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IB Chemistry
Option - Medicines and Drugs
35
Chemistry
Not Applicable
09/10/2011

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Cards

Term
a drug or medicine is a substance that
Definition

- alters incoming sensory sensations

- alters mood or emotions

- alters the physiological state (including consciousness, activity level, or co-ordination)

Term
lethal dose of a drug
Definition
the dose required to kill fifty percent of the animal population
Term
effective dose
Definition
the dose requred to bring about anoticeable effect in 50% of the population
Term
therapeutic index
Definition
the lethal dose divided by the effective dose
Term
drug tolerance
Definition

occurs as the body adapts to the action of the drug

the patient needs a greater quantity of the drug to achieve the original effect (the possibility of reaching the lethal dose increases as does the side effects)

Term
four methods of drug administering
Definition

1. oral

2. inhalation

3. through the anus

4. by injection (parenteral)

Term
three methods of injection
Definition

1. intramuscular - usually injected into an arm, leg or buttock muscle

2. subcutaneous - injected directly under the skin

3. intravenous - this has the most rapid effect as the drug enters the bloodstream directly

Term
Antacids
Definition

- essentially simple bases, such as metal oxides, hydroxides, carbonates or hydrogencarbonates

- neutralizes the acid in the stomach

- indigestion is commonly caused by overeating, alcohol, smoking and anxiety

Term
determining the most effective antacid
Definition

- find molar masses

- determine mole number

- using the balanced equation, determine the amount of acid neutralised by each antacid

Term
alginates
Definition
float on the contents of the stomach to produce a neutralising layer preventing heartburn (stomach acid rises up the oesophagus)
Term
analgesics
Definition
drug which relieves pain
Term
aspirin
Definition

- works by preventing a particular enzyme, prostaglandin synthase, being formed at the site of the injured or pain

- this enzyme is involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins (produce fever and swelling) and the transmission of pain from the site of an injury to the brain

Term
paracetamol
Definition

mild analgesic 

less problematic side effects compared to aspirin

 

Term
strong analgesics
Definition

work by interacting temporarily with receptor sites in the brain with the result that pain signals within the brain and spinal cord are blocked

 

Term
 short term effects of opiates
Definition

- induce a feeling of euphoria (sense of wellbeing)

- dulling of pain

- depress nervous system

- slow breathing and heart rate

- cough reflec inhibited

- nausea and vomiting (first time users)

- high doses lead to coma and/or death

Term
long term effects of strong opiates
Definition

- constipation

- disrupts menstrual cycle

- poor eating habits

- risk of AIDS, hepatits etc through shared needles

- social problems, e.g. theft

Term
depressants
Definition

drugs which depress the central nervous system by interfering with the transmission of nerve impulses in the neurons

depressants slow down the functions of the body including mental activity

Term
short term effects of alcohol (depressant)
Definition

- relaxation, confidence and increased sociability

- dilates blood vessels leading to a feeling of warmth

- loss of balance

- slurred speech

 - concentration becomes impaired

Term
long term effects of alcohol
Definition

- severe liver disease

- high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, strokes and dementia

- miscarriages and fetal abnormalities

Term
synergistic effects of alcohol
Definition
ethanol can interact and considerably enhance the effect of other drugs because it depresses the CNS
Term
detection of alcohol in breath
Definition

using acidified potassium dichromate

(turning orange to green)

Term
amphetamines
Definition

it is a sympathomimetic drug 

(mimics the effect of stimulation on the sympathetic nervous system which deals with subconscious nerve responses)

Term
effect of amphetamines
Definition

- short term effects include increase in heart rate and breathing, dilation of the pupils, decrease in appetite followed by fatigue

- regular use can lead to tolerance and dependence

- long term effects include weight loss, constipation and emotional instability

Term
ecstasy
Definition

- modification to the structure of amphetamines

- mental relaxation, increased sensitivity to stimuli, hallucinations

- may relieve symptoms of Parkinson's disease

Term
alkaloids
Definition
nitrogen-containing compounds of plant origin containing heterocyclic rings (rings containing other atoms as well as carbon) and a tertiary amine group
Term
nicotine
Definition

- sympathomimetic

- increases concentration and relieves tension

Term
virus structure
Definition

- central core of DNA or RNA

- surrounded by a coat (capsid) of regularly packed protein units (capsomeres) each containing many protein units

- no nucleus and no cytoplams

Term
difficulty treating viral infections
Definition
time taken to administer the antiviral drug, as often by the time symptoms appear the viruses are so numerous that the drug would have little effect
Term
antivirals
Definition

- altering the cell's genetic material so that the virus cannot use it to multiply

- preventing the new viruses formed from leaving the cell

Term
AIDS
Definition

- virus invades certain types of white blood cells

(T helper cells)

- makes viral-DNA from the RNA template using

reverse transcriptase

Term
cisplatin
Definition

- geometric isomer (cis)

- effective at treating some forms of cancer as it forms a complex ion that alters the cancer cell's DNA so that the cell cannot be replicated correctly

Term
polarity
Definition
effects the potency of the drug as it alters the solubility of the drug and hence whether or not it can pass through the lipid-based blood-brain barrier and reach the brain
Term
beta-lactam ring
Definition

 The high reactivity of the amide group within the 

four-membered ring structure is a result of strain. 

The ring opens so that the penicillin becomes 

covalently bonded to the enzyme that synthesizes 

bacterial cell walls, thus blocking its action

Term
parallel synthesis of drugs
Definition

involves the syntehsis of highly reactive intermediates and products are generatred separately

this method gives rise to a more focussed library

Term
chiral auxiliary
Definition

 A chiral auxiliary is used to convert a non-chiral 

molecule into just the desired enantiomer, thus 

avoiding the need to separate enantiomers from a 

racemic mixture. It works by attaching itself to the 

non-chiral molecule to create the stereochemical 

conditions necessary to force the reaction to follow 

a certain path. Once the new molecule has been 

formed, the auxiliary can be taken off (recycled) to 

leave the desired enantiomer

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