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IB 102 Exam 2
Second Exam
156
Plant Sciences
Undergraduate 1
04/07/2009

Additional Plant Sciences Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
1. Comparing photosynthesis to glycolysis, which of the following compounds is the product of one process and the reactants of the other?
Definition
sugar
Term
Which process occurs in both plants and animals?
Definition
glycosis
Term
Which is NOT associated with anaerobic respiration?
Definition
metabolism in mitochondria
Term
The energy directly used to drive biosynthetic reactions in cells is derived from the chemical bonds of:
Definition
ATP
Term
How frequently is ATP used by a living green plant?
Definition
constantly
Term
Which BEST describes the purpose of respiration in plants?
Definition
Generation of ATP
Term
What is the primary purpose of respiration?
Definition
to convert energy into a usable form
Term
The starting material for glycolysis is:
Definition
glucose (sugar)
Term
What do glycolysis and the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis have in common?
Definition
ATP production
Term
One kind respiration is referred to as anaerobic because it:
Definition
occurs in the absence of oxygen
Term
Which occurs in all plants at night?
Definition
krebs cycle
Term
Glycolysis occurs in the ________ , Krebs cycle occurs in the _________ and electron transport occurs in the _________.
Definition
cytoplasm / matrix / inner membranes
Term
Fermentation occurs when:
Definition
oxygen is absent
Term
Which of the following best describes the role of the electron transport system in mitochondria?
Definition
It uses energy from NADH to form ATP.
Term
How does aerobic respiration provide an advantage over anaerobic respiration alone?
Definition
More ATP per molecule of glucose is produced in aerobic respiration.
Term
In total, aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule theoretically yields a production of:
Definition
36 ATP molecules
Term
We grind wheat seeds and use the white, starchy material to make bread and pasta. This material is actually produced by the seed to:
Definition
nourish the developing embryo
Term

The arrow indicates the _____________ of the corn seed which functions in ______________ .

 

[image]

Definition
endosperm/food storage
Term
 The major difference between monocot and eudicot seeds is that in monocot seeds, most of the nutritional reserves for germination are stored in the ____________ , whereas in eudicot seeds, they are stored in the _______________.
Definition
endosperm / cotyledons
Term

Which seed structure provides the embryo with energy during the first stages of germination?

 

[image]

Definition
4
Term
When we eat blue corn tortilla chips, we are eating food material that was stored mainly as:
Definition
endosperm
Term
Starch is stored in the roots of plants in the:
Definition
cortex
Term
Carrots are ____________ that are modified for ____________.
Definition
roots / food storage
Term
 When you examine a potato carefully you can see potato eyes that form a tight spiral arrangement around a central eye on one end of the potato. The presence of these eyes indicates that this underground plant structure is actually a modified:
Definition
stem
Term
The Arctic Seed Vault:
Definition
will stay below freezing even if all power is cut off, since it is located in an area of permafrost.
Term
The “center of origin“ for corn is in the present day:
Definition
Mexico
Term

The “center of origin“ for sorghum is in the present day:
Definition
Ethiopia
Term
Which of the following are the four top crops that feed the world?
Definition
wheat, rice, corn and white potato
Term
Through domestication and artificial selection,:
Definition
crop plants may lose the ability to compete with wild relatives.
Term
Which of the following crop plants grows best in a cool, moist environment?
Definition
cassava
Term
Which of the following crop plants can grow on marginal land with frequent droughts?
Definition
millet
Term
 The tuberous root of which plant is a common food item?
Definition
cassava
Term
Humans have greatly altered the evolution of crop plants. Which is NOT an example of artificial selection?
Definition
drought resistance in millet
Term
Why are refined grains often fortified?
Definition
to add back vitamins and minerals
Term
Place the following steps in the correct order for the germination of a seed.

   1. Digestion of reserves.
   2. Leaves enlarge.
   3. Root elongates.
   4. Water is imbibed.
   5. Shoot emerges.
Definition

4, 1, 3, 5, 2
Term
The first structure to emerge from a seed during germination is/are the ______ for _________.
Definition
root / rapid water uptake
Term
 Which crop yields the most protein per acre in unfertilized soil?
Definition
soybeans
Term
A diet that consists of orange juice, toast with jelly, wheat cake, pineapple juice, soyburger, and sunflower seeds will have an energy efficiency of close to:
Definition
10%
Term
Which 3 grasses together feed much of the world?
Definition
rice, wheat, corn
Term

In which area of the world did soybeans originate?

