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Definition
| morphology similar to adult but not mature |
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| gonads degenerate "programmed death" |
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| Egg size increases with... |
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Definition
| parental care, leads to increase incubation and well formed young at hatching |
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| usually in demersal egg types, associated with sexual dimorphism, degree of courtship, territoriality and defense |
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| environment, stimulation of hypothalmus and pituitary |
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| Environmental cues for spawning |
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Definition
abiotic - light, temperatue, water level, substrate
biotic - pheromones, behavior |
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| Spawning Trigger - Hypothalmus |
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Definition
| GRH gonadotropic releasing horomone |
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| Spawning Triggers - pituitary |
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Definition
| GTH - gonadotropic hormones |
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| Gonadosomatic Index - gonad weight/body weight *100. tells the readiness of indv for reproduction. |
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| males that invade nests during spawning |
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| small, mimic females invade nest during spawn |
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| cocered by fertilization membrane - depends on the yolk |
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| yolk greatly reduced or gone, individual feeding |
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| pigment containing dermal cells. star shaped, fish can control where pigment is contained, thus controlling color. pigments come from diet. |
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Definition
| contain carotenoids. reds, yellows. pigments come from diet. |
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Definition
| contain melanin. black. byproduct of metabolism. important for identification. |
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Definition
| contain purines, structural guanine crystals. blues and silvery sheen. |
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Definition
| defense of territories, competition for mates. closely tied to breeding (Bettas) |
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| Basic rules for aggression outcome |
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Definition
| larger, resident, and/or previous winners win. |
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Definition
| migrate between fresh and saltwater |
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Definition
| spawn in ocean, feed in freshwater |
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| spawn in freshwater, feed in ocean |
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Definition
| Yellow Perch will go to diff parts of a lake. |
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Definition
| large social groups. schooling - fish all of the same size that move in same direction. schoaling - diff sizes or species and no coordinated movement. |
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Definition
| protection, avoid predation, help feed, reproduce. |
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| schools and shoals aid in dilution and confusion. |
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Definition
| predator will select prey to maximize energy intake over time (energy vs time) |
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| fish are not selecting larger sized prey, they simply see them better |
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| why would a bluegill choose to be in a suboptimal feeding area? risk of being eaten themselves. |
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Definition
| result of evolution and continental drift, large scale. |
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Definition
| result of evolution and continental drift, large scale. |
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Definition
| constrained by waterway distribution, salt water toleration. barriers are always changing. |
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| Primary freshwater families |
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Definition
| can not tolerate salty waters |
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Term
| Secondary freshwater families |
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Definition
| can tolerate salty waters (salmonids) |
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| Barriers (today and past) |
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Definition
| Mountain ranges, drainage changes |
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Definition
| can introduce fauna of one drainage into another. at headwaters of stream, as water erodes away the substrate, streams can intersect! this happened to the Taes River in the Appalachian mountains |
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| ZG-R. Europe and Asia (NW of Himilayas) |
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| ZGR - African continent below Sahara Desert |
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| ZGR - India, SE Asia, and Indonesia |
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| changes climate and affects current animal distributions. 3 in last 100,000 years. Reduces sea level creating land bridges. effect depends on orientation and drainage a fish lives in. fish in ohio could move south in mississippi to refugia, fish in northern drainages would go extinct. Many European fish probably went extinct due to lack of N/S drainages. |
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Definition
| Start with big broad onces (eg: freshwater vs. marine, zoogeography), then get down to: local abiotic conditions (stream or pond, flow,terbitity) , biotic interactions (other types of fish/organisms) |
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| Streams can be thought of as linear systems with gradual changes from headwaters to mainstem (eg: overall volume of water- Stream Order) |
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Definition
| Streams can be thought of as linear systems with gradual changes from headwaters to mainstem (eg: overall volume of water- Stream Order) |
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Definition
| (Horton-Strahler) system used to indicate the size of streams. 1 to 12(eg: mississippi). Works best with dendritic systems. Doesn't work very well on the edge of a mountain range- lots of headwaters make a stream big physically, but can't get to a high order. Can also be used to predict: flow (discharge), DO, gradient, temp |
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Definition
| views streams as discrete sections. In most systems, there is no discrete zonation--rapid changes in assemblages are usually associated with drastic changes in environmental conditions |
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Term
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Definition
Erosional - headwaters (high flow, high slope, lots of erosion)
Intermediate- less erosion
deposition- valley floor, less slope, less flow (energy), bits of rock from upstream are deposited
Translates into fish zones |
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Term
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Definition
(from Moyle's 76 paper) Rainbow Trout zone, foothill fish zone, valley floor fishes
As you move from zone to zone you pick up some species, but you also lose species |
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Definition
| Very low species richness due to lots of extinction. Relics (really old species) are rare. Endemics are also rare bc most fauna in europe are species that could move back in after glaciation. |
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Definition
| Based on streams in forested areas. predicts changes in abiotic conditions, and biotic conditions (macro inverts, fish, phytoplankton, and leaf litter from shore) |
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Term
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Definition
low temperature - high shading
low primary production – allochthonous (inputs of organic material from outside system)
course particulate organic matter – shredders
invertivores dominate fish assemblage
Well oxygenated |
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Term
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Definition
low temperature - high shading
low primary production – allochthonous (inputs of organic material from outside system)
course particulate organic matter – shredders
invertivores dominate fish assemblage
Well oxygenated |
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Term
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Definition
moderate temperature - less shading
high primary production – autochthonous (grazers)
more fine particulate organic matter –
fewer invertivores – more herbivores (campos) |
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Term
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Definition
higher temperature but more stable
primary production phytoplankton
FPOM – collectors
few herbivores – more planktivores |
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Term
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Definition
| Big river ecology is in its infancy - flooding important for input of material and nursery areas (fish key spawning to flooding events so that young can have good food source- dams impact this). |
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Definition
| Additive- as you move down the streams, you add more fish to the assemblage (lots in NA). Replacement- fish drop off and are replaced by other fish. Both really work (more in tropical systems). |
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Term
| Proximity to other fish assemblages |
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Definition
| Confluences with other orders of streams (when big order meets headwater) you have a crossover of species |
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Term
| Are streams really linear? |
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Definition
| Should we look at them from a more underlying geological approach. So, what kind of rock is there, blah blah. Landscape scale testing of RCC |
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Term
| Factors associated with high fish diversity |
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Definition
Permanent flow
Habitat variability (woody debris/ exposed riparian roots/ vegetation, pool-riffle development, natural flow regimes) |
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| Major ways man has reduced fish diversity |
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Definition
| dams – temperature – sediment – flow variability (channelization, mining, agriculture, sediment, nutrients) |
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Definition
Most comments will apply to reservoirs also – depends on flow and morphology of reservoir.
