Term
| what are the two parts of a ribosomes? |
|
Definition
| the large subunit and the small subunit |
|
|
Term
| what does the small subunit do during protein synthesis? The large subunit? |
|
Definition
| the small subunit binds to the mRNA while the large subunit binds to the tRNA and the amino acids |
|
|
Term
| what are the three RNA binding sights on a ribosome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the A site bind to? |
|
Definition
| aminoacyl-tRNA (a tRNA bound to an amino acid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| once the amino group of the a-tRNA attacks the ester linkage of the p-tRNA, it forms a new peptide bond. The tRNA that was holding the last amino acid is moved to the E-site |
|
|
Term
| what is the "Central Dogma of Biology"? |
|
Definition
| DNA becomes RNA becomes proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sequence of subunits put together in the macromolecule |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 structural components of a prokaryotic cell? |
|
Definition
| nucleoid (DNA), ribosomes, cell membranes, cell wall, and a surface layer |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 architectural regions of a prokarotic cell? |
|
Definition
| appendages, cell envelope, cytoplasmic region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attachments to the cell surface in form of flagellum or pili (fimbriae) |
|
|
Term
| What does the cell envelope consist of? |
|
Definition
| capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| what does the cytoplasmic region contain? |
|
Definition
| chromosome (DNA) and ribosomes and various inclusions |
|
|
Term
| what are the primary subunits of proteins and where are they found in the cell? |
|
Definition
| amino acids: found in flagella, pili, cell walls, cytoplasmic membranes, ribosomes, cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| what are the primary subunits of polysaccharides and where are they found in the cell? |
|
Definition
| sugars (carbs): found in capsules, inclusions (storage), cell walls |
|
|
Term
| what are the primary subunits of phospholipids and where are they found in the cell? |
|
Definition
| fatty acids: found in membranes |
|
|
Term
| what are the primary subunits of nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) and where are they found in the cell? |
|
Definition
| nucleotides: DNA found in nucleoid (chromosome) plasmids, RNA found in ribosomes, mRNA, tRNA, cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| what is the diff btwn a pro and eukaryotic cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the DNA located in a pro cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the diff btwn the structure of DNA in a eu or pro cell? |
|
Definition
| eu cell has DNA in long strands, pro DNA is circular |
|
|
Term
| what is the chromatin body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smaller pieces of pro DNA |
|
|
Term
| what type of genes are found on plasmids? |
|
Definition
| genes for antibiotic resistance |
|
|
Term
| is there a diff btwn ribosomes & their usage in pro & eu cells? |
|
Definition
| no, except for the fact that ribosomes in pro cells are slightly smaller |
|
|
Term
| what is the cell envelope? |
|
Definition
| a descriptive term for the several layers of material that envelope the protoplasm of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of capsule: a thin layer of tangles polysaccharide fibers that resides on the surface of cells |
|
|
Term
| the ____ (also known as ____) consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins |
|
Definition
| cell mambrane or plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| the cell membrane is hydro(phobic/philic) and is a barrier to both (small/large) molecules and (charged/neutral) ones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what purpose do the proteins embedded in the cell membrane have? (dealing with permeability) |
|
Definition
| the proteins make the cell membrane selectively permeable |
|
|
Term
| what is the capsule? What is it's purpose? |
|
Definition
| the capsule is a sticky polysaccharide layer outside the cell wall. It allows some organisms to attach to the surface and allows cells to attach to each other to form colonies or to evade phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a descrete, detectable layer of polysaccharides deposited outside the cell wall |
|
|
Term
| what do you call a less descrete capsule structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do you call a higly organized glycocalyx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of capsules? |
|
Definition
| mediate adherance of cells to surfaces, protect bacterial cells from engulfment by phagocytes, capsules in soil bacteria protect cells from perennial effects of drying, overproduction of capsules are used as carb storage |
|
|
Term
| what polymer of polysaccharides and amino acids is present in cell walls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the sugars found in the polysaccharide portion of peptidoglycan? |
|
Definition
| N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM) and N-acetyle glucosamine (NAG) |
|
|
Term
| when was cytoplasm discovered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the space btwn the cell membrane and the nucleus |
|
|
Term
| what is cytoplasms watery component called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of cytoplasms |
|
Definition
| maintains shape of the cell, holds corganelles together, metabolic reactions take place here, controls internal movement of structures, breaks down macromolecs so they can be used by organelles, necessary for smooth operation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the membrane enclosed prganelle that contains the DNA of a cell |
|
|
Term
| what is the nucleus also referred to as? |
|
Definition
| the "control center" of the cell |
|
|
Term
| the nucleus is the ____ organelle in animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two major structures the nucleus is comprised of |
|
Definition
| the nuclear envelope and the nucler lamina |
|
|
Term
| what is the nuclear envelope? |
|
Definition
