Term
|
Definition
| the interdisciplinary study of the relationship between information technology and society; the interdisciplinary study of the design uses, consequences, of information technologies that takes into accound their interaction with institutional and cultural contexts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a web-like arrangement of material artifacts such as computers and software, and the rules, norms and practices of people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| things that do things, cause things--- have agency. usually they are humans but they can also be corporations or institutions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in order to talk about the use of an ICT, you must talk about how it is used and within what context it is used |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| objects that have an emotional attachment to them. phone, teddy bear, etc.... |
|
|
Term
| Technological affordances |
|
Definition
| provide strong clues to the operations of things. plates are for pushing, knobs for turning. ball for throwing or bouncing. when affordances are taken advantage of, the user knows what to do just by looking: no instructions needed |
|
|
Term
| Technological Determinism |
|
Definition
| technology impacts society. technology drives changes, society adapts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a logical error that views the past in terms of the present. from a present day standpoint, the success of a technology may seem inevitable, however, things were much more uncertain at the the time the technology was being developed. Assume that what looks inevitable today means that that technology was always inevitable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| belief in future success of technology leads investors and producers to put resources into its development. a prediction made that either voluntary or involuntary becomes true as a result of behaviors and actions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| technological artifacts are culturally constructed and interpreted. by this we mean not only that there is flexibility in how people think of or interpret artifacts but also that there is flexibility in how people think of or interpret artifacts but also that there is flexibility in how artifacts are designed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the way that scientific and technical work is made invisible by its own success. When a machine runs efficiently, when a scientific fact is settled, one need only focus on its inputs and outputs and not on its internal complexity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| invention occurs in one's garage, the idea that one person creates a product on their own without help |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the realm embracing property rights that belongs to the community at large, are unprotected by copyright or patent, and are subject to the appropriation by anyone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of protection provided to the authors of original works of authorship including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works, both published and unpublished. Facts, ideas, concepts, processes and methods are not copyrightable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the exclusive right granted by a government to an inventor to manufacture, use, or sell an invention for a certain number of years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an exception to U.S. copyright law that allows you to resell a used version of a copyrighted work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
copyrighted publications that are allowed to be used for free in some circumstances. For example, schools use books and other things for educational purposes. dependent on:
1 purpose and character of use
2 the nature of the copyrighted work
3 the amount of the portion used in relation to the work as a whole
4 the effect of the use on the value of the work or its potential market |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| preserves the rights of users by forbidding restrictions on use, adaptation, and distribution provided that new works also adopt a copyleft license |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| edited and created by a group of developers. peer review for quality control. |
|
|
Term
| Cathedral model of software development |
|
Definition
| there is a top power and software is built internally in a company. rigid and protected |
|
|
Term
| Bazaar model of software development |
|
Definition
| many contributors and free open source. people continually make their own changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different than open source software, it respects the users freedoms. free to use but may have to pay for updates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an optimistic belief in the power of technology to solve problems, blind faith in technology and market fundamentalism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an economy where produtction and services are based on knowledge-intensive activities. the key component of a knowledge economy is a greater reliance on intellectual capabilities than on physical inputs or natural resources. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the type of work that is replacing industrial work. knowledge work requires formal education, the ability to acquire and apply theoretical and analytical knowledge and a habit of continuous learning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| artifacts, practices, social structures and relationships language, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interlacing of virtual and real experiences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| our social lives are lived through interacting across several different types of media, and in being social creatures, we mix them together. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| direct connections we make / have |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| direct communication through indirect sources. may not be friends or family |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a global culture that engages a spectrum of networked technologies. stimulates presence. window into other worlds. (checking in where you are. or knowing when someone reads your text) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a set of beliefs about communicative technologies with which users and designers explain perceived media structure and meaning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when instruments of the state cannot satisfy public needs and deliver services effectively |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| give and take relationship between society and technology |
|
|
Term
| Sawyer: Social Informatics: Overview, Principles and Opportunities |
|
Definition
| social informatics will become even more important as computerization continues to engage our society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 use of ict's lead to multiple and sometimes paradoxical effects
2 Uses of ict's shape thought and action in ways that benefit some groups more than others
3 the differential effects of the design and implementation and uses of ICt often have moral and ethical consequences
4 the design implementation and uses of ict have reciprocal relationships with the larger social context
5 the phenomenon of interest will vary by the level of analysis |
|
|
Term
| Nye: Does Technology Control Us? |
|
Definition
technologies do not drive chance. they are the product of cultural choices and their use often has unintended consequences.
technology does affect society but the effects are dependent on social, cultural, economic, and political factors such as traditions, social groups etc.
Examples Used: Counterexamples: Guns in Japan (symbolic value of weapons, favored their traditional swords)
Mennonites and Amish (valuing sustainability of community, valued face-to-face communication)
Examples Used: Bowling ball to the pins. Robots and automated machines put human laborers out of work. The typewriter brought women into the workplace. The birth control pill produced the sexual revolution. The Internet created a more democratic society. |
|
|
Term
| Baym: Technological Determinism |
|
Definition
“Technologies conceptualized as an external agent that acts upon and changes society” (Baym)
Technological development follows a natural logic, which is beyond cultural or political influence. These developments impact societies and force them to “adapt”.
