Term
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Definition
Force per unit surface area
P= F/A |
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Term
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Definition
-Measures current (amps)
-Must be put in series with what you are measuring |
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Term
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Definition
The rate at which energy is transferred.
Power=Work/(Unit Time)
Power=Current*Voltage |
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Term
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Definition
| When the temperature of a resistor is constant then the current is proportional to voltage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water Vapor, Methane, Carbon Dioxide, Ozone, Nitrous Oxide |
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Term
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Definition
| Pumps water upwards where it is stored. This way, it will act as a battery for gravitational energy to be used later. |
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Term
| Efficiency of Natural Gas Power Plant |
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Definition
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Term
| Efficiency of Coal Power Plant |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Amount of power fer unit area
I=Power/A |
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Term
| Stephan-Boltsman Constant |
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Definition
-Symbol is σ
-Used to solve for radiated power of a black body in this equation:
Radiated Pwr=σAT^4
Where A is surface area and T is temperature in units of K |
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Term
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Definition
The ratio of power emitted by an object to the power emitted if that object were a black body, symbol e.
It is stated as a number 0-1, like a percentage. |
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Term
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Definition
The ratio of energy that is reflected vs. the incident intensity.
∝=(total reflected power)/(total incident power)
Things that affect the Earth's are the seasons, temperature, cloud cover, and vegetation.
Earth's average is .3, which means 30% of energy is reflected. |
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Term
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Definition
How much heat it takes to heat the Earth's surface by one degree.
C_s=Q/(A*∆T) |
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Term
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Definition
| A coil that creates an electric field. It becomes an electromagnet if a metal is put through the middle. |
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Term
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Definition
| An object that absorbs all light and can emit light of its own. An example is a star. Also known as a "prefect emitter." |
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Term
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Definition
| An experiment that shot particles through gold foil, and proved the plum pudding atomic model wrong when some of the particles bounced back. |
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Term
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Definition
-Amount of energy released when an electron moves across 1 volt of Potential difference.
-1eV=1.6*10^-19J <---(elementary charge) |
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Term
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Definition
| A state where for every atom you split, it causes a chain reaction that splits more than one additional atom each time. |
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Term
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Definition
| A state where for every atom you split, exactly one other atom is caused to split. This is used in nuclear power plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| A state where when one atom splits, it doesn't cause more atoms to split. This is most common in nature. |
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Term
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Definition
| Binds atoms together. This naturally occurs in the sun. |
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Term
| AMU- atomic mass unit- (u) |
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Definition
A unit of mass. One unit of this is equal to the mass of 1/12 of a carbon atom. Therefore, the mass of carbon is 12 of this unit.
1 of this unit is equal to 1.66*10^-27kg. This conversion is at the bottom of the constants list in the IB equations packet. |
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Term
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Definition
-The difference between mass of a nucleus and mass of the separate nucleons in the nucleus.
-Can be used to find energy released in binding with the equation E=mc^2 |
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Term
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Definition
The energy released when binding nucleons in a nucleus. It comes from mass.
Can be found with the equation E=mc^2 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When energy is lost but isn't useful to us. Examples are in car exhaust, noise, and a heated up engine. |
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Term
| Percentage of World Usage of nuclear power |
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Definition
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Term
| Percentage of World Usage of Fossil Fuels |
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Definition
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Term
| Percentage of World Usage of oil (is a fossil fuel) |
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Definition
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Term
| Percentage of World Usage of natural gas (is a fossil fuel) |
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Definition
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Term
| Percentage of World Usage of coal (is a fossil fuel) |
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Definition
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Term
| Percentage of World Usage of Solar |
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Definition
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Term
| Percentage of World Usage of Wind |
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Definition
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Term
| Percentage of World Usage of Hydroelectric |
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Definition
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Term
| Percentage of World Usage of Wave |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Requirements for Circular motion |
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Definition
-Velocity tangetal to circle
-Acceleration precipital (towards center of circle) |
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Term
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Definition
How much energy required to change temperature of an object by degree
c=Q/m∆T |
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Term
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Definition
How much energy required to change phase per unit mass
L=Q/m |
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Term
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Definition
A process that goes from liquid to gas.
Involves:
-Adding energy, which breaks bonds allowing particles to escape
-the liquid turning into gas anywhere, which causes bubbles
-the temperature not changing while phase change occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
A process that goes from liquid to gas. Can happen at any temperature, but occurs more rapidly at higher temperatures
Involves:
-only happening at surface of liquid, so no bubbles are formed
-temperature decreasing during phase change |
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Term
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Definition
A theory that simplifies particles to make them easier to understand. Just approximately true.
States that:
-the # of particles in a system is enormous and separation between particles is huger
-all particles move randomly
-no forces of attraction exist between particles of gas
-all particle are identical |
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Term
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Definition
-A material that allows particles to flow freely.
-Examples include metals like copper and aluminum
-Charges spread out on the outside edge |
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Term
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Definition
Material that does not allow charged particles to flow freely.
Examples include rubber and plastic
-Charges reside wherever they are put |
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Term
| Law of Conservation of Charges |
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Definition
| States that charges can't be created or destroyed |
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Term
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Definition
F_s=-k∆x
Where F_s is spring force
k is spring constant
and ∆x is distance stretched |
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Term
| Work Kinetic Energy Theorem |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When an object is losing energy, would oscillate, but ends at equilibrium. |
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Term
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Definition
| When an oscillating object loses energy as fast as physically possible |
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Term
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Definition
| When an oscillating object loses energy very slowly. |
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Term
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Definition
| When you manually push something at a desired frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| The frequency an object naturally tends to oscillate at. |
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Term
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Definition
Amount of energy transferred
Force*Displacement |
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Term
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Definition
The acceleration of a particle travelling in circular motion
v^2/r |
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Term
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Definition
| The flow of thermal energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance |
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Term
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Definition
| States that macroscopically, at a constant volume the pressure of a gas is proportional to its temperature in kelvin (very similar to Charles's Law) |
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Term
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Definition
| States that macroscopically, at a constant pressure, the volume of a gas is proportional to its temperature in kelvin (very similar to Pressure Law) |
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Term
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Definition
| Macroscopically, at a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume. |
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Term
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Definition
| The maximum displacement from the mean position |
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Term
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Definition
The number of oscillations completed per unit time. Measured in number of cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz)
=1/T |
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Term
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Definition
The time taken for one complete oscillation
=1/f |
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Term
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Definition
| The constant of proportionality between acceleration and displacement. Identified as ω |
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Term
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Definition
| When an oscillating object is almost completely prevented from oscillating. Relatable to moving through a very viscous liquid. It take a long time to reach equilibrium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when a system is subject to an oscillating force at exactly the same frequency as the natural frequency of oscillation of the system. |
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Term
| Electric Potential Difference |
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Definition
| The energy difference per unit charge. For any given electric field, this is between any two points a single fixed scalar quantity. Measured in Joules/Coulomb, which is given a new name, the volt (V). |
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Term
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Definition
| A unit for charge. One of these units of negative charge is equal to the charge carried by a total of 6.25*10^18 electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
The rate of flow of electrical charge. Given the symbol I.
I=charge flowed/time taken
I=Q/t
Measured in amps |
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Term
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Definition
The mathematical ratio between potential difference and current. If something has high of this, it means that you would need a large potential difference across it in order to get a current of flow. Symbol is R.
R=V/I
Measured in units of ohms, Ω |
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