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| The entire contents of the cell, exclusive to the nucleus, bound by a plasma membrane. |
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| The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition. |
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| the chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell. |
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| The Cell Theory [3 marks] |
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- Cells beget cells
- The Cell is the smallest functional unit of life
- Living organisms are composed of cells |
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| the structural and functional divergence of cells as they become specialized during a multicellular organism's development. Depends upon gene expression. |
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| In bone marrow and embryonic tissue, a type of cell that is not committed to any tissue. |
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| Calculating Magnification |
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| Cells that include Nucleus/Nuclear membrane and are generally more complex |
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| Term comes from "before the nucleus." MAY HAVE NUCLEOLUS, however that is not a nucleus. |
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| protective outer layer that protects cell from damage or bursting due to high internal pressure. |
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| contains enzymes that catalyse the chemical reactions. Contains DNA in nucleoid (prokaryotes only) |
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| (Prokaryote)Structure projected from cell wall. When connected to another bacterial cell, can be used to pull cells together. |
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| Solid protein structures on Prokaryotes with a corkscrew shape that is used for movement when rotated. Located on Cell wall. |
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| Small organelle present in all cells. Essential for protein synthesis by translating mRNA. 70s in Prokaryotes, 80s in Eukaryotes. |
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| Prokaryotes. Region of cytoplasm which contains naked DNA. This is the much less complex representation of a Nucleus present in Prokaryotes. |
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| Plant vs Animal cell [6 marks] |
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Definition
Plants first:
Cell wall ∆ only plasma membrane
Large central vacuole ∆ small, if any, vacuoles
Starch ∆ Glycogen
Fixed shape ∆ able to adapt to surrounding/usually rounded
Chloroplasts ∆ lysosomes [2] |
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| What is the main composition of the Plasma Membrane? |
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Definition
~Hydrophilic phosphate heads
~Hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails
(AKA Phospholipid Bilayer)
~Integral proteins
~Carbohydrates (used as tags for cell detection)
~Cholesterol |
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| What are the advantages of fluid plasma membrane? [2 marks] |
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Definition
1) allows membrane to change shape
2) enables (endo/exo)cytosis |
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| List the functions of proteins in the plasma membrane. [5 marks] |
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Definition
~Hormone binding sites (binds outside, sends secondary messenger inside to carry out)
~Enzymes: allows for break down of substances to facilitate transport.
~Electron carriers: arranged in chains so that electrons (e-) pass from carrier to carrier
~Channels for Passive Transport: facilitated diffusion
~Pumps for Active Transport: Breaks down 1 ATP -> ADP+P for energy. |
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| the passive movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. |
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| Simple Diffusion vs. Facilitated Diffusion |
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Definition
Simple: substances that diffuse through phospholipid bilayer.
Facilitated: diffusion through protein channels |
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| Movement of water across selectively permeable membrane. |
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1)Part of the plasma membrane is pulled inwards
2)A droplet of fluid becomes enclosed when a vesicle is pinched off
3)Vesicles can then move through the cytoplasm carrying their contents. |
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1)Vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane
2)The contents of the vesicles are expelled
3)The membrane then flattens out again |
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| Construction of Cell wall |
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Definition
| After synthesizing cellulose fibres in vesicles, they are added to the inner surface of the cell wall. Other substances are secreted to interconnect the fibres. |
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| Extracellular Matrix - Composition and role |
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Definition
~Constructed from secrete Glycoproteins and carbohydrates.
~Serves to support single layers of thin cells + enables cell to cell adhesion (ie capillary wall cells to alveolus wall cells) |
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| The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During interphase: metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Interphase accounts for 90% of the cell cycle. |
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| The 3 parts of Interphase and their characteristics |
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Definition
G1-DNA transcription/protein synthesis
S phase - ALL DNA in nucleus is replicated
G2-Protein synthesis. |
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| Definition of Mitosis [1 mark] |
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Definition
| The process by which the nucleus divides to form two genetically identical nuclei. |
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| Explain the Phases of Mitosis [5 marks] |
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Definition
- Prophase: formation of mitotic spindle, chromatin condensing
- Prometaphase/Late Prophase: chromosomes appear, nuclear membrane fragments, mitotic spindle extends from each pole of the cell.
- Metaphase: chromosomes attached to spindle and aligned at metaphase plate. No more nuclear membrane.
- Anaphase: Mitotic spindle pulls the genetically identical chromatids to poles of cell.
- Telophase: mitotic spindle break down as nuclear membrane begins to form around chromatids in each pole.
