Which decreases with modern agricultural practices
Definition
proportion of people with agricultural knowledge in society
Term
a re-evaluation of our methods to control insect pests is resulting in developement of pest control strategies that avoid ecological contamination. Which is not an example of these?
Definition
Using non-biodegradable chemicals
Term
which statement about the production and use of modern hybrid seed plants is true?
Definition
the widespread use of hybrids has led to the extinction of local land races
Term
Allowing a field to lie fallow for a year
Definition
restores some fertility to the soil
Term
Of all the types of plants eaten, which makes up the majority of the world-wide diet?
Definition
grasses
Term
Which of these crops originated in Central America
Definition
corn
Term
From which structure could a plant reproduce that would result in the greatest genetic variation in its offspring?
Definition
seeds
Term
Which of the following is one advantage of asexual reproduction
Definition
it allows an organism to quickly fill a new habitat
Term
crossing-over is a fenetic process in which
Definition
two homologous chromosomes exchange sequences
Term
Arrange the following steps of meiosis in chronological order
Definition
3,4,6,2,7,5,1
Term
the flower in the illustation can be accurately desribed as
Definition
perfect
Term
proior to pollination, in what part of a perfect flower can haploid cells be found?
Definition
the embryo sac and pollen ; the anther and the stigma
Term
A plant species that is dioecious includes plants that
Definition
have either carpellate or staminate flowers, not both
Term
A plant with nectar gides, a landing platform, open during the day and a sweet scent is likely pollinated by
Definition
bees
Term
cology collapse disorder is only a problem in the U.S.
Definition
No, it is a global problem
Term
the white fluffy part of a popcorn is actually_____ that developed from a cell that resluted from the usion of _____ during fertilization
Definition
endosperm/ a sperm and two polar nuclei
Term
The next time you are fortunate to have green beans at a meal, you could impress the cook with the compliment, "These fertized_____ in former ____ are delicious!"
Definition
ovules/ovaries
Term
Which pair correctly illustrates a co-evolved dispersal mechanism?
Definition
squirrel burying an accorn
Term
A burr is an example of what kind of seed dispersal
Definition
animal dispersal by hooks
Term
How does the conversion of wetlands to farmland affect the nitrogen cycle
Definition
Less time for bacterial breakdown of nitrogen compounds
Term
arrange the following events in a sequence which best desribes eutrophication
Definition
1.Nutrients become available by runoff from nearby fields
2. Increased primary producer populations
3. Increased decomposer populations
4. Decreased oxygen production
5 Buildp of toxic compounds
Term
As a lake becomes eutrophic, one might expect an increase in
Definition
total primary production
Term
Which may be one impact of human-driven nitrogen fixation?
Definition
Produces the precursors to smog and ground-level ozone
Term
Which two parts serve the same function during the germination of a seed?
Definition
cotyledon
endosperm
Term
when bean seeds (eudicot) germinate, enzymes are produced that start to digest the food materials stored in the
Definition
cotyledons
Term
Place the following steps in the correct order for the germination of a seed.
Definition
4, 1, 3, 5, 2
Water is imbibed
Digestion of reserves
Root elongates
Shoot emerges
Leaves enlarge
Term
Which of the following is Not a mechanism for the dispersal of seeds?
Definition
mice cross-pollinating flowers
Term
A fruit is primarily
Definition
an organ for dispersal
Term
Traditional agricultural cropping systems often are more ecologically and economically stable because they
Definition
frequently use mixtures of many crops in the same area sharing similar resources
Term
Which is NOT a characteristic of industial agricultural techniques
Definition
Is human labor- intensive
Term
Which of the following statements about acid rain is true
Definition
acid rain affects plants by changing the nutrients in the soil that are available to the plants
Term
How does acid rain change community structure
Definition
Acid sensitive species are replaced by those not so sensitive to low pH
Term
Why are animal proteins considered higher quality proteins than plant proteins
Definition
The ratio of essential amino acids more closely matches our body's requirement
Term
What do potato tubers, iris rhizomes and strawberry "runners" have in common
Definition
they are all modified stems
Term
In the life cycle illustrated below, which is true about the indicated structure?
