Term
| What receptor type do GH and Prolactin bind to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What receptor type do the other hypothalamic and pituitary hormones bind to? (other than GH and Prolactin?) |
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Definition
| seven-transmembrane domain serpentine peptides (G proteins) |
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Term
What is Tesamorelin (Egrifta)?
What does it treat? |
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Definition
Synthetic GHRH analog - stimulates GH release
Treats excess abdominal fat in HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy |
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Term
What is Corticorelin?
what is it used for? |
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Definition
It stimulates ACTH and beta-endorphin secretion
It is used to differentiate between Cushing's disease and Cushing's syndrome |
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Term
What is Gonadorelin?
What is it used for? |
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Definition
It stimulates gonadotropin (FSH and LH) when given in pulsatile doses; constant doses suppress FSH and LH
It helps diagnose hypogonadal states (delayed puberty)
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Term
What are the long acting GnRH analogs?
What are their uses? |
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Definition
Nafarelin; Histrelin; Goserlin; Triptorelin
Used to in continous dosages to suppress LH and FSH. Helps manage prostatic carcinoma, breast cancer, uterine fibroids, endometriosis, precocious puberty and hirsutism
In females = controls ovarian hyperstimulation |
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Term
| What is one specific abnormality that Nafarelin can be used for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is one important side effect of Gonadorelin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What side effect can occur with prolonged use of GnRH analogs? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the GnRH antagonists?
What are they used for? |
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Definition
Cetrorelix; Ganirelix; Degarelix
Cetrolrelix and Ganirelix used for controlled ovarian hperstimulation (infertility)
Degarelix is used for advanced prostate cancer |
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Term
What are the somatostatin analogs?
What are they used for? |
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Definition
Octreotide and Lanreotide
They help manage acromegaly, carcinoid tumors, VIPomas, and other endocrine tumors without provoking hyperglycemia |
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Term
| What are the important side effects of the somatostatin analogs? |
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Definition
| Biliary disorders - gallstones, bile sludge; GI disorders |
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Term
What are the Prolactin-inhibiting hormone analogs?
What are they used for? |
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Definition
Bromocriptine, Cabergoline
Manages hyperprolactinemia - galactorrhea, amenorrhea, hypogonadism, infertility, and breast tenderness |
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Term
| What is special about Cabergoline? |
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Definition
| It is an oral active D2 agonist. It helps decrease prolactin secretion from normal glands and pituitary tumors |
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Term
| What are the side effects of prolactin-inhibiting analogs? |
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Definition
| Psychiatric disturbances, orthostatic hypotension, and ergotism (severe vasospasm, tissue ischemia, necrosis) |
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Term
| What drugs can cause hyperprolactinemia? |
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Definition
| D2 antagonists - phenothizines and haloperidol |
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Term
What is the somatotropin (GH) analog?
What does it treat? |
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Definition
Somatropin
GH deficiency (dwarfism), Turner's syndrome (short stature in girls), Prader-Willi syndrome (short stature in kids), growth failure in children with chronic renal insufficiency, AIDs - associated wasting, and short bowel syndrome |
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Term
| What are the side effects of somatropin? |
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Definition
| Pancreatitis, gynecomastia |
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Term
What drugs are used for patients that don' respond to GH analogs?
Which one is better? |
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Definition
Mecasermin and Mecasermin rinfabate.
Mecasermin rinfabate is better because it has a binding protein (IGFBP-3). This helps bind IGF-1 |
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Term
What is the GH antagonist?
What is it used for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is thyrotropin? What is it used for? |
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Definition
It is a naturally occuring glycoprotein and regulates thyroid function.
It is a diagnostic tool to differentiate primary and secondary hypothyroidism: primary = no response, secondary = increase in thyroid hormones |
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Term
| What is thyrotropin alpha used for? |
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Definition
Diagnostic tool for determining recurrence of thyroid carcinoma after surgery.
Uses radioactive iodine |
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Term
What is the adrenocorticotropin analog?
what is it used for? |
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Definition
Cosyntropin
Diagnostic tool to distinguish primary and secondary Addison's disease: Primary = no response, secondary = increase in corticosteroid release |
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Term
What are the FSH analogs?
What are they used for? |
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Definition
Urofollitropin, Follitropin alfa, Follitropin beta.
They help treat infertility in combo with hCG |
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Term
| What are the side effects of the FSH analogs? |
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Definition
| ovarian enlargement, multiple births, and gynecomastia |
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Term
What are the LH analogs?
What is each used for? |
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Definition
hCG, lutropin alfa, and hCG alfa
Lutropin alfa = infertility in females due to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
hCG and hCG alfa = hypogonadism and infertility in both males and females. Also cyrpotorchidism in males. |
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Term
What are menotropins?
What are they used for? |
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Definition
human menopausal gonadotropins. They are partly degraded FHS and LH
In females - promote follicular growth and maturation
In males - stimulates spermatogenesis
Both are like FSH (can replace other FSH drugs)
Used in combo with hCG |
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Term
| What are the side effects of Menotropins? |
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Definition
| Ovarian enlargement and gynecomastia |
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Term
What is the mechanism of vasopressin (Pitressin)?
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Definition
It has antidiurectic (V2) and vasopressor (V1) receptor effects.
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Term
| What does V2 receptor activate? V1? |
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Definition
V2 = increased water permeability in collecting tubules and extrarenal activation of von Willebrand factor and coagulation factor VIII
V1 = vascular smooth muscle vasoconstriction |
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Term
What is vasopressin used for?
Side effects? |
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Definition
pituitary diabetes insipidus and to control bleeding from esophageal varices and colonic diverticula
Hyponatremia, water intoxication, vasoconstriction |
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Term
What are the vasopressin antagonists?
What do each drug inhibit? |
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Definition
Conivaptan, Tolvaptan
Conivaptan - V1 and V2 antagonist
Tolvaptan - V2 selective antagonist (won't affect BP) |
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Term
| What are vasopressin antagonists used for? |
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Definition
| treatment of hyponatremic states: SIADH and Heart failure |
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Term
| What are the side effects of vasopressin antagonists? |
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Definition
| Hypernatremia, dehydration |
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Term
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Definition
| Selective V2 receptor agonist |
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Term
| What is desmopressin used for? |
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Definition
it is the only peptide given orally.
It is used to treat diabetes insipidus and nocturnal enuresis
Can also treat von Willebrand's disease and coagulopathy associated with hemophilia A (not used in type B b/c deficiency in factor IX) |
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