Term
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Definition
| A topographic region from which a stream or water body receives runoff. Can be described on any scale of size! Nested..? |
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Term
| Drainage Divide or Catchment Area |
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Definition
| Dividing lines (ridges) that control into which basin runoff drains (ex: the continental divide). |
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Term
| Global Drainage Divide/Basin |
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Definition
| A large scale drainage divide (continental divide divides Pacific from Atlantic). |
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Definition
| No outlet to the ocean, usually ends in a lake (Great Salt Lake). High water level fluctuations occur in theses, along with evaporation, resulting in high salinity. |
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Definition
| Runoff that eventually makes it to an ocean instead of a lake |
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Definition
| .003% of freshwater- water that's flowing in a channel. They derive water from surface flow and groundflow |
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Definition
| The main channel of a river, the largest |
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Definition
| Any river or stream going into a main stream |
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Term
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Definition
| Connection between two rivers (main streams) |
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Definition
| A network of tributaries. Large rivers- multiple river systems (Mississippi). |
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Term
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Definition
| Volume of water in a river flow (Q) |
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Definition
| Amazon- largest by discharge! Nile- longest. Lake Baikal- the biggest (also that's a lake not a river) |
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Term
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Definition
| Rivers carry water and sediment (solid and dissolved). |
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Term
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Definition
| Stream related processes of erosion, transport and deposition (dumping sediment off). |
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Term
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Definition
| Material deposited by running water (deposition) |
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Term
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Definition
| Incoming solar radiation, evaporates water |
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Definition
| That stuff, that like.... makes stuff not fly into space. It makes water flow downhill... WHAT |
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Term
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Definition
| A river that flows year round |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Channel bottom lower than groundwater; water moves from ground into channel |
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Term
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Definition
| Above the groundwater table; water moves from channel into ground |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st, 2nd and 3rd. When two one's come together, they create a two. And so on. However, a one coming into a two will not change it. Blah blah. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stream length / basin area |
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Term
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Definition
| Lots of surface runoff- low infiltration and/or high precipitation |
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Term
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Definition
| Little surface runoff- high infiltration and/or low precipitation |
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Term
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Definition
| Tell us about bedrock structure, topography and climate (not stream patterns like meandering and braided). This is the BIG picture of a whole system. |
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Term
| Trellis (Drainage Pattern) |
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Definition
One that doesn't look like the other three (this is the definition I had in my notes...)
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| [image]Branched out like a tree (like a neuron if you've been in psychology) |
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Term
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Definition
[image]It's rectangular like a rectangle, literally. |
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Term
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Definition
| [image]Draining outward from center area- like off of a mountain or volcano. |
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Term
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Definition
| Volume of water flowing past a point on the bank in a unit of time. **Will always be a measurment of length cubed per a unit of time!!! Ex: Q = ft3/sec (cubic feet per second) because Q = velocity x width x depth |
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Term
| Streamflow Measurement Units |
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Definition
| Just be able to recognize them, not how they work or what they mean- cubic feet per second; cubic meter per second/ acre-foot per year. |
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Term
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Definition
- Measure the stream width with a tape measure
- Measure the stream depth with a staff gauge
- Measure stream velocity with a current meter
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Term
| Changes in flow change area and velocity. This is a statement. I should make this a question. How often does this happen and what do they use to graph it? |
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Definition
| Happens in regular patterns (great definition Nick), and they graph it with a Stage-discharge Rating Curve |
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Term
| Annual Average Q (Don't need to memorize these, they are just examples) |
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Definition
Amazon- 180,000 m3/sec
Mississippi- 18,200 m3/sec
Cherry Creek- 410 m3/sec |
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Term
| Flowpaths (How precipitation reaches the stream channel) |
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Definition
Overland Flow- the fastest
Groundwater flow
Direct Precipitation |
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Term
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Definition
- Precipitation peak
- Q peak
- Rising limb (when Q is rising)
- Fallling Limb
- Baseflow
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Term
| Different Types of Hydrographs |
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Definition
- Subdued Hydrograph- has a lower peak that occurs later
- Flashy Hydrograph- high peak that occurs earlier
- More urbanization increases runoff and decreases infiltration
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Term
| What affects hydrographs? |
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Definition
- Wildfire (affects permeability)
- Sandy soil makes more subdued hydrographs, while clay makes flashier hydrographs.