 

[image]

Definition
e
Term
Which is a pulse?
Definition
soybean
Term
In general, humans consume what part of the plants from the grass family?
Definition
seeds
Term
In which area of the world did wheat originate?
Definition
the fertile crescent
Term
A peanut (including the shell or hull) is actually a ________ that develops underground.
Definition
fruit
Term
Which part of the plant has the largest amount of stored protein, carbohydrate, and nucleic acids relative to its size?
Definition
Seed
Term
The first event in the germination of a seed is:
Definition
imbibition of water
Term
What do potato tubers, iris bulbs and strawberry runners have in common?
Definition
They are all modified stems.
Term
Which of the following is NOT a modified stem?
Definition
carrots
Term
In which case would vegetative propagation be ruled out?
Definition
Genetically different plants are needed.
Term
All sporophytes all have one characteristic in common. They _________.
Definition
produce spore mother cells that divide by meiosis
Term
Which of the following transitions involves the process of meiosis?
Definition
sporophyte to spore
Term
The stage of the life cycle which develops into a gametophyte is called a(n):
Definition
spore
Term
Which orders correctly reflect a sequence of stages in the basic sexual life cycle of a plant?

   1. meiosis, sporophyte, spore, zygote
   2. sporophyte, spore mother cell, meiosis, spore
   3. gametophyte, meiosis, zygote, sporophyte
   4. zygote, fertilization, sporophyte, spore
   5. spores, gametophyte, gametes, fertilization
   6. fertilization, gametes, mitosis, gametophyte
Definition
5 & 2
Term
The cell(s) that result from meiosis of a spore mother cell is/are:
Definition
four haploid cells.
Term
Which statement is FALSE? Natural vegetative (asexual) reproduction:
Definition
results from fertilization of an egg cell.
Term
Which is an example of root tissue modified for asexual reproduction?
Definition
suckers of Aspen tree
Term
Which is one advantage of asexual reproduction?
Definition
Allows an organism to quickly fill a habitat.
Term
Which of the following transitions involves the process of meiosis?
Definition
sporophyte to spore
Term
What is an advantage that sexual reproduction has over asexual reproduction?
Definition
Sexual reproduction generates more genetic variation.
Term
Banana plants are propagated from rhizomes and, therefore, all plants in a plantation may share a common ancestor. Which statement about such a plantation of bananas is FALSE?
Definition
The offspring result from fertilization of egg cells.
Term
Plants are different from animals in that plants alternate between a ___________ sporophyte generation and a ______________ gametophyte generation.
Definition
diploid / haploid
Term
The function of petals in a showy flower like an orchid is to:
Definition
attract animals to the stigma and stamens.
Term
The cell(s) that result from meiosis of a spore mother cell is/are:
Definition
four haploid cells.
Term

to what structure does the arrow point in the picture below?

 

[image]

Definition
anther
Term
A flower that lacked which of the following would still be capable of sexual reproduction?
Definition
petals
Term

What is the structure indicated by the } ?

 

[image]

Definition
carpel
Term
Which flower part has as its primary function the protection of the developing flower bud?
Definition
sepals
Term
The basic source of new genes in a population is mutation. The amount of variation is further increased by:
Definition
crossing over
Term
Through the processes of __________ and ___________, new combinations of genes are possible.
Definition
independent assortment / crossing over
Term
Which best describes the process of meiosis?
Definition
Meiosis produces new genetic combinations.
Term
Which statement INCORRECTLY describes meiosis in plants?
Definition
produces spore cells genetically identical to the spore mother cell
Term
The simplest male flower using wind as the pollination agent might consist only of:
Definition
a bare receptacle with a single stamen.
Term

[image] 

 

In which parts of the flower pictured below would you find HAPLOID cells?

Definition
3&5
Term
All sporophytes all have one characteristic in common. They:
Definition
produce spore mother cells that divide by meiosis.
Term
 The cost of sex in plants is offset by:
Definition
increased genetic variation in the offspring.
Term
increased genetic variation in the offspring.
Definition
two homologous chromosomes exchange sequences.
Term
Which explains why chromosomes come in homologous pairs?
Definition
The pairs are a result of fertilization.
Term

Which drawing represents a cell containing two pairs of homologous chromosomes paired up?

 

[image]

Definition
b
Term
The Global Seed Vault (Doomsday Vault):
Definition
will stay below freezing even if all power is cut off, since it is located in an area of permafrost.
Term
Which of the following is neither an attractant nor a reward used in pollination systems?
Definition
water
Term
In wind-pollinated flowers such as oak, the ______________ are likely to be absent.
Definition

petals

 

 

Petals function to attract pollinators. These are not necessary when wind is the pollinator.