Definition
It is made of haploid cells
Term
In this cross- section of a root, what is the name of the cell type at the pointer
Definition
xylem
Term
An integrative biology 102 student bought a bottle of houseplant leaf wax to maker her philodendron leaves look nice and shiny. The directions said to use the wax only on the upper surfaces of the leaves, it would clog the ____ and prevent _____ from entering the leaf and drastically reduce photosynthesis.
Definition
stomates/ carbon dioxide
Term
the structure of the cells indicated by the bracket allows the efficiently carry out which function below
Definition
diffusion of gases
Term
From the point of view of evolution, the best measure of Darwin's idea of fitness is the ability of the individual to:
Definition
reproduce successfully
Term
Which would contribute to a lowered population growth rate
Definition
a death rate that is greater than the birth rate
Term
A reproductive startegy of an oak tree closely resembles that of a K-strategist because of which feature?
Definition
long-lived organism
Term
Which density-independent factor would most likely affect a population of willow trees?
Definition
a local ice storm
Term
which would be the least limiting of the following factors in the earliest stages of primary succession?
Definition
incoming energy
Term
Which term includes all the interactions of an organism with its environment
Definition
niche
Term
An introduced or non-native species can become successful in a new location due to
Definition
the introduced species occupying an open niche
Term
Natural selection is best described as
Definition
differential survival and reproduction
Term
The energy used by humans directly or indirectly is:
Definition
part of the total net primary productivity
Term
the diagram shown below illustrates the typical arrangement of cells in a cross-section of the leaf from a _______ plant
Definition
C4
Term
Comparing photosynthesis to glycolysis, which of the following compounds is the product of one process and the reactants of the other
Definition
(CH2O)n
Carbohydrate
Term
Which of the following substances would likely be produced in root cells in response to compaction of the soil around a young seedling
Definition
ethanol
Term
which would immediately follow a large increase in the number of producers in a food web
Definition
an increase in available nutrients in the soil
Term
a small pond high in the Rocky Mountain National Park that includes light energy and minerals, plants, animals and microbes could be described as
Definition
an ecosystem
Term
A valley in Borneo produces enough rice to support a village of 100 vegetarian people. If this same amount of rice were fed to pigs the valley could support only 10 carnivorous people who eat only pork. What accounts for the reduced number of carnivorous people supported by the same amount of rice
Definition
the loss of energy at each trophic level
Term
which is the most likely path of a nitrogen atom in a tropical rainforest
Definition
atmosphere->bacteria->tree ->fungus
Term
which biotic factor would affect a population as indicated in the graph?
Definition
predation
Term
How is the human life stategy like that of an r-strategist?
Definition
a woman can have a child every year from about 13 to about age 50
Term
the human population is predicted to continue to grow with continually greater yearly increments even though the annual growth rate is DECLINING. What is the cause of this apparent paradox?
Definition
the growth rate is a percentage of an ever increasing number
Term
Elodea plants submerged in an aquarium produced bubbles when thy are placed in light. The main component of these bubbles is _____ which was produced when _____ split apart during the process of photosynthesis
Definition
oxygen/ water
Term
ATP produced in the light-dependant reactions of photosynthesis is used pricipally in the
Definition
Calvin-Benson Cycle
Term
Which of the following statements about RUBISCO is true
Definition
It is present in C3 and C4 plants
Term
Which graph explains why leaves appear green?
Definition
Higher blue
low green
mid red
Term
Where in the cell (see diagram below) would carbon dioxide (CO2) be incorporated into an organic compound
Definition
b
Term
net primary production is a measure of which?
Definition
energy produced by photosynthesis minus energy used by respiration
Term
If a C3 plant's stomata close during the day, which process will be inhibited first
Definition
Calvin- Benson cycle
Term
What factor will have the greatest affect on reducing yeild in the near future?
Definition
water scarcity
Term
Which of the countries represented by the population age pyramids below would have the greatest difficulty keepin domestic food production in line with population growth?
Definition
C
Term
Decreasing amount of arable land in the world today might be cited as evidence that the human population is?
