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| right image shows the Calcium stone |
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| BPH--> retention of urine--> hydronephrosis |
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| useful for evaluation of bladder tumors and stones as well as prostate cancer and BPH |
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It will show if there is a normal blood flow to both testes or if there is any inflammation or tumor.
Varicocoeles, epidydimal cysts and hydrocoeles can also be detected. |
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| CT scan showing polycystic kidney |
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| CT scan: bladder rupture due to pelvic injury |
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| CT scan showing the simple cyst. fluid looks dark in CT scan |
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| IVP has been replaced by CT with contrast. |
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| 3 ureter--> congenital abnormality |
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| Kidney stone on the kidney which started late |
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The procedure involves inserting a catheter into the urinary bladder through the urethra. The bladder is filled with dye and pictures are taken.
-Indications:
*Ureteral reflux
*Leakage of bladder
*Bladder lesions |
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| bladder rupture causing the fluid to go to the pelvis |
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Voiding cystourethrograms follow the same routine as cystograms with one difference. Toward the end of the examination, when the urinary catheter is removed, the patient is asked to urinate into a special urinal.
Radiographs will be taken during urination. |
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UTI symptoms showing lower UTI first then upper UTI.
vesicourethral reflux--> cause infection |
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Retrograde pyelogram allows visualization of the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis. During cystoscopy, contrast dye is introduced into the ureters via a catheter.
Other techniques to obtain the same information are more commonly used than retrograde pyelography.
Example Indications
Space occupying lesions in the urinary tract |
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Term
| Nuclear Medicine Renal Scan |
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Definition
A renal scan is a nuclear medicine examination that uses small amounts of radioisotopes to measure the function of the kidneys.
Example Indications
Renal tubular function
Renal artery stenosis
Obstructive uropathy |
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| Renal artery stenosis, GFR decreases, ACE inhibitor not given |
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Gadolinium-enhanced, 3D MRA is used to evaluate diseases of the abdominal aorta and branches instead of angiography.
MRA is a safe, fast, accurate, cheaper than conventional angiogram.
Example Indications
Aortic aneurysm
Renal artery stenosis
Renal vein thrombosis |
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A-V malformation caused by previous biopsy Hx
white areas--> arteries
grey areas--> veins |
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Definition
A catheter is inserted into aorta and contrast agent is injected for evaluation of aorta and its branches including renal arteries.
It is useful for evaluation of renal artery stenosis |
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