Term
A flower with a dark color, a landing platform and a smell like rotting meat is most likely pollinated by which of the following?
Definition
flies
Term
 If a plant's flowers have practically no petals, no fragrance and no nectar, but produce huge amounts of pollen, it is a good bet that the flowers are pollinated by:
Definition
wind
Term
Conifers are wind pollinated, which is a hit-a-few, miss-a-lot affair. What accounts for their success?
Definition
large amounts of pollen grains
Term
A plant with a white flower that emits a strong scent after dark is likely pollinated by a:
Definition
moth
Term
As summer approaches, your neighbor asks you to give him some advice on which plants to add to his garden in order to attract some hummingbirds. He has five varieties but cannot remember their names and so describes them. Which would be best based on your knowledge of pollination?
Definition
a tubular, bright red flower that has no discernible scent
Term
Transfer of the male gametes from one tree's flower to the stigma of a flower on a distant tree of the same species achieves:
Definition
cross-pollination
Term
A friend of yours dug up his tulip bulbs in the fall and kept them in a plastic bag in the kitchen cupboard all winter. Why did they NOT flower after he planted them the next spring?
Definition
Flowering will occur only if dormancy is broken by the cold.
Term
A researcher studying seed development in a plant put bags over all the flowers to ensure pollination. Yet none of the flowers set seed. Which is NOT a possible explanation?
Definition
The flowers were perfect and self-compatible.
Term
A possible evolutionary advantage of cross pollination between plants of the same species is that it:
Definition
increases the chance of new gene combinations.
Term
Which is NOT a source of genetic diversity?
Definition
mitosis
Term
A plant species that is dioecious includes plants that:
Definition
have either carpellate or staminate flowers, not both.
Term
A plant that is self-incompatible must be pollinated by pollen from:
Definition
another plant of the same species.
Term
 Corn plants have tassels that produce the pollen and ears that produce the grain. Corn has _____________ flowers and are ______________ plants.
Definition
imperfect / monoecious
Term
Dioecious plants have:
Definition
imperfect flowers.
Term
How would you describe a species that has imperfect, dioecious flowers?
Definition
Flowers are staminate or pistillate with the two flower types existing on separate plants.
Term
If a plant has perfect flowers, but is self-incompatible what would you have to do to keep the plant from pollinating and fertilizing itself during a cross breeding experiment?
Definition
nothing
Term
In order to successfully pass its genes onto the next generation, the male gametophyte of a flowering plant, must first:
Definition
land on stigma
Term
Pea plants routinely self pollinate even before the flowers are completely open. What would you need to do to cross pollinate two different varieties of pea plants and avoid self-pollination? Remove the______________ from the flowers that are to produce seeds.
Definition
stamens
Term
Perfect flowers can NEVER:
Definition
be dioecious.
Term
In a single flower, pollen grains from an anther fall on the stigma of the same flower, but pollen grains fail to grow. What term best describes this phenomenon?
Definition
self-incompatible
Term
A perfect flower possesses which of the following?
Definition
both stamens and carpels
Term
A monoecious plant species would have _____________ located on ___________.
Definition
male and female flowers / the same plant
Term
 In flowering plants, the two polar nuclei of the ovule fuse with a sperm nucleus of the pollen to produce:
Definition
triploid endosperm.
Term
Which statement correctly describes double-fertilization in flowering plants?
Definition
One fertilization creates the zygote, the other the endosperm.
Term
What is the result of double fertilization?
Definition
a diploid embryo and triploid endosperm
Term

Where does fertilization occur on the generalized plant life cycle diagram below?

 

[image]

Definition
a
Term

 Which letter in the plant general sexual life cycle represents the egg and sperm?

 

[image]

Definition
d
Term
A beehive with colony collapse disorder is characterized by:
Definition
only the queen, immature bees and honey remain
Term
Colony collapse disorder is only a problem in the U.S.
Definition
No, it is a global problem.
Term
Approximately ________ of U.S. commercial hives have disappeared due to colony collapse disorder.
Definition
1/3
Term
A contributing factor to colony collapse disorder and the loss of honeybees is:
Definition
viral infection
Term

Which describes the fruit pictured below?

 

 

[image]

Definition
simple, dehiscent, dry fruit
Term
 For plants, dispersal through time:
Definition
has a payoff if the environment changes.
Term
 The next time you are handled a dish of green beans at the dinner table and asked if you care for some vegetables, you can explain that the bean pods are actually fruits that developed from the __________ of the bean flower, and the seeds inside them developed from the ___________.
Definition
ovary / ovules
Term
Which is not a seed dispersal agent?
Definition
nectar
Term
Which of the following is not a mechanism for the dispersal of seeds?
Definition
cross-pollination by bats
Term
Which produce fruits for dispersal of the seeds from the sporophyte?
Definition
flowering plants
Term
A fruit is primarily:
Definition
an organ for dispersal
Term
Putting a ripe banana in a bag with unripe tomatoes will:
Definition
accelerate ripening in the tomatoes, as a result of ethylene released from the banana.
Term
Which statement about the development of a flowering plant is TRUE?
Definition
The ovary may become the attractant to animal dispersers.
Term
A raspberry is an example of what kind of seed dispersal?
Definition
animal dispersal by droppings
Term
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for the dispersal of seeds?
Definition
bats cross-pollinating flowers
Term
The ripening of fruits may provide an advantage to a plant because a ripe fruit:
Definition
allows for more effective seed dispersal.
Term
The endosperm in a seed results from the union of a sperm nucleus with:
Definition
two polar nuclei
Term
Pollen grains carry ___________ that fertilize the _________.
Definition
2 sperm nuclei / egg and 2 polar nuclei
Term
Which of the tissues in the diagram of the flower below will develop into the fleshy portion of a fruit that you might consume ?
[image]
Definition
d
Term
The part of a peanut that people eat is (are) actually ________ that developed by cell divisions from a cell that resulted from the fusion of __________ during fertilization.
Definition
cotyledons / a sperm and two polar nuclei
Term
In the simple fruit that will form after fertilization shown below, the cotyledons will develop from __________ and the flesh of the fruit will develop from ___________.