Definition
approaching or exceeding the carrying capacity
Term
When a plant is dug up for transplanting the roots can be damaged. If the damage is severe enough, the plant will die. The plants's death is caused by:
Definition
lack of minerals and water
Term
When does a living green plant use ATP
Definition
constantly
Term
Which best describes the ultimate function of respiration in plants
Definition
generation of ATP
Term
The Endangered Species Act represents one approach to preserving biodiversity. However, criticism of this approach is that it
Definition
can ignore species that are not large, attractive or charismatic
Term
Which areas of the world are undergoing the most deforestation
Definition
South America and Africa
Term
Wildlife corridors
Definition
provide an opportunity for gene exchange in geographically separated populations
Term
Those biomes that have the largest percentage protected are
Definition
the least useful for habitation and agriculture
Term
Which is a feature of a core area of a bioreserve
Definition
no roads, but some hiking trails
Term
Where does one find the largest extent of boreal forests?
Definition
destroying soil microbial associations
Term
The removal of toxic wastes from soils and sediments by green plants is termed:
Definition
phytoremediation
Term
Phytoremediation can involve all BUT which?
Definition
depositing toxin from the roots into the soil
Term
Which is NOT a function of 'green roof' technology?
Definition
providing storage areas for horticulture equipment.
Term
Using rye grass to remove naphthalene from the soil and to break it down to carbon dioxide and water is an example of which?
Definition
phytoremediation
Term
Rhizofiltration, a type of phytoremediation, involves:
Definition
filtering water containing toxic compounds through roots.
Term
A conservation (or buffer) strip is
Definition
an area of permanent vegetation to reduces erosion and contaminated runoff from entering a waterway
Term
The use of some plants to remove pollutants from the soil, water or air is called:
Definition
phytoremediation.
Term
The areas of a plant cell where toxic compounds can be concentrated are:
Definition
the vacuole and the cell wall.
Term
Using plants to remove pollutants rather than traditional methods can be limited by:
Definition
the area and depth of the plant’s roots.
Term
Green building design does NOT include
Definition
reduction in the number of contractors
Term
An abandoned, idled, or under-utilized industrial and commercial facility where expansion or redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination is called:
Definition
a brownfield.
Term
Which is NOT a function of 'green roof' technology?
Definition
providing storage areas for horticulture equipment
Term
Which of these statements about green roofs is TRUE?
Definition
Green roofs can capture and divert rain water to growing plants.
Term
Which of the following represents a stress element in ecological restoration that is important to the restoration of prairies?
Definition
previously altered drainage patterns
Term
An important ecological service that forests perform is that they
Definition
act as a huge sink for carbon.
Term
Which of the following is an example of an ecological service?
Definition
water purification by soil bacteria
Term
Which of the following is an example of an ecological service?
Definition
water purification by soil bacteria
Term
Which of the following is an example of an external cost?
Definition
disposal of packaging used to facilitate shipment
Term
According to the “Tragedy of the Commons,”:
Definition
property held communally will always be degraded.
Term
Which of the following is an intangible resource?
Definition
sense of place
Term
Which of the following is part of a sustainable society?
Definition
communal resource sharing
Term
The success of the Yasuni-ITT
Definition
is dependent on global support
Term
How does the GDP differ from the GPI in measuring wealth
Definition
The GPI includes the cost of unpaid labor.
Term
Which of the following is an activity that can protect biodiversity by identifying tangible economic value in it?
Definition
hunting for plants that synthesize useful drugs (“bioprospecting”)
Term
Which of the following does NOT contribute to the extinction of a species?
Definition
genetic diversity
Term
A landscape with a high level of species richness but a low level of species evenness would have:
Definition
very diverse species, but some more abundant than others
Term
The key characteristic used to identify a group as a “Biological Species” is:
Definition
its reproductive isolation from other groups.
Term
Which of the following is NOT a way in which biologists assign individuals to separate species?
Definition
evaluating their usefulness to humans
Term
There is great uncertainty about the actual number of species that exist on Earth because
Definition
there are vast biodiverse regions yet to be thoroughly examined.
Term
There is great uncertainty about the actual number of species that exist on Earth because:
Definition
there are vast biodiverse regions yet to be thoroughly examined.
Term
Which of the following are places likely to have very high levels of species diversity?
Definition
coral reefs and rainforests
Term
Species biodiversity alone does not provide an adequate accounting of a community’s true biodiversity because it ignores:
Definition
the genetic and ecological biodiversity of the community
Term
Which statement reflects a widespread, but difficult to demonstrate, view of biodiversity?
Definition
The more biodiverse a community is, the more functional and stable it is.
Term
Which of the following causes of biodiversity loss is attributable to globalization and the mobility of human populations?
