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| For proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. For DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. |
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| A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins. |
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| The spontaneous tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated to a less concentrated area. |
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| A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent. |
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| A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis. |
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| A human genetic disease resulting from having an extra chromosome 21, characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defects. |
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| A microscope that focuses an electron beam through a specimen, resulting in resolving power a thousandfold greater than that of a light microscope. A transmission electron microscope (TEM) is used to study the internal structure of thin sections of cells. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the fine details of cell surfaces. |
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| A sequence of electron-carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. |
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| An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions. |
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| A class of proteins serving as catalysts, chemical agents that change the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |
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| A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules, ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane. |
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| A haploid egg or sperm cell; gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. |
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| A haploid egg or sperm cell; gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. |
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| A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses). |
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| The complete complement of an organism's genes; an organism's genetic material. |
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| An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch. |
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| An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch. |
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| An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum. |
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| A stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast. |
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| Chromosome pairs of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. |
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| Having an affinity for water. |
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| A solution with a greater solute concentration than another, a hypotonic solution. |
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| A solution with a greater solute concentration than another, a hypotonic solution. |
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| A solution with a lesser solute concentration than another, a hypertonic solution. |
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| An atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge. |
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| Solutions of equal solute concentration. |
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| A method of organizing the chromosomes of a cell in relation to number, size, and type. |
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