- Frozen Soil
- Deforestation
- Rainfall Intensity
- Drainage Density (the number of streams in a watershed)
- Size and shape of basin (big or small)
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Term
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Definition
| Find many chemicals in ionic florm (positive or negative) |
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Term
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Definition
Tiny rock particles (clay, silt, fine sand) taht flow aloft with the stream (not dissolved). Held up by turbulence.
- Lamminar flow- straight line
- Turbulent flow- circles, rolling churning and swirling
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Term
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Definition
| Bigger sized things, such as gravel, pebbles and boulders. Rolled along the bottom. Saltation- bouncing. Imbricated bed load shows flow direction by how the rocks are stacked up. |
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Term
| Hydrologic Action Erosion |
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Definition
| Erosion by turbulence of water; pick things up and lift them |
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Term
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Definition
| Erosion by frictioin of suspended sediment and water, like sandpaper. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bed load + suspended load; the weight of sediment that a stream can carry |
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Term
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Definition
| The total load that a stream can carry. If stream capacity > than sediment load --> you get the erosion of sediments becuase it can carry more sediment. If stream capacity is < sediment load, no erosion will occur |
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Term
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Definition
| The size of particle that a stream can move (depends on velocity). Takes a higher velocity to erode clay because it sticks together. |
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Term
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Definition
| If sediment load < stream capacity --> it will deposity alluvium |
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Term
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Definition
| There are three forms. They depend on the longitudinal profile (how steep it is). The greater the gradient, the more energy there is and the higher the stream competence. |
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Term
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Definition
In the headwaters...
- Steep gradient
- Single Channel
- V-shaped valley
- Coarse sediment
- Small floodplain (where the river would spill out if it left the channel)
- Nick Point- indentation in the land, waterfalls at these
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Term
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Definition
- Reduced Gradient
- Coarse sediments are deposited, keep suspended sediment
- Broader floodplain
- Multiple shallow, stream channels
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Term
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Definition
- Near mouth
- Low gradient
- Find sediments
- Form on large, sinuos, single channel
- Wide, flat floodplain
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Term
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Definition
- Erosion on the outside of bends where water is moving the fastest. This is the thalweg, where velocity is at its highest. Deposition on the inside of bends.
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Term
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Definition
| The bank of the river where there erosion, where the thalweg is |
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Term
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Definition
| Bank of river where deposition occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| [image]Isolated former stream channel; where the stream has been cut off. Will disappear and dry up after a while. |
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Term
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Definition
| High ground that bounds floodplain |
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Term
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Definition
| NOT A BLUFF, but bounds the current floodplain. Difference is, it is where the floodplain used to be. Farming is often done on these because it has delicious soil. |
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Term
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Definition
- Flood control
- Water storage
- Diversion and Irrigation
- Hydropower
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Term
| How do dams alter natural river systems? |
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Definition
- Drown landscapes (like Lake Powell)
- Traps sediment behind dam and can starve downstream of sediment.
- Lower stream temperature below the dam which harms fish
- Increase evaporation
- Blocks fish migration
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Term
| How do dams change river hydrology? |
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Definition
- Change peak of annual flow and discharge
- Change in timing of annual discharge
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Term
| Negative effect of dam- the lack of a spring flood allows invasive species to take hold in floodplain of rivers (salt cedar-lined banks of the Colorado River) |
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Definition
| No back side (didn't know how to turn that into a question/flashcard) |
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Term
| Were controlled dam discharge/floods a success? |
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Definition
| Yes! Tried in the Grand Canyon from Glen Canyon Dam. removed vegetation from beachs and rebuilt beaches. |
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Term
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Definition
- Aging Structure
- Increased Costs (monetary and ecological)
- Changing Needs
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| High water level that overflows the natural (or artificial) levees (bankfulls) along any portion of the stream |
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Term
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Definition
| low-lying area along a strea mchannel, created by and subject to recurrent flooding; alluvial deposits |
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Term
| We tend to have baised views of floods as unpredictable, disastrous events. In reality, they are predictable and necessary occurrences. |
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Definition
| This one doesn't work as a flashcard yo |
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Term
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Definition
- Alluvial sediments create fertile soils
- Provide water resources and recharge groundwater
- Create important habitat for species such as amphibians or migoratory birds
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Term
| Flood Frequency and Equations (BIG FLASHCARD) |
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Definition
The probability that a flood of a certain magnitude will happen in any give year. R = (N + 1)/m where N equals total number of events and m is rank.
P = (1/R)*100%
Therefore, a ten year flood means that there is a 10% chance of a flood of that size happening every year (1/10). Or a 100 year flood means that there is a 1% chance for that flood. |
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