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| List four processes needed for the spontaneous origin of life on Earth: |
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Definition
1. the non-living synthesis of simple organic molecules
2. the assembly of these molecules into polymers
3. the origin of self-replicating molecules that made inheritance possible
4. The packaging of these molecules into membranes with an internal chemistry different from their surroundings
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Term
| What did Earth's early atmosphere contain and where did they come from? |
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Definition
- water vapor
- chemicals released by volcanic eruptions (nitrogen, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide)
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Term
| What is the Miller Urey experiment? |
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Definition
| The scientist used gases (methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water) and ran a continuous electric current through the system to simulate lightning storms common on early earth. They observed that some of the carbon was converted into organic material (mainly amino acids). |
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Term
| Explain the assembly of molecules into polymers. |
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Definition
| Larger organic molecules would need to be formed from the smaller organic molecules. If there are enough organic molecules, the larger molecules could have formed through the condensation reactions. The energy needed for the process could have come from the lightning that occurred frequently on early earth. |
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Term
| What do scientists believe to be the first self-replicating molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the packaging of molecules into membranes with an internal chemistry different from their surroundings. |
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Definition
| Lipids are able to spontaneously form membranes due to their hydrophillic/hydrophobic nature. Protobionts may have been one of the first precursors to cells. Protobionts are aggregates of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane-like structure. The protobionts exhibit properties of life such as simple reproduction, metabolism, and homeostasis. |
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Term
| What was the source of O2? |
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Definition
| Bacteria (similar to modern cyanobacteria) |
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Term
| What did the "oxygen revolution" from 2.7 to 2.2 billion years ago do? |
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Definition
- Posed a challenge for life
- provided opportunity to gain energy from light
- allowed organisms to exploit new ecosystems
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Term
| What did the hypothesis of endosymbiosis propose? |
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Definition
| The hypothesis of endosymbiosis proposes that mitochondria and plastids (chloroplasts and related organelles) were formerly small prokaryotes living within larger host cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell that lives within a host cell |
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Term
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Definition
the cumulative change in the heritable characteristics of a population. If we accept not only that species can evolve, but also that new species arise by evolution from preexisting ones, then the whole of life can be seen as unified by its common origins. Variation within our species is the result of different selection pressures operating in different parts of the world, yet this variation is not so vast to justify a construct such as race having a biological or scientific basis.
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Term
| How did the prokaryotic ancestors of mitochondria and plastids enter the host cell? |
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Definition
| As undigested prey or internal parasites |
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Term
| Key evidence supporting an endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and plastids: |
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Definition
- Similarities in inner membrane structures and functions
- Division is similar in these organelles and some prokaryotes
- These organelles transcribe and translate their own DNA
- Their ribosomes are more similar to prokaryotic than eukaryotic ribosomes
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Term
| What is natural selection? |
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Definition
| Individuals that are more favored in the environment will survive and reproduce. (Over time, this can lead to changes in the characteristics of the population) |
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Term
| Outline the evidence for evolution provided by the fossil record, selective breeding of domesticated animals and homologous structures. |
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Definition
- Fossils give the clearest evidence of evolution (includes petrified remains, prints, molds; found in materials such as amber, tar, peat, ice)
- Homologous structures represent variation on a structural theme that was present in their common ancestry.
- Humans have been able to modify the traits of animals and plants through selective breeding.
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Term
| Explain homologous and analogous structures. |
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Definition
| Homologous structures represent variations on a structural theme that was present in their common ancestry. Analogous structures are similar structures that have arisen in two evolutionary seperate groups (i.e. wings) |
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Term
| How are the ages of fossils measured? |
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Definition
Radioactive isotope forms
-rate of decay
(half-life of an element tells how long it takes for half of the element to decay)
i.e. Carbon-14 and Potassium-40 |
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Term
| What is the order of human evolution? |
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Definition
- Ardipithecus ramidus (ardi)
- A. Afarensis
- A. Bosisei
- A. Africanus
- H. Habilis
- H. Erectus
- H. Neanderthalensis
- H. Sapien
***RABAHENS. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
a localized group of individuals
capable of interbreeding and producing fertile
offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of all the alleles for all loci in a population |
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Term
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Definition
consists of adaptations that
evolve within a population, confined to one gene
pool |
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Term
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Definition
refers to evolutionary change
above the species level |
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Term
| What does the biological species concept state? |
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Definition
| The biological species concept states that a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring; they do not breed successfully with other populations |
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Term
| Describe three examples of barriers between gene pools. |
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Definition
- Geographical Isolation
- Hybrid Infertility
- Temporal Isolation
- Behavioural Isolation
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Term
| Compare allopatric and sympatric speciation. |
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Definition
Allopatric: in different geographical areas
Sympatric: in the same geographical area |
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Term
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Definition
| Allele frequency: represents the percentage of an allele within a population |
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Term
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Definition
the presence of extra sets of
chromosomes due to accidents during cell
division |
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Term
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Definition
an individual with more than
two chromosome sets, derived from one species |
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Term
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Definition
a species with multiple sets of
chromosomes derived from different species |
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Term
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Definition
| periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change |
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Term
| How long does it take for speciation to occur? |
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Definition
| 4000yrs to 40,000,000yrs. average: 6,500,000yrs. |
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Term
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Definition
the occurrence of two
alleles in a proportion that the rarest allele cannot be maintained by mutation rate only |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a favorable mutation is in the process of displacing its ancestral allele. (i.e. industrial melanism) |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when alleles of a
gene are balanced by different forces (i.e. sickle cell anemia) |
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Term
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Definition
| similar but distinct species evolve relatively rapidly from a single species or from a small number of species. Variation in a species results in some members of the population being more suited to a different niche. Example: Galapagos finches |
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Term
| Compare convergent and divergent evolution. |
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Definition
Convergent evolution: species become more similar over time (analogous traits)
Divergent evolution: species become less and less similar over time (homologous traits) |
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Term
| Discuss ideas on the pace of evolution. |
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Definition
| Gradualism is the slow change from one form to another. Punctuated equilibrium implies long periods without appreciable change and short periods of rapid evolution. |
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Term
| Describe one example of transient polymorphism. |
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Definition
| Industrial melanism: As pollution increased, the moths became darker because it was more advantageous for them |
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Term
| Describe sickle-cell anemia as an example of balanced polymorphism. |
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Definition
| Sickle-cell anemia is an example of balanced polymorphism where heterozygotes (sickle-cell trait) have an advantage in malarial regions. |
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Term
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Definition
| how long it takes for half of the element to decay |
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Term
| Describe the major anatomical features that define humans as primates. |
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Definition
| Forward set eyes for binocular view, color vision, opposable thumb, larger brain, longer gestational periods, more parental care |
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Term
| When and where was the ardipithecus ramidus? |
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Definition
| 4.4 mil yrs ago in Ethiopia |
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Term
| When and where was the a. afarensis? |
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Definition
| 3.2 mil yrs ago, in Afar region of Ethiopia |
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Term
| When and where was the A. Bosisei? |
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Definition
| 2.3 mil yrs ago in Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Kenya in East Africa |
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Term
| When and where was the A. Africanus? |
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Definition
| 2.9 to 2.4 mil yrs ago in S. Africa |
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Term
| When was the H. habilis around? |
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Definition
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Term
| When and where was the H. erectus? |
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Definition
| 1.8 to 1.9 mil yrs ago. (first to migrate out of Africa) Asia and Africa |
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Term
| where was the H. neanderthalensis located? |
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Definition
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