Social change is driven by goals of rationality and efficiency. These goals are achieved through the development of new technologies. This view of technological determinism is often associated with discussions of free-market economics and capitalism. |
|
|
Term
| Mackenzie: The Social Shaping of Technology |
|
Definition
Different people use the same technology in different ways. Early adaptation of some products will cause rivals to disappear even if their product is better. The products that are adopted will get many more improvements than the rivals because they are in use and money is being put into them. If society believes that a product will succeed then it has a better chance of making it because then people will invest in it and adopt it earlier. human actions shape technology (design, criteria of evaluation, ways to use)
technological change is just a progress. technologies progress because they are the best and most efficient
you have to ask best for whom (iphone vs. jitterbug) artifacts can mean different things for different people
technology is not inevitable |
|
|
Term
| *Winner: Do Artifacts Have Politics? |
|
Definition
All artifacts have effects that change the social area in which they are used.; Technologies can have politics via: Authoritarian or democratic affinities, Embedded power that determines certain types of relationships, Inherent qualities that create or reinforce certain types of ways of working/being, Bias
Power and Mutual Shaping: Power structures (Vested Interests) may influence which technology wins, which reinforces those power structures
Two different ways Artifacts have politics:
Consciously political design- Moses’ bridge, Baron Haussmann's design of Paris boulevards
Inherently Political- The success of the technology requires specific ways of the working/being, atom bombs/nuclear technology, Tomato Harvester |
|
|
Term
| Latour: Science In Action |
|
Definition
The winner of technology or the one who reveals the truth is the one with the biggest lab or the best article that is written about it
Lone Inventor idea. Diesel did not himself create the diesel engine as we know it today. Multiple labs, different people and different companies all added to the idea of the diesel engine in order for it to work properly.
Defying Lone Inventor idea - collaboration and working successively on predecessor's products to continually develop and improve technology. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Main Points: are the current copyright and patent protection afforded by the US fair
who really owns material that has been created
Dot diagram of constraints *Need to be able to draw this*
“You” are at the the center. Showing the types of regulation
Legal constraints
Social constraints
Market economic constraints
Technical constraints=code (architect constraint) - something that physically prevents you from doing something
Examples Used:Disney reinventing classic tales and patenting them |
|
|
Term
| Lanier: You Are Not a Gadget |
|
Definition
Main Points: Designers must be very careful of how they design an application because one change can change how the users use the product, how they think about the product and if they like the product. Since Info technologies are built from scratch, there is ultimate freedom within in which developers can develop anything that they want. But having this type of freedom it becomes harder to know what to develop.
Technocracy, the privileging of collectivism over individual agency and responsibility, the devaluation of the person, and technological lock-in.
Technocrats Rule the Internet
Software engineers make decisions about how technology will be designed and used
Technocrats Design our Lives
software engineers design our virtual lives and those technologies become extensions of ourselves
Technology Choices Become Invisible
ubiquity is a big cause of choices become “invisible”
Technological Lock-in
Once technologies are built and people start using them, making changes becomes costly (e.g. Microsoft OS)
Feeling trapped by technology (Nye)
Virtuous circle (Mackenzie)
The social consequences of design decisions (Winner and Moses’ bridges) |
|
|
Term
| Howard: How I Escaped from the Cult of Amazon |
|
Definition
Main Points: Big corporations are not always what they are romanticized to be. Large companies have a company culture and an expected set of behavior rules that the employees must adhere by. The big companies see its employees as dispensable because so many people want to work there.
Main Points:
workers had set of rules that had to be followed and when you stop following the rules you don’t get encouraged anymore and you get fired
“the cult of jeff”- everything at amazon revolve around Jeff.
big companies like amazon and google make you feel special to work for them
companies invest in developing their own company culture to keep their employees happy, working hard, and to increase loyalty. |
|
|
Term
| Winner: Whatever Happened to the Electronic Cottage? |
|
Definition
“The electronic cottage raises once more on a mass scale the possibility of husbands and wives, and perhaps even children working together as a unit.”
We are always connected to our technology.
We take our work home with us
The electronic cottage raises once more on a mass scale the possibility of husbands and wives, and perhaps even children, working together as a unit."
having more technology was supposed to let people work from home and not have to travel as much
for the big companies (google) the new workplace is an open, democratic space, but for others its a space for top-down managerial control.
it is hard to get away from work because you are always connected to your phone or email and it makes you always on the job
Examples Used: silicon valley- housing is difficult to find and is expensive. people can spend hours commuting to and from work a day and. no sense of community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Main Points:
today, ‘virtual’ and the ‘real’ worlds are not so much separate places as different but are connected ways of engaging.
mediated interactions are part of everyday life- integrated with it, not separate from it.