[image]
Definition
4/3
Term
Which is one reason dispersal is an important part of the plant’s life strategies?
Definition
Allows offspring to avoid competition with their successful parent.
Term
Which of the following is true about the commercial application of plant hormones?
Definition
Gibberellic acid sprayed on grape vines results in longer stems and larger grapes.
Term
Commercial tomato varieties that do NOT produce their own ethylene are valuable because:
Definition
they don't ripen until they are forced to by ethylene treatment.
Term
 The "Green Revolution":
Definition
is a cycle plants go through each year before producing flowers.
Term
Traditional agricultural methods as practiced in less developed countries:
Definition
generally don’t include use of sophisticated farm machinery.
Term
Which is NOT a characteristic of modern agricultural techniques?
Definition
Is human labor intensive.
Term
Although the "Green Revolution" has raised yields, some of the management practices encouraged the spread and/or severity of plant diseases. Which of the following management practices does NOT encourage the spread and/or severity of plant diseases?
Definition
Maintenance of genetic variety among crop plants.
Term
According to your readings and discussion concerning world agriculture and hunger, which statement is FALSE?
Definition
Agricultural technologies that work well and are productive in temperate areas always work well in tropical areas.
I
Term
As the world’s human population becomes larger, we may need to take several steps to solve our critical food supply problem. Which is only a short-term solution?
Definition
Food producing nations could give their excess to poor nations.
Term
In order for the “Green Revolution” to succeed among the poor farmers in developing countries, we would need to:
Definition
develop higher yielding local crops that require less energy and money to grow.
Term
Which statement comparing Illinois agriculture to the traditional agriculture of developing countries is TRUE?
Definition
In Illinois, farmers make up a smaller proportion of the population.
Term
Which statement about the "Green Revolution" is TRUE?
Definition
As a result of the Green Revolution, the standard of living has been raised substantially in some parts of the world.
Term
A polyculture:
Definition
will not be likely to suffer great loss from one disease.
Term
Which statement about the production and use hybrid seed plants is TRUE?
Definition
The widespread use of hybrids has led to the extinction of local varieties.
Term
Which decreases with modern agricultural practices?
Definition
labor force needed
Term
Irrigation of desert soils results in a greater yield followed by years of declining yields because:
Definition
evaporation of irrigated water draws salts to the surface of the soil poisoning the soil.
Term
Which of the following is TRUE?

All developing countries could make use of modern agricultural practices.
Developing countries are more concerned in producing food crops rather than cash crops.
All countries that cannot grow corn, soybeans, wheat or rice import them.
All cash crops are food crops.
A greater portion of the population in developing countries are involved in agriculture than in developed countries.
Definition
A greater portion of the population in developing countries are involved in agriculture than in developed countries.
Term
One way conservation tillage improves soil is by:
Definition
reducing the soil compaction around roots by reducing the passes over the field by equipment.
Term
A re-evaluation of our methods to control insect pests is resulting in a development of pest control strategies that avoid ecological contamination. Which is an example of this kind of control?
Definition
introducing predatory insects
Term
Hypoxic areas that develop in the Gulf of Mexico can be connected to:
Definition
nitrogen runoff from Midwest farms into the Mississippi.
Term
A pond that is eutrophic,:
Definition
experiences an initial increase of algal growth.
Term
In a pond that is NOT eutrophic, growth of algae populations is most limited by which factor?
Definition
nutrients
Term
The reason fish die and community structure changes as a result of eutrophication (the process that produces regions like the "dead zone" in the Gulf of Mexico) is:
Definition
decomposers use up oxygen.
Term
Where do Dead Zones occur and why?
Definition
Dead Zones are ocean areas near the mouths of rivers where the ecosystem has collapsed.
Term
The upwelling of nutrient rich, but oxygen poor, water from the deep oceans can cause:
Definition
dead zones
Term
Which action by an individual would reduce the amount of methane in the atmosphere?
Definition
Eat less meat or buy locally produced meat.
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