Temperature:
cold water: salmonids, sculpins
warm water: large mouth bass, catfish, sunfish
two story: has both basically |
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Term
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Definition
Most comments will apply to reservoirs also – depends on flow and morphology of reservoir.
Temperature:
cold water: salmonids, sculpins
warm water: large mouth bass, catfish, sunfish
two story: has both basically |
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Term
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Definition
based on density differences between hot and cold water.
Epilimnion – warm surface water
Metalimnion (thermocline)
Hypolimnion – cool bottom water |
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Term
| Layers based on light/ plants |
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Definition
Pelagic zone – lighted but not to bottom
Littoral – light reaches bottom (PAR)
Profundal - dark layer to bottom |
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Term
| Temperature impacts on Oxygen and Nutrients |
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Definition
| Dissolved oxygen drops after termocline. Stratification results in keeping fish out of certain areas. Nutrients: anoxic water causes nutrients to be released from the soil (N, P) and decomposing organic matter |
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Term
| Lakes are classified by productivity |
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Definition
Oligotrophic – nutrient poor – salmonids- carifourous forest
Mesotrophic - medium nutrient levels- hard wood forest
Eutrophic – high nutrients– centrarchids/catfish/carp- prairie (farm pond) |
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Term
| Fish will be distributed based on |
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Definition
| temperature, light, oxygen, and substrate(veg, open water-walleye,) |
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Term
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Definition
| High input of nutrients, High inputs of sediment, Highly variable water level effect on vegetation (kills of bank plants), Within lake water currents – flood events, Aging effects: greatly accelerated in reservoirs, Longitudinal gradients SMB – trend in book, trend in OK (downstream in res sometimes you have rocky habitat in places where you shoudln't, so fish get "out of place", Thermal squeeze – striped bass, lake trout (stocked fish in two story fishry have to move up to avoid anoxic area, but it gets too warm for them) |
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Term
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Definition
| An estuary is a region where freshwater meets saltwater. The biggest factors affecting estuaries are salinity (low salt water on surface-less dense) and tides (cause cyclic movement of water, which puts salty water on top sometimes). Salty water near mouth, more freshwater the further up you go. |
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| affected by the flow of freshwater and shape of mouth Chesapeake, Outer Banks of NC. |
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Definition
| vertical, as well as, longitudinal stratification based on saltwater being more dense. Won't allow much mixing, impacts oxygen and temperature. |
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| Estuaries are characterized |
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Definition
| species poor yet highly productive. Very variable salinity. Harsh environment – temp, salt, water level - few fish are euryhaline – those that do occur do so in abundance. |
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Term
| Anthropogenic effects on Estuaries |
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Definition
| Nutrients – sewage and agriculture - increases productivity unless anoxia occurs, Diversion of water – decreased inputs makes estuary more salty, Sediment load – blocks light reducing prim prod. vegetation is vitally important in life cycles of many species |
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Term
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Definition
| While temperate systems cycle with temperature, tropical systems cycle with rainfall. Wet/ dry periods much more pronounced than in NA |
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Term
| Wet periods/Dry Periods in Tropics |
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Definition
| Wet periods – allow access to terrestrial production- leads to much more feeding specialization than in NA fishes. Migration up and out into flood plane. Dry period – stressful – increased predation, less food, high temperatures. migration down and in |
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Term
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Definition
| many species produce multiple generations each year – fast growth/ short lived some cue on wet period to spawn (young can get up into flood plane where there is a ton of food). |
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Term
| Longitudinal patterns in Tropics |
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Definition
| more pronounced than in temperate. replacement and competition, extreme replacement, can get complete replacement of the entire community from upstream to downstream. More diversity. Head waters – clear, allochthonous |
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Term
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Definition
| Head waters – clear, allochthonous |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of Tropic River: (not rapids) – moderate oxygen, high sediment, intermediate pH, high nutrients catfish, knifefish, elephantfish |
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Term
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Definition
| type of tropic river, less turbid, but stained (like a northern peat bog), low nutrients, low pH, less diverse |
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| Tropic System: Complex Trophic Structure |
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Definition
- more herbivores, detritivores
– many species show strong relationships to others – specialization – many scale eaters and fin choppers prey on a small group of species larval fish eaters, rammers
predators exert a strong influence over community. reduce competitive exclusion (keystone species) |
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