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| an interaction in which two or more actors adopt policies that make at least one actor better off relative to status quo without making others worse off. |
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| an interaction in which actors must choose outcomes that make one better off at the expense of another. |
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| a type of cooperation interaction in which actor benefit from all making the same choices and subsequently have no incentive to comply. |
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| a type of cooperation in which actors gain from working together but nonetheless have incentives to no comply with any agreement. |
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| basic unit for the analysis of international politics; individuals or groups with common interests |
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| a central authority with the ability to make and enforce laws, rules, and decisions within a specific territory |
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| absence of central authority with the ability to make and enforce laws that bind all actors. |
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| expectation that state have legal and political supremacy within their territorial boundaries. |
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| predominance of one nation-state over others. |
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| an event involving the organized use of military force by at least two parties that satisfies some minimum threshold of severity. |
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| main participants are states |
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main participants are within the same state
e.g government and rebel group |
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| a bargaining interaction in which at least one actor threatens to use force in the event that demands are not met |
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| the use of threats to influence the outcome of bargaining interaction |
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| the set deals that both parties in the bargaining interaction prefer the reversion outcome. when the reversion outcome is war, the bargaining range is the set of deals that both sides prefer to war |
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| an effort to change the status quo through the threat of force |
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| an effort to preserve the status quo through the threat of force |
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| a situation in which parties in a strategic interaction lack information about the other parties' interests and/or capabilities |
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| the willingness of an actor to endure costs in order to acquire some good |
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| in crisis bargaining, the tradeoff between trying to get better deal and trying to avoid war |
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| a credible threat is a threat that the recipient believes will be carried out. a credible commitment is a commitment or promise that the recipient believes will be honored. |
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| a strategy in which adveraries take actions that increase the risk of accidental war, with the hope that the other will "blink", or lose its nerve, first and make concessions. |
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| negative repercussions for failing to follow through on a threat or to honor a commitment |
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| a war fought with the intention of preventing an adversary from becoming a stronger in the future. Arise because states whose power is increasing cannot commit no to exploit that power in future bargaining interactions |
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| a good that cannot be divided without diminishing its value. |
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| the collection of organization-military, diplomatic corps,and intelligence agencies, that carry out most tasks of governance within the state |
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| groups of individuals with common interest that organize to influence public policy in a manner that benefits their members. |
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| the tendecy for people to become more suportive of their country's governemtn in response to dramatic international events such as crises of wars. |
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| incentive that state leaders have to start international crises in order to rally public support at home |
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| military-industrial complex |
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| alliance between military leaders and the industries that benefit from international conflict, e.g arms manufacturers. |
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| observation that there are few clear cases of war between mature democratic states |
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| political system in which candidates compete for political office through frequent,fair elections in which a seizable portion of the adult population can vote. |
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| ability to punish or reward leaders for the decision they make as frequent fair elevation enable voters to hold elected officials responsible for their actions by granting or withholding access to political office |
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| democracies don't go to war with each other |
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| institutions that help their members cooperate military in the event of war |
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| a situation in which military capabilities of two states or groups of states are roughly equal |
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| strategy in which states join forces with stronger side in a conflict |
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| a military alliance formed in 1955 to bring together the Soviet Union and its Cold War allies in Eastern Europe and elsewhere. Dissolved in 1992 after the Cold War |
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| a collective security organization founded in 1919 after WWI. Ended in 1946 and was replace by UN |
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| collective security organization founded in 1945 after WWII. Over 190 members, includes all recognized states |
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| collective security organization |
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| broad-based institutions that promote peace and security among their members. Examples include the League of Nation and UN |
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| international and systematic killing aimed at eliminating an identifiable group of people, such as ethnic or religious group. |
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| main governing body of the UN. it has the authority to identify threats to international peace and security and to prescribe organizations' response, including military and/or economic sanctions. |
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| ability to prevent the passage of a measure through a unilateral act, such as a single negative vote. |
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| operation in which troops and observers are deployed to monitor a ceasefire or peace agreement. |
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| Peace-enforcement operation |