Definition
invasive species
Term
The Endangered Species Act represents one approach to preserving biodiversity. However, criticism of this approach is that it:
Definition
can ignore species that are not large, attractive or charismatic.
Term
Biomagnification refers to the increasing
Definition
level of pollution held in organisms in higher trophic levels.
Term
Species diversity in the desert community is a result of the presence of the saguaro cactus. The term for this is
Definition
keystone species
Term
The 6th and latest mass extinction is considered to be caused by:
Definition
human activities the world over
Term
The 'H' in HIPPO represents:
Definition
habitat loss.
Term
A species of plant which is in danger of extinction generally can be described as having:
Definition
a low genetic diversity.
Term
The wolf is a keystone species in Yellowstone National Park because:
Definition
though a series of community connections, the wolf population increases species diversity in the park out of proportion to its population size.
Term
Which is the best example of a flagship species?
Definition
Corpse flower of Cambodia because it catches the public interest in endangered species
Term
Which statement about the management of endangered species is TRUE:
Definition
The most successful management strategies involve protecting a species and its habitat.
Term
Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been useful in plant genetic engineering because it:
Definition
naturally transfers its own DNA to the plant cells that it infects
Term
Why is producing improved plants through recombinant DNA technology considered to be a valuable alternative to traditional methods of crop breeding
Definition
Recombinant DNA methods produce altered crops faster than traditional breeding methods.
Term
. Put the following steps of the transformation of a eudicot plant with a foreign gene using Agrobacterium tumefaciens in the correct sequence. 1) Insert the foreign gene into a plasmid. 2) Transformed plant cells express the foreign gene. 3) Bacterial cells invade plant cells. 4) Foreign DNA is transfered to a plant chromosome.
Definition
Term
One advantage of recombinant DNA technology over traditional methods of plant breeding is that it:
Definition
can be used to manipulate genes one at a time
Term
If an organism has been genetically transformed, then:
Definition
a researcher has stably incorporated new DNA into it.
Term
Compared to biotechnological approaches, one of the major disadvantages of using traditional methods of plant breeding is that
Definition
he process of traditional breeding is very slow.
Term
Which statement best describes transformed plants
Definition
They contain DNA from a different source than themselves
Term
When creating recombinant DNA, what is the proper sequence
Definition
restriction enzyme - specific base sequence - sticky ends - DNA ligase
Term
Which best describes a plasmid?
Definition
small, circular DNA found in bacteria
Term
Restriction enzymes:
Definition
are used to cut DNA molecules at specific nucleotide sequences
Term
In recombinant DNA, the function of vectors, such as plasmids, is to:
Definition
move genes into different genomes
Term
For recombinant DNA techniques to be successful which of the following must occur
Definition
The foreign DNA inserted must be transcribed and translated into a protein by the host cell
Term
In recombinant DNA experiments, small DNA fragments are cut out of larger DNA molecules using:
Definition
enzymes
Term
Which is the correct statement about both selective breeding and recombinant DNA
Definition
They can be used to produce new genetic combinations.
Term
An enzyme that can join pieces of DNA together is:
Definition
DNA ligase
Term
With the use of bioengineered crop plants, resistant pest populations becomes a real possibility. Which of the following is a techniques used to reduce the affect of resistant pest populations?
Definition
Establishing crop genetic refuge populations
Term
Boycotting GM crops is difficult for concerned consumers because:
Definition
most foods in the US are unlabeled regarding their GM status.
Term
Imparting GM herbicide resistance to soybeans meant that:
Definition
soybeans in the field will not be affected by weed killers.
Term
Why has the Bt gene been inserted into several crop plants?
Definition
It kills the caterpillars that eat the crop.
Term
Which is a valuable application of biotechnology?
Definition
plants used as vaccine delivery
Term
Which statement could you use to argue in favor of GM crops
Definition
People in the U.S. have been consuming them for years with no apparent problems.
Term
Bt (Bacillus thurengiensis)toxin can potentially be very useful because:
Definition
plants can be engineered to produce it and thus become resistant to some herbivores
Term
How do herbicide-resistant weeds come about
Definition
Herbicide resistant genes from crop plants come into the weed population through hybridization.
Term
Which statement about the use of genetically engineered crop plants is TRUE?
