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1. Communication
2. Expressive Forms of Culture
3. Communicative forms constitute social resources
4. Communicative forms and practices have different values
5. Communicative forms and practices are coross-culturall and historically variable |
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| Ways in which information, ideas and attitudes pass among individuals, groups, nations, and generations. |
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| Bauman: Expressive forms of culture |
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| Art, Play, Display, and Performance |
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| Bauman: Communicative forms constitute social resources |
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| Speaking, dressing, dancing are social means that are available to members for the accomplishment of social ends |
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| Bauman: Communicative forms have different values |
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| Some superior,preferable,more authentic, more beautiful |
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| Communicative forms and practices are cross culturally variable |
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| Dimensions of variation are to be discovered through empirical research |
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| What is the circle around language? |
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| What erases the circle around language? |
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| Tries to incorporate all different forms |
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| -A moment of interpersonal interaction |
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| Language is given meaning through culture |
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| Ways of constituting to a community and excluding people |
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-Age groups, groups of friends, religions
-Have a common understanding of speech norms/terms/language |
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| Setting, Participants, Ends, Acts, Keys, Instrumentalities, Norms, Genres |
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| Point/goal of speech event |
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| The sequence of events/order |
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| tone in which something is done -formal vs. informal |
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| Speaking - Instrumentalities |
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message form, language, tone
(singing/whispering) |
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| common understanding of communication |
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| Type of event speech act belongs to |
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-The action that happens in words. NOT grammar.
-Smallest unit of linguistic interaction thats accomplished with words. |
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| Combines the literal meaning and its implications |
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The literal meaning
can -> shitter -> toilet |
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| Word order and grammar is used to show meaning, change the order of the words in the sentence |
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| Change of function; one word means different things |
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| the way you present yourself around others in different situations (personality, how you act) |
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| makeup, clothes, appearance, stage setting, anything physical |
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| verbal and nonverbal behavior, speech acts |
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| Supporting actors who help create face |
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| place where you can retreat and be yourself, can be either a physical place or just somewhere in your head |
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| Environmental preference, territoriality, personal space |
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| Links form and meaning, deals with structure of sentences, combines denotative and connotative meaning |
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Connects words to other words, form of a message, word order is important.
Grammatical function + word order = syntax |
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| See langugage as communication in terms of function, attempts to discover speaker's intentions as well as hearer's understandings. Changing tone of voice can change pragmatics. |
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Tone, intonation, pacing, pausing, volume, pitch.
ex. professions can have distinct prosody patterns (comedians, doctors, lawyers) |
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| assumptions people have; high involvement, low involvement, considerateness |
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| part of self presenting to others; different faces in different situtations |
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| verb version of what you do when creating face |
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| people who help us create face, supporting actors |
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| setting, appearance, Goffman's Article, ways in which people present themselves; costume, make up, gestures to give a convincing performance |
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| kinesics, proxemics, eye contact, physical appearance, touch, facial expression |
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| cooperative talk (typically female); supportive overlaps (finish each others sentences), vocabulary of agreement, goal is to create connections |
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| competitive speech (typically male), emphasis on status, self-display, trying to hold center stage |
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| selects words and phrasing |
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responsible for words expressed
ex. Obama is leader of US and is the principal for institutions |
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| Ways in which author, animator and principal are linked. How people are related to each other through footing |
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| ways speech participants are expected to act/respond |
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Smitheram reading: Verbal action done for own sake focuses on form, context i subordinate, flow and effectiveness of performance is more important than context. EX. Poetic function
Ex. Chappelle white girl singing skit |
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| Quantity, quality, relation, manner, format-tying |
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| does statement have enough info |
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| enough adequate evidence for you to believe statement to be true |
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| is statement appropriate in context |
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| concise, not ambiguous, clearly phrased utterances |
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| requires turn taking. It is continuing the argument on the ame topic. and adding just enough relevant info to push the argument a bit further |
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| what event frame used determines how people interpret speech |
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way people or certain speech communities form language
ex. female register. quilaifiers, tag questions, polite forms, correct forms, hyperbole, disclaimers |
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types of speech or other traits that give a person more power
ex. celebs, british accents (seen as intelligent) |
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assumptions that listener is interpreting message (speaker is sending) in the same way
ex. boston speakers interrupt (seen as engaging) |
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| Verbal or non-verbal cues that lead to understand speech |
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| share a cultural frame of how to understand speech events and who interprets them the same way |
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| type of language shared by speakers |
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relationship you have with particular words
epistemic- knowledge -> how truthful is it, what is your position on certainty
affective- emotion ->how you present language based on emotion |
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| What ways we think about language |
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What ways we think media functions, way we use media
ex. what we think is creepy in terms of talking to people via mediums |
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When new media comes on the scene. Affects how people see old media.
1. How media affect message-media ideologies
2. Structure; how media structures communicate |
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| Implied users, actual users, causal narratives |
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| who media is intended to be used by |
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| ways media assumes people will interact |
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| Dave Chappelle White woman clip |
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| comes from reading, developed form of reading, imply flaw |
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| art form of insultes, if audience laughs, it is a good read; find flaw and exaggerate it |
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dancers where people are competing to look like a certain figure. Showing prestige for pop culture(vogue)
ex executive example -> They are voguing to see who looks more like an executive |
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| Chain of associations; word points to meaning, linked to social process, which is then linked to power |
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| Why did Terry Turner want to help the Kayapo create a video library and what prevented this from happening? |
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| Wanted to help them preserve culture and film their dance. They were not advanced enough to preserve the film (moisture etc.) |
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| What is distinctively Kayapo about the way they film? |
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-Repetition
-Continuously filmed the same scene
-Kayapo say a party didnt happen if not filmed |
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