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| military operation in which force is used to make and/or enforce peace amount warring parties that have not agreed to end their fighting. |
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| Transnational advocacy network (TAN) |
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| set of individuals and nongovernmental organizations acting in pursuit of a normative objective |
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| nongovernmental organizations (NGO's) |
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| private organization not directly affiliated with national governments and usually focusing on social, economic, and political change in a country or region |
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| standards or behavior for actors with a given identity for actors with given identity; norms define what actions are "right" or appropriate under particular circumstances. |
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| a groups of people with common social identity who recognize each other as members |
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| a process through which NGO's in one state are able to activate transnational linkage to bring pressure from other states on their own government |
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| use or threatened use of violence against noncombatant targets by individuals or non-state groups for political ends. |
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| actors whose interests are no widely shared by others; individuals or groups that are politically weak relative to the demands they make |
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| strategy that induces policy change by imposing or threatening to impose costs, usually pain or other harm, on the target |
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| strategy intended to provoke the target government into making disproportionate response that alienates moderates in the terrorists' home society or in other sympathetic audiences |
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| strategy intended to sabotage a prospective peace between the target and moderate leadership from the terrorists' home society |
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| strategy designed to demonstrate a capability for leadership and commitment relative to another, similarly terrorist groups. |
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| rights possessed by all individuals by virtue, regardless of their status as citizens of particular states or members of a groups organization |
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| Universal Declaration of Human Rights |
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| adopted by the UN's General Assembly in 1948, defines a common standard of achievement for all people and form the foundation of modern human rights law |
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| international covenant on civil and Political Rights |
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| agreement completed in 1966, details the basic civil and political rights of individuals and nations |
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| International Covenant of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights |
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| agreement completed in 1966, specifies basic economic, social, and cultural rights of individuals and nations. |
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| International Bill of Rights |
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| refers collectively to the UDHR, ICCPR, ICESCR. Together the 3 agreements form the core of the international human rights regime |
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| rights that cannot be suspended for any reason, including at times of public emergency |
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| label coined and used by the human rights organization Amnesty International to refer to individuals imprisoned solely because of the peaceful expression of their beliefs |
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| a right that permits individual to petition appropriate international legal bodies directly if they believe a state has violated their rights |
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| International Crime Court |
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| court of last resort for the human rights cases that possess jurisdiction only if the accused is a national of a state party, the crimes took place on the territory of a state party, or the UN Security Council has referred the case to the prosecutor. |
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| ability of a country or firm to produce a particular good or service more efficiently than other goods and services, such that its resources are most efficiently employed in this activity. |
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| ability of a country or firm to produce more of a particular good or service than other countries or firms using the same amount of effort and resources. |
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| Heckscher-Ohlin Trade theory |
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| a country will export goods that make intensive use of the factors of production in which it is well endowed. Thus a labor-rich country will export goods that make intensive use of labor. |
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| imposition of barriers to restrict imports. commonly used protections devices include tariffs, quantitative restrictions (quotas), and other nontariff barriers. |
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any government limitation on the international exchange of goods.
EX: tariffs, quotas, import licenses, requirements that governments only buy domestically produced food, and health and safety standards that discriminate against foreign goods. |
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| quantitative limited placed on import of particular goods |
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| nontariff barriers to trade |
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obstacles to imports other than tariffs
ex- quotas |
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| Stolper-Samuelson theorem |
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| protection benefits that scarce factor of production. |
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| model of trade relations that emphasizes the sector in which factors of production are employed, rather than the nature of the factor itself. This differentiates it from the Heckscher-Ohlin approach, for which the nature of the factor-labor, land, capital- is the principle concentration |
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| mutual agreement to lower tariff and other barriers to trade |
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| Most Favored nation status |
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| status established by most modern trade agreements guaranteeing that the signatories will extend each other any favorable trading terms offered in agreement with third parties. |
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| institution created in 1995 to succeed the GATT and to govern international trade relations. WTO encourages and policies the multilateral reduction of barriers to trade, and it oversees the resolution of trade disputes. |
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| General Agreement on Tariff and Trade |
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| international institution created in 1948 in which member countries committed to reduce barriers to trade and to prove similar trading conditions to all other members. 1995 it was replaced by WTO |
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