Definition
The demand for crop plants in developing nations is high and is influencing the type of plants being produced through genetic engineering
Term
A disadvantage of using algae as a biofuel is
Definition
technology is still being developed.
Term
Cellulose is a major component of:
Definition
plant cell walls
Term
Which two processes that we have studied this year are important to the production of biofuels
Definition
enzymatic activity and anaerobic respiration
Term
Which country listed is the top producer of ethanol in the world
Definition
Brazil
Term
A new technological challenge in the production of cellulosic ethanol is
Definition
improving the efficiency of breaking down cell walls
Term
An advantage to using perennial grasses for biofuel feedstocks is
Definition
less soil carbon is released because plowing is reduced.
Term
Which plant yields the most energy?
Definition
Sugar cane
Term
It has been predicted that fossil fuel consumption and deforestation of the tropics will result in a change in our atmosphere and an increase in mean global temperatures. Predict the most likely consequence of this warming
Definition
Tundra would diminish in geographical area.
Term
Which of the following is a predicted effect of global warming in Illinois?
Definition
irrigated corn crops in central Illinois
Term
The heat that builds up in the Greenhouse Effect initially enters the atmosphere as
Definition
solar radiation
Term
Of the human alterations on a global scale, which has had largest overall change
Definition
land transformation through urbanization and agriculture
Term
Which process is responsible for an increase in the world-wide atmospheric CO2 concentration
Definition
fossil fuel combustion
Term
Clearing of the rain forest areas of the world is predicted by some experts to result in the gradual warming of the earth because of the production of ________ by the processes of ________ and __________.
Definition
carbon dioxide / decomposition / combustion
Term
The temperature rise caused by global warming will likely cause a melting of permafrost and a subsequent decline of species diversity in some tundra in Alaska. This is an example of plant populations being affected by a change in:
Definition
climate
Term
There has been much concern expressed in the popular media that the destruction of forests will lead to a global warming trend. This concern is based in the reasoning that ________ will cause a warming of the atmosphere.
Definition
carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by the burning and decomposition of trees
Term
Many ecologists fear that CO2 added to the atmosphere will cause a rise in world wide temperatures because of the greenhouse effect. Some of this CO2 is produced in tropical rainforests by which?
1. respiration by decomposers? 2. burning of trees by people? 3. photosynthesis by plants? 4. succession? 5. gross primary productivity
Definition
Term
The 'greenhouse effect’ caused by an increase of CO2 in the atmosphere could be of MOST BENEFIT to which plant process
Definition
photosynthesis
Term
The greenhouse effect results from:
Definition
increasing level of CO2 in the atmosphere as a result of tropical deforestation and burning of fossil fuels
Term
Which of the following would NOT contribute to global warming
Definition
Increased photosynthesis by plants
Term
Plants may help reduce global warming by:
Definition
removing CO2 from the atmosphere through photosynthesis
Term
Which biome will be affected the least by global warming
Definition
tropical rainforest
Term
Which of the following statements about climate change is true
Definition
If glaciers and ice sheets melt, much of the melt water will go into the oceans causing sea levels to rise.
Term
Which is a not significant source of methane emissions
Definition
nitrogen fertilizers
Term
Which is not a way to reduce global warming
Definition
Plant fewer trees
Term
Developed countries produce more carbon dioxide than developing countries. One solution that might reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere allows developed countries to subsidize fuel efficient industrial development in developing countries. This solution is called:
Definition
carbon trading
Term
Heavy precipitation typical of tropical rainforests is the result of
Definition
rising air masses that cool and release moisture
Term
The 23.5 tilt of the earth’s axis relative to the sun has what effect on the earth?
Definition
Results in the seasons
Term
Temperatures are cooler at the North pole than at the equator. Which of the following does not contribute to this pattern?
Definition
There is less rainfall at the North pole
Term
At 30o latitude, one would expect southern Florida to be a desert. Why is that not the case?
Definition
Ocean currents bring in moisture.
Term
Which general climatic conditions are necessary for the perpetuation of a tropical rainforest?
Definition
warm, moist, rising air masses
Term
Why do most deserts lie at 30 degrees north and south latitude?
Definition
weather would be constant from season to season
Term
Climate results from the combined effect of several physical laws. Which 'law' is stated INCORRECTLY?
Definition
Water changes temperature more quickly than land.
Term
The two most important factors that determine a biome's plant and animal life are