| a double membrane that encloses the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| how does stuff get through the envelope? |
|
Definition
| there are pores with surrounding protein complexes |
|
|
Term
| what is the nuclear lamina? |
|
Definition
| a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of a nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the nuclear lamina |
|
Definition
| participates in transcription, DNA replication and cell division, organizes chromatin and anchors pore complexes to the nuclear envelope |
|
|
Term
| what is the main function of the cell's nucleus? |
|
Definition
| to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA |
|
|
Term
| how does the nucleus direct protein synthesis? |
|
Definition
| nucleus syntehsises mRNA which is transported to the cytoplasm via nuclear pores. The mRNA reaches the cytoplasm and ribosomes translate it into the primary structure of a specific polypeptide |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of nuclei in parameciums (who often have 2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microtubules are the ___ fiber in the cytoskeleton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are microtubules made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the basic functions of microtubules? |
|
Definition
| cellular support, tracks for organelle movement, separating chromosomes during cell division, makes up centrioles in animal cells, cell motility |
|
|
Term
| what kind of arrangment do cilia and flagella have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 types of tubulin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the different phases of the mitiotic spindle |
|
Definition
| interphase, prophase, aster |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between polar microtubules and aster microtubules |
|
Definition
| polar: attach to microtubules on opposite sides of cell, instead of chromosomes, aster:extend to cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| microfilaments are the ____ structure of the cytoskeleton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are microfilaments made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are they also known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microfilaments are (polar/nonpolar) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microfilaments make up the core of ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is cytoplasmic streaming? |
|
Definition
| the circular flow of cytoplasm which speeds distribution of materials w/in cell |
|
|
Term
| What is the most abundant protein in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most common type of GAG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what two major types of molecules are in the ECM? |
|
Definition
| proteins and polysaccharides |
|
|
Term
| What is anchorage dependancy? |
|
Definition
| cells must be attached to the ECM in order to live |
|
|
Term
| what tissue type is the ECM most prevalent in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| from what ER do vesicles bud off of to go to the Golgi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the basic functions of Smooth ER |
|
Definition
| synthesis of lipids by enzymes, metabolism of carbs (not synthesis), storage of calcium ions in muscle cells, detoxification of drugs |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum? |
|
Definition
| calcium ions are stored here |
|
|
Term
| what is the basic function of the ER? |
|
Definition
| synthesis, modification, and transport of lipids, membrane proteins, & secretory proteins |
|
|
Term
| what are sacs of membrane called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the Rough ER? |
|
Definition
| produces secretory proteins, membrane factory for the cell |
|
|
Term
| What is the most abundant protein in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most common type of GAG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what two major types of molecules are in the ECM? |
|
Definition
| proteins and polysaccharides |
|
|
Term
| What is anchorage dependancy? |
|
Definition
| cells must be attached to the ECM in order to live |
|
|
Term
| what tissue type is the ECM most prevalent in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells have a cell wall? |
|
Definition
| prokaryotic cells, fungi, some protists, and plant cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the diff between the primary & secondary cell walls? |
|
Definition
| primary is thinner & more flexible than secondary. Secondary is also made after the cell has completed growth, while primary is made while cell is still growing |
|
|
Term
| what is the primary cell wall made of? |
|
Definition
| cellulose microfibrils, branched polysaccharide pectins, and cross-linking glycans. There are also proteins in the primary cell wall: either to help in increasing strength, or as enzymes |
|
|
Term
| what supports the cellulose microfibrils |
|
Definition
| the cross-linking glycans |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the pectins? |
|
Definition
| pectins form a network that enables the cell wall to resist compression |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between the makeup of primary & secondary cell walls? |
|
Definition
| they are the same, except the secondary cell wall may contain extra substances: mainly lignin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lignin is a group of polymers of alcohols that are hard and contribute to the strength of the secondary cell wall |
|
|
Term
| what does lignin protect the cell against? |
|
Definition
| attacks by bacteria or fungi |
|
|
Term
| what are two other protective substances in plant secondary cell walls? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the middle lamella? |
|
Definition
| a thin layer btwn the primary walls of neighboring cells that contains pectins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sticks adjacent cells together and strengthens the cells' walls after they stop growing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passages through both cell walls |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the cell wall? |
|
Definition