- Cytokinosis: Chromosomes uncoil and the cells divide. |
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| Slight charge differences in covalently bonded molecules. i.e. Water (H20) |
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| Define Hydrogen Bond [1 mark] |
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Definition
A temporary and weak bond between two polar compounds. In this case Hydrogen is slightly +
i.e. between nitrogen base pairs in DNA or H20 molecules in water. |
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| Explain the properties of water and how they influence organisms. Give examples. [∞ marks] |
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Definition
- Cohesion: Attraction between molecules of water. Forms columns of water in xylem that rarely break, aids in pulling water against gravity.
- Solvent: Water is the universal solvent and easily dissolves most substances. This may aid in cell metabolism as water is present in most organisms and in all cell cytoplasm's. ie glucose dissolves in water.
-Specific heat: Water has a high specific heat, meaning it has a large capacity to hold heat (whether hot or cold). This offers many organisms a temperature buffer; especially useful for warm-blooded mammals.
-Evaporation: Along with having a high specific heat, when water evaporates it acts as a coolant as much water leaves with excessive heat. It acts as a coolant. |
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| Name the four elements most common in organisms. [1 mark] |
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Definition
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen.
Mr. CHON !! |
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| List 5 Trace Elements and their functions. [5 marks] |
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Definition
- Sulfur: Needed to make two of the twenty amino acids that proteins contain.
- Calcium: Acts as a messenger, binds to proteins that regulate processes inside cells, including transcription.
- Phosphorus: Used in the plasma membrane's phospholipid bilayer. Also present in DNA; Phosphate Groups.
- Iron: Needed to make Cytochromes (electron transport). Needed in Hemoglobin protein.
- Sodium: Pumped into the cytoplasm to raise solute concentration and cause water to enter by osmosis. |
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| Define Trace Elements [1 mark] |
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| An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute quantities. |
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| Define Macromolecules and list four examples. [2 marks] |
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Definition
A giant molecule composed of the binding of smaller molecules. In organic context, known as polymers composed of monomers.
Proteins, Polysaccharides, Nucleic Acids, Lipids. |
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What is the difference?
[image][image] |
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Definition
| Ribose (5 Carbon sugar) vs. Glucose (6-Carbon sugar) |
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| Explain what occurs in a Condensation Reaction. AKA: Dehydration |
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Definition
| When two molecules join together to form a larger molecule. A compound of H20 is also formed as a by-product. |
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| A long a chain (polymer) of peptides linked together by peptide bonds (condensation reaction bonds) |
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| Polysaccharide, Define it. Also list the 6 different types of monosaccharides and disaccharides. |
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Definition
a chain of monosaccharides bounded by condensation reactions.
Monosaccharides + glucose -> Polysaccharides:
-glucose -> sucrose
-galactose -> lactose
-fructose -> maltose |
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| List the uses of (mono/di)saccharides in animals and plants. [2x2 (4) marks] |
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Definition
Monosaccharides:
-Glucose is carried by the blood to transport energy to all cells in the body.
-Fructose is used to make fruits sweet-tasting, which attracts animals and consequently disperses seeds farther.
Disaccharides:
-Lactose is the sugar in milk.
-Sucrose is carried by the phloem to give energy to cells around the plant. |
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| List three polysaccharides and their functions in organisms. (Larger than Disaccharides) |
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Definition
Starch- used to store energy in plants.
Glycogen- stored in Liver and muscles, animals use this to store energy.
Cellulose- used to build plant's cell wall. |
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| What uses do lipids serve to organisms? [3 marks] |
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Definition
Energy storage - as fat in humans and oil in plants
Heat insulation - a layer of fat under the skin reduces heat loss
Buoyancy - helps animals float.
Nerve Insulation - Myelin sheaths are built from lipids and allow for saltatory conduction. |
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Definition
| Phosphate group + sugar + nitrogenous base. |
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| It is claimed that DNA Replication is "Semi-conservative." Define Semi-Conservative. |
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Definition
| One strand always comes from the old DNA fragment that was split. |
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| DNA Replication [∞ marks] |
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Definition
-Helicase (enzyme) splits strands of DNA in nucleus
-DNA Polymerase III copies leading strand from 5' to 3'
-For lagging strand, RNA Primase lays down RNA primer 5'to 3'whilst DNA Polyermase III copies the DNA
- This leads to the creation of Okazaki Fragments
-DNA Polymerase I replaces RNA Primers
-DNA ligase links okazaki fragments |
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Definition
Addition - A nitrogen base is added to the mRNA
Deletion - When a nitrogen base is not copied in the mRNA
Substitution - When the translation from mRNA is substituted for a wrong nitrogen base. |
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| What are the differences of DNA and RNA |
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