x-reality- crossover between the online and offline in our lives
Examples Used:
e-sports tournament- professional tournaments to play video games with cyberathletes, commentators and sponsors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Main Points: Web 2.0 is demeaning interpersonal interaction / diminished expectation of what a human can be and what they can become; Technology allows people to make sure they say something in an exact way so that it is clear and so that they have time to think about a response unlike they do in person. |
|
|
Term
| Gladwell: Small Change: Why the Revolution Will Not Be Tweeted |
|
Definition
Main Points: weak ties & strong ties
Main Points: back then, activism was backed up by strong ties between people so the force behind them was a lot stronger. Today, acts are backed up by weaker ties like Facebook and Twitter, so the force behind them isn’t as strong |
|
|
Term
| Raymond: The Cathedral and the Bazaar |
|
Definition
Main Points:
linux was created by the bazaar open source software method; everyone contributes and shares their findings. No hierarchy of how the software should be developed.
great programmers know how to be constructively lazy
Main Points: The Cathedral is enclosed and is more of a close-knit of people, while a bazaar is a lot more open to the public and allows more ideas and changes. In relation to ICTs, it is arguing on whether the cathedral or the bazaar format serves the public in a better way..
Main Points: The Cathedral is enclosed and is more of a close-knit of people, while a bazaar is a lot more open to the public and allows more ideas and changes. In relation to ICTs, it is arguing on whether the cathedral or the bazaar format serves the public in a better way.. |
|
|
Term
| Chan: Coding Free Software Coding Free States |
|
Definition
Can’t use free or open source software in a government area because if there are holes in the code that make in vulnerable, then it could be a breach in national security.
Examples Used: The use of free software on government computers in Peru |
|
|
Term
| What are the three models that describe the relationship of technology and society? Be able to define and name one shortcoming for each. Be able to state which model you prefer and why. |
|
Definition
1.Mutual Shaping: Technology and Society shape each other,Technologies are social products, but they also have social consequences, Both technologies and social forces are seen as having agency
2. Social Construction: Social Actors and social process determine the course of technological development, Technologies have interpretive flexibility: they can mean different things to different people and at different times. Technologies are social products-- society has agency
A critical stance towards taken-for -granted knowledge
Ways we understand the world depend on our history and culture.
Understood as a result of numerous human interactions and decisions, not a natural trajectory.
3.Technological Determinism: Technology impacts society, Technological development follows a natural trajectory, people are forced to adapt to the technology-- technology has agency |
|
|
Term
| Explain how the tomato harvester is an example of co‐shaping of society and technology. |
|
Definition
The tomato harvester allowed more tomatoes to be harvested at once which was good for the people who owned the farms, but for those who worked the farms, they lost their jobs.
This came at the cost at the quality of the tomatoes.
They had to make the tomatoes genetically stronger to stay at a good quality so that they can use the machine.
Quality of genetically enhanced tomatoes dropped significantly
Tomatoes have politics, |
|
|
Term
| What is the value of a good origin story? |
|
Definition
| Allows people to view the invention as romantic. Allows the company to sell the idea of the invention along with the invention itself. |
|
|
Term
| Give two examples of how authorship has changed between the 17th century and now. |
|
Definition
1790: US Congress enacted the first copyright law- Protected for 14 years with one time extension
1831 Duration of copyright extended to 28 years
1909 renewal term extended to 28 years
1976 Renewal term eliminated, all copyrighted works automatically protected for the maximum term: life of the author + 50 years (75 years for corporations)
1998 Increased copyright protection to life + 75 years (95 years for corpoffrations) |
|
|
Term
| How can software architecture be compared to law? |
|
Definition
Refer to dot diagram and “Code is Law.”
Technological affordance can regulate behavior, to a certain extent. (Digital divide as impoverished countries do not give distributed access to the internet). |
|
|
Term
| How can software architecture be compared to law? |
|
Definition
Refer to dot diagram and “Code is Law.”
Technological affordance can regulate behavior, to a certain extent. (Digital divide as impoverished countries do not give distributed access to the internet). |
|
|
Term
| What is an evocative object? Give an example and explain how it is an evocative object. |
|
Definition
| An Evocative object is something that holds meaning in it. Some object that evokes an emotional response in you: Your Cell Phone, Computer, Teddy bear ect. |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of x‐reality and discuss how the virtual and the actual are interconnected or the same. |
|
Definition
An example of x-reality is in 2nd life where companies were having virtual meeting with people and in these meeting they would have really thoughts and communicate about actual ideas that would be performed in the real life.
Texting or talking to other friends while out with other friends. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. New communication technology
2. Flaws or limitations of technology revealed
3. leads to dissatisfaction
4. opens the door to moguls, corporations, or monopolists who can restore order
5. greater centralized control over the medium's potential for expression and innovation
6. insurgent industry or government intervention breaks up centralization |
|
|
Term
| What are the things social informatics is and is not? |
|
Definition
| Social informatics is not 1) the “social impact” of technology, 2) a field that tells you that IT is “good” or “bad”, 3) punditry or futurism. Social informatics is problem-oriented and critical. |
|
|