| determining and maintaing cell shape, structural and mechanical support, control rate and direction of cell growth, coontrols volume, plays a role in metabolism (due to enzymatic proteins in cell wall), protects against environmental factors like dehydration and pathhogens, carb storage, resists turgor pressure (pressure of cell contents against wall), source of biologically active signaling molecules, allows cytoplasmic continuity and interaction btwn cells, protects contents w/in cells, allows for flexibility and firmness of plant |
|
|
Term
| What is the most abundant protein in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most common type of GAG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what two major types of molecules are in the ECM? |
|
Definition
| proteins and polysaccharides |
|
|
Term
| What is anchorage dependancy? |
|
Definition
| cells must be attached to the ECM in order to live |
|
|
Term
| what tissue type is the ECM most prevalent in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the different types of vacoules? |
|
Definition
| food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles, central vacuoles (aka cell sap). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a membrane-bound vesicle w/various functions |
|
|
Term
| what are the various functions of vacuoles? |
|
Definition
| carry out hydrolysis in plants, pump excess water out to maintain ion balance and molecule concentration, digesion |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the cell sap (aka the central vacuole)? |
|
Definition
| cell sap holds reserves of inorganic compounds and ions, contains pigments, may contain some poisonous or unpalatable compounds, also has a big role in growth of plant cell |
|
|
Term
| what are the 8 functions of the central vacuole? |
|
Definition
| stores organic compounds, produces inorganic compounds, contains hydrolytic enzymes, removes dangerous metabolic reactions from cytoplasm, contains pigments, makes bad taste/poison, playd role in cell growth, assists w/surface to volume ratio |
|
|
Term
| why do peroxisomes stick out in electron micrographs? |
|
Definition
| they have a crystalloid core |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 functions of the peroxisome? |
|
Definition
| detox of poisons in the liver and kidney, breakdown of fatty acid molecules |
|
|
Term
| what is a by-product of peroxisome detox? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 diseases linked w/peroxisome malfunction? |
|
Definition
| Zellweger's syndrome and X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the peroxisome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are peroxisomes found in plant and animal cells? |
|
Definition
| no. plant cells have glyoxisomes instead |
|
|
Term
| what is the main function of the mitochondria? |
|
Definition
| it is the site of cellular respiration. |
|
|
Term
| what differentiates the mitos (mitochondria) and chloroplasts from the EM system? |
|
Definition
| mitos & chloros have 2 and 3 membranes (respectively) separating their innermost space from the cytosol. The EM system has one phospholipid bilayer |
|
|
Term
| what kind of cells contain mitos? How many? |
|
Definition
| mitos found in most eu cells, most cells have several+ mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| what are the infoldings in the inner membrane of the mito called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 internal compartments into which the inner membrane divides the mito? |
|
Definition
| intermembrane space, mitochondrial matrix |
|
|
Term
| what does the mitochondrial matrix contain? |
|
Definition
| many diff enzymes, as well as mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| what theory suggests that mitochondria evolved from anaerobic bacteria living symbiotically in aerobic bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do cells make mitochondria? |
|
Definition
| no, they are made by fission (and if there are too many, they fuse together) |
|
|
Term
| the overabundance of ___ can alter mitochondrial DNA, proteins and membranes (think oxygen) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microtubules are the ___ fiber in the cytoskeleton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are microtubules made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the basic functions of microtubules? |
|
Definition
| cellular support, tracks for organelle movement, separating chromosomes during cell division, makes up centrioles in animal cells, cell motility |
|
|
Term
| what kind of arrangment do cilia and flagella have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 types of tubulin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the different phases of the mitiotic spindle |
|
Definition
| interphase, prophase, aster |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between polar microtubules and aster microtubules |
|
Definition
| polar: attach to microtubules on opposite sides of cell, instead of chromosomes, aster:extend to cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| microfilaments are the ____ structure of the cytoskeleton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are microfilaments made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are they also known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microfilaments are (polar/nonpolar) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microfilaments make up the core of ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is cytoplasmic streaming? |
|
Definition
| the circular flow of cytoplasm which speeds distribution of materials w/in cell |
|
|
Term
| microfilaments are the ____ structure of the cytoskeleton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are microfilaments made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are they also known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microfilaments are (polar/nonpolar) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microfilaments make up the core of ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is cytoplasmic streaming? |
|
Definition
| the circular flow of cytoplasm which speeds distribution of materials w/in cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules; creates an acidic enviorment that the enzymes work best at. |
