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Ichthyology Lecture 5: non-Acanthopterygian Teleostean
early fishes
20
Science
Undergraduate 4
10/13/2013

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Term
Class Actinopterygii
Definition
ray finned fishes
-scales ganoid, cycloid, or ctenoid (modified cycloid scale)--and placoid
-sister taxon of the Sarcopterygians
-the old days: w/ Acanthodians, forms the Teleostorni (old name with 3 clades of bony vertebrates)
-3 subclasses: Cladistia, Chondrostei, Neopterygii
Term
ganoid scales
Definition
rubbery, thick, lots of protection (gar)
Term
ctenoid scales
Definition
modified cycloid scale (very rough, little teeth)
Term
Subclass Cladistia
Definition
Order Polypteri
-Bichirs, Ropefishes
(rhombic ganoid scales)
-Polypteras (Nile River) & Erpetoichthys (ropefish): rubbery, diamond shaped scales
Term
Subclass Chondrostei
Definition
first bony, then turn cartilaginous later
-many extinct, only extant Order is Acipenseriformes
Term
Order Acipenseriformes
Definition
*Heterocercal tail, Intestine with spiral valve, fin rays
more numerous than their basals
Acipenseridae- Sturgeons
Polyodontidae- Paddlefishes (Chinese paddlefish-Psephurus gladius)
Term
Subclass Neopterygii
Definition
fin rays equal in #s to their supports in dorsal and anal fins (tight control on raising/lowering fins)
Term
Pterygiophores
Definition
bones in a fish that support the dorsal fin
-defense, swim, wedge into rocks, sexual advantage
Term
Order Lepisosteiformes
Definition
long-nosed gar
-ganoid scales
-breathes at the surface
-may enter salt water
-up to 3 meters
Term
Order Amiiformes
Definition
Bowfin (Amia calva)
-freshwater, up to 3 feet (20 pounds)
-ganoid scales, surface breathing
Term
Division Teleostei
Definition
96% of extant fishes
-27 anatomical synapomorphies, no molecular ones
-most important are the caudal skeleton
Term
Subdivision Osteoglossomorpha
Definition
-Mooneye, Goldeye of Hiodontiformes
-Osteoglossiformes (very primitive) bony tongue
Term
Order Osteoglossiformes
Definition
bony tongue
-Pantodon
-Knife fish
-elephant fishes
-Pirarucu (Arapaima gigas)
-Arowana
Term
Subdivision Elapomorpha
Definition
swimbladder not connected with ear
Leptocephalus larvae (small head as larva)
3 orders: Elapiformes (tarpons), Albuliformes (bonefishes), Anguilliformes (eels & morays)
Term
Subdivision Ostarioclupeomorpha
Definition
Superorder Clupeomorpha
Superoder Ostariophysi
-inner ear and swim bladder are anatomical synapomorphies
-mostly molecular synapomorphies
Term
Superorder Clupeomorpha
Definition
anterior extension of swimbladder enters the skull
-clupeiformes (herring)
-school of anchovies
Term
Superorder Ostariophysi
Definition
synapomorphy: fright substance- Schrekstoff hormone
Series Anotophysi (milkfish- Gonorynchiformes)
Series Otophysi (piranha/catfish)
Term
Series Otophysi
Definition
synapomorphy: Weberian apparatus
-anatomical structure that connects the swim bladder to the auditory system
Term
Subdivision Euteleostei
Definition
synapomorphy Retractor dorsalis: RAB
Term
Retractor Doralis
Definition
large paired muscle that originates along
the ventral margin of the anteriormost three or four vertebral centra and inserts on the dorsal-most parts of the gill arches. The muscle functions to retract or pull back on the upper pharyngeal teeth as part of a chewing mechanism that prepares food for swallowing
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