the object. 
  • a=F/m   Acceleration=Force divided by mass
Term
What is directly propotional?
Definition
When two variables increase or decrease together in the same ratio (at teh same rate)
Term
What is inversely proportional?
Definition
The relationship in which the value of one variable increases while the value of the second variable decreases at the same rate
Term
Newton's Third Law of Motion
Definition
Whenever two objects interact, the force exerted on one object is equal in size and opposite in direction to the force exerted on the other object
Term
What is latent heat of vaporization?
Definition

The heat involved in a liquid-gas phase change where there is evaporation or condensation.

Occurs only between SOLID  phase and LIQUID phase.

Energy is released!!!

THERE IS NO CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE DURING A PHASE CHANGE!

Term
What is latent heat of fusion?
Definition

Is the heat involved in a solid-liquid phase change in melting or freezing.

Occurs only between the SOLID phase and the LIQUID phase.

Energy is absorbed!!!

THERE IS NO CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE DURING A PHASE CHANGE.

Term
What is force?
Definition

An interaction that can change the state of motion of an object.

F=ma

Force=mass X accleration

Term
What is work?
Definition

Work is the force applied to an object and the distance the object moves as a result of the force.

W=Fd

Work=Force X distance

Term
What is Power?
Definition

Power is the rate at which work is done.

P=W/time

Power= work divided time

The unit is Joules (J/s)

 

Term
What is heat?
Definition
The total amount of internal energy contained in a particular volume.
Term
What are the two kinds of waves?
Definition

Longitudinal Wave

Transverse Wave

Term
What is longitudinal Wave
Definition

A wave that travels in a back and forth movement.

Mechanical longitudinal waves can move through gas, liquid, or solid.

Term
What is transverse waves?
Definition

A wave that disturbs particles in a motions perpendicular to the direction of the wave.

Can only move through SOLIDS!!

 

Term
What are the 3 mechanisms for heat transfer due to temperature difference?
Definition

1. Conduction

2. Convection

3. Radiation

 

Term

What is vibration?

 

Definition
Vibration is a back and forth motion that repeats itself.
Term
What is a cycle?
Definition
A complete vibration
Term
What is a period?
Definition
Is the number of seconds per cycle.
Term
What is frequency?
Definition
The number of cycles per seconds.
Term
What is wavelength?
Definition

The wavelength is the distance the wave travels during one period.

All waves carry energy!

Term
What is refraction?
Definition

A change in the direction of travel of light, sound, or other waves crossing a boundary.

Refraction results from a change in speed!

Term
What is reflection?
Definition
The change when light, sound, or other waves bounce  backward off a boundary.
Term
What is the nucleus?
Definition
It is a tiny, massive, and positively charged that is surrounded by electrons.
Term

What is a proton?

What is an electron?

What is a neutron?

Definition

A proton is a POSITIVE charge.

An electron is a NEGATIVE charge.

A neutron is a neutral particle.

Term
What is an atom?
Definition

The smallest unit of an element that can exist alone or in combination with other elements.

Compounds are formed when atoms are held together by an attractive force called CHEMICAL BOND

Term
What is molecule?
Definition
The smallest particle of a compound, or a gaseous element, that can exist and still retain the characteristic chemical properties of a substance.
Term
What is the pH scale?
Definition
It is based on the concentration of the hydronium ion in an acidic or a basic solution.
Term
What is heat?
Definition
Is described the "something" that moves between objects when two objects of different temperature are brought together.
Term
What is external energy?
Definition
Is the total potential and kinetic energy of an everyday sized object.
Term
What is Internal energy?
Definition
Is the total kinetic and potenital energy of the molecules of an object.
Term
What is an example of external and internal energy?
Definition
When you push a table across the floor, the observable external kinetic energy of the table is transferred to the internal kinetic energy of the molecules between the table legs and the floor, resulting in a temperature change.
Term
What is specific heat?
Definition

Is defined as the amount of energy (or heaet) needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1 degree Celsius.

Example: 1 gram of water exposed to 1 calorie of sunlight will warm up 1 degree Celsius.

Term
What is conduction?
Definition

Is the transfer of heat from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature by increased kinetic  energy moving from molecule to molecule.

 

*the better the conductor the more rapidly heat will transfer.

Term
What is an example of conduction?
Definition

An example of conduction is having a hot pan on the store and trying to move the hot pan with your bare hands.

Then after getting burned, you use a oven mitten to help move the pan.

 

Term
What is convection?
Definition

The transfer of heat from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature by the displacement of high-energy molecules.

 

Term
What is an example of convection?
Definition
A wood burning fire place. Once the fire place is lit,the warm air expands and rises because it is less dense. Then once it cools down, it will become more dense and fall. In other words, the warm air goes up and cool air falls.
Term
What is radiation?
Definition
Is the transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves.
Term
What are some good and poor conduction?
Definition

Good: copper, silver, iron, and steel

Poor: Wood, styrofoam, paper, and air

Term
What is an example of radiation?
Definition
An example is a camp fire warming up your face by the electromagnetic waves coming from the fire.
Term
What are the 8 spectrums that make up the electromagnetic spectrum?
Definition

1. Long Radio waves

2. Short Radio waves

3. Microwaves

4. Infrared light

5. Visible light

6. Ultraviolet light

7. X rays

8. Gamma rays

Term

What is luminous?

What are examples of stuff that is luminous?

Definition

It is when something produces light. 

Examples: Sunlight, stars, lightbulbs

Term
Do radio waves have high or low frequency?
Definition
Low
Term
Do gamma rays have high or low frequency?
Definition
High
Term
What happens when light hits a smooth surrface?
Definition

If the surface is perfectly smooth, a ray of light will undergo REFLECTION. 

It leaves the surface paralle to each other. 

Example: mirror

Term
What happens when the surface is not smooth and light hits it?
Definition
The light rays are reflected in many random directions as DIFFUSE REFLECTION takes place. 
Term
What is the law of Reflection?
Definition

It is when an object (light) bounces off a flat surface, the angle it at which it hits the surface will be equal to the angle at which it bounces away.

 

*Angle of Incidence is the angle at which the object hits the flat surface.

*The angle of Reflection is the angle at which it rebounds from the flat surface.

Term
What is nuclear fusion?
Definition
The nuclear reaction of low-mass nuclei fusing together to form more stable and more massive nuclei with an accompanying release of energy
Term
What are the 3 basic fusion reaction requirements?
Definition

1. Temperature

2. Density

3. Time

Term
Nuclear Energy is released when...
Definition

1. massive nuclei such as uranium-235 ungergo fission 

2. when less massive nuclei come together to fro more massive nuclei through nuclear fusion.

Term
What is nuclear fisson?
Definition
Occurs rapidly in an atomic bomb explosion and occurs relatively slowly in a nuclear reactor. 
Term
What is the difference between Nuclear fission and Nuclear fusion?
Definition

Fission is when a large nucleus splits into smaller ones.(takes less energy to do)

Fusion is when two nuclei are combined(fused) into a larger one.(takes more energy to make this happen)

Term
What is the atomic theory?
Definition
Is the idea that matter is made up of little units called atoms
Term
What are the five main points of the Dalton's atomic theory?
Definition

1) All elements consist of minuscule particles called atoms.

2) All atoms of a given element have are identical to each other.

3) All atoms of a given element are different than those of other elements.

4) Atoms of one element combine with other elements to create compounds. They always combine in equal amounts.

5) Atoms cannot be created, divided, nor destroyed.

Term
What is the density equation?
Definition
Density=mass/volume
Term
Who is Mendeleev?
Definition
He is the one who made the periodic table.
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