|
|
Term
| What would happen if lysosomes were to leak? |
|
Definition
| if it leaks, the enzymes will not be as active due to neutral pH of cytosol, but excessive leakage from more than 1 can destroy a cell (autodigestion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hydrolytic enzymes & lysosomal membrane are made by the RER then transferred to GA for further processing; some lysosomes probably arise by budding from trans face of GA |
|
|
Term
| why doesn't the lysosomes digest itself? |
|
Definition
| preoteins of the inner surface of the lysosomal membrane & digestive enzymes are spared from destruction by having 3D shapes that protect vulnerable bonds from enzymatic attack |
|
|
Term
| What are the different circumstances in which lysosomes carry out intracellular digestion? |
|
Definition
| amoebas & other protists eat by engulfing food particles (phagocytosis): this produces a food vauole which fuses with the lysosome for digestion: the products are then passed into the cytosol as nutrients for the cell |
|
|
Term
| what human cells carry out phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
| macropahges (a type of white blood cell) engulfs and destroys invaders |
|
|
Term
| what is autophagy and how does it occur? |
|
Definition
| the recycling of cell's organic material: damaged organelle or small amount of cytosol is surrounded by a double membrane of unknown origin which lysosomes fuses w/. |
|
|
Term
| who discovered lysosomes? |
|
Definition
| Christian Rene de Duve (with an accent on the last e in Rene) |
|
|
Term
| what enzyme did Duve observe vells releasing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what pH are the enzymes in a lysosome dependent upon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is this acidity maintained? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a disease involving the disfunction of lysosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are lysosomes found in plant and animal cells? |
|
Definition
| no. only animal cells. Plant cells have the central vacuole to make up for it |
|
|
Term
| how many enzymes does a lysosome contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name 4 enzymes found in lysosomes |
|
Definition
| proteases (protein breakdown)), lipases (lipids), nucleases (nucleis acids), polysaccharidases (polysaccharides) |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 functions of the lysosomes |
|
Definition
| phagocytosis (food digestion), autophagy (recycles organic material to repair or destroy cell), programmed cell destruction, exocytosis |
|
|
Term
| what are three different types of plasts? |
|
Definition
| chloroplasts (green, chromoplasts (orange or yellow), leucoplast (clear) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flattened sacs stacked to form granum, this is where photosynthesis occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connect granna, smaller thylakoids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fluid around thylakoids, contains genome and free ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 compartments chloro membranes split the space into? |
|
Definition
| intermembrane space, stroma space, thylakoid space |
|
|
Term
| what is the pigment in decaying leaves that causes leaves to turn brown? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the motor protein that moves organelles through the cell on microtubules? |
|
Definition
| Kinesin (moves towards + end) |
|
|
Term
| What regulates polymerizations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a central bundle of microtubules called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the structure of microfilaments? |
|
Definition
| 2 helices, but binding proteins determine specific structure |
|
|
Term
| What plant produces a toxin that targets microfilaments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What intercellular junction is only in plant cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the plasmodesmata facillitate? |
|
Definition
| the passage of small molecules and macromolecules |
|
|
Term
| Which intercellular junctions are held together by proteins complexes that prevent leaking of extracellular fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the appendages that prodrude from desmosomes? |
|
Definition
| cadherins and intermediate filaments from the cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
| What are the basic funtions of intecellular junctions? |
|
Definition
| bind cells to form strong tissues, allow exchange of small molecules, prevent extracellular liquid leakage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the human diploid number and when was it discovered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what protein is the chromatin wrapped around? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the arms of chromosomes called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the Golgi Apparatus? |
|
Definition
| it is the center of manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, and "shipping" of products of the ER |
|
|
Term
| What is the GA made of? (Structure) |
|
Definition
| consists of flattened sacs called cisternae |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between the cis and trans faces of the Golgi? |
|
Definition
| the cis face recieves vesicles and is usually located near the ER, the trans face deals with the "shipping" part. |
|
|
Term
| What is the cisternal maturation model? |
|
Definition
| the idea that the cisternae move somewhat from the cis face to the trans face as the GA modifies stuff |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coined the term "cell" when looking at cork |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| saw "animalcules" refined the microscope, dutch eyeglass maker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| said all plants are made of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| said all animals are made of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| said all cells come from previous cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disproved spontaneous genteration |
|
|
