Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Sanitation, personal hygiene, drinking, cooking, landscaping |
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Term
| Average Denver water customer |
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Definition
| Consumes 86 gal water/day |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy is #1 use, then agriculture |
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Term
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Definition
| Agriculture is #1 use, then households |
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Term
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Definition
- Removes water from a stream/groundwater but doesn't return it to the same supply (watershed)
- Water is evaporated, transpired or used
-Agriculture, irrigation, municipal most common uses
-Virtual water - water incorporated into food or products/ crop or livestock |
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Term
| Non-consumptive water use |
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Definition
- Removes water from the supply, uses it, then returns it to the same supply.
- A portion of the water is consumed and some is returned
- Hydropower, fishing, waste dilution, recreation |
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Term
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Definition
More than 1 billion lack access to safe drinking water
- Desalination
- Expanding storage and transport
- Conservation
- Recycling |
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Term
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Definition
| Water supply is inadequate for basic human and ecological needs (problem compounded by population growth and climate change) |
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Term
| Snow's Role as a Water Resource |
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Definition
- Source of surface water supply (50-80% for Western US)
- Source of groundwater recharge
- Seasonal resource - held as storage in high peaks |
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Term
| Snow water equivalent (SWE) |
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Definition
| Snow density, how much water is in the snow and how much is just air? |
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Term
| Centralized Forecasting System |
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Definition
Measures the amount of water in snow
- Snow measurement (manual): Snow course - depth & weight
- Snow measurement (automatic): Snowtel (snow telemetry) station, snow pillow |
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Term
| Climate change in relation to snow |
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Definition
increased temperatures cause decreased snow pack
- A 10-20% decline in snowpack is expected across the west by the mid-21st century - drops in lower elevation mtns
- Shift in runoff - spring runoff has shifted 2 weeks earlier between 1974 and 2004 |
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Term
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Definition
- Drought causes dust storms
- Dust accumulates on the surface of snow
- Decreases albedo (reflectiveness)
- Early melt shifts hydrograph
- More solar energy absorbed, so more snow melt |
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Term
| Water distribution of ice |
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Definition
| Ice is 77% of all freshwater on Earth. If all land ice melted, the sea would rise about 70 meters (230 ft). Antarctica and Greenland have a lot of ice (no shit). |
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Term
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Definition
Permanent ice (2 yrs or longer) that FLOWS by wt and gravity
18000 years ago, covered 30% of land surface, now covers 11% of land surface |
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Term
| Glaciers' role as a Water Resource |
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Definition
- More than 20% of the Earth's population rely on glaciers and seasonal snowmelt for water supply
- Glacierized snowmelt provides more discharge in dry season, while less glacierized snowmelt contributes much more in wet season
- Glaciers provide more CONSISTENT and stable water supply |
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Term
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Definition
3 Steps (Density of ice increases with each step)
- Snowfall ~ 50-95% air
- Firn - Old, granular compacted snow; survived more than one summer; 20-30% air
- Glacial Ice - dense ice (<20% air) formed after many years of accumulation |
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Term
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Definition
- Cirque glacier
- Valley glacier
- Piedmont glacier
- Tidewater glacier
- Icebergs
- Rock glacier |
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Term
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Definition
| Bowl shaped glacier that occupies a cirque; alpine glacier |
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Term
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Definition
| "River of ice" confined within a steep-walled valley; alpine glacier |
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Term
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Definition
| Valley glacier that terminates on flat ground below mountains |
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Term
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Definition
| Valley glacier that terminates in the ocean |
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Term
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Definition
| Floating glacial ice from calving (breaking off) of glaciers |
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Term
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Definition
| Talus fields of rock cemented in an ice MATRIX |
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Term
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Definition
Continuous mass of glacial ice covering large land area, not constrained by the topography
- Ice sheet
- Ice cap
- Ice field |
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Term
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Definition
Largest type of continental glacier
Anything larger than 50,000 sq km
Only 2 on Earth - Greenland 7% ice and Antarctica 90% |
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Term
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Definition
Small ice sheet fully covering mountainous areas
Roughly circular, Dome shape, less than 50,00 sq km |
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Term
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Definition
| Small ice sheet that does not fully cover mountains, usually elongated shape, transition into alpine glaciers, PATAGONIA |
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Term
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Definition
| Thick floating platform of ice from a glacier or ice sheet that flows onto ocean surface |
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Term
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Definition
| Frozen sea water, not a glacier (on water NOT land); beginning to melt |
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Term
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Definition
- Plastic Zone: Ice at base is under pressure & flows "plastically"
- Brittle Zone: Ice at surface cracks
- Crevasse: Vertical crack in brittle zone of ice
**Ice moves fastest in the middle, slowed at the base by friction; forward motion of glaciers controlled by gravity and accumulation of snow mass |
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Term
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Definition
| Winter snow/ice that survives the summer |
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Term
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Definition
| Winter snow/ice melts, evaporates, or is eroded away in the summer |
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Term
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Definition
| Snow line or Firn line; marks the transition from accumulation to ablation |
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Term
| Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA) |
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Definition
| Elevation of equilibrium; changes in response to temperature &/or precipitation |
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Term
| Positive Net Mass Balance |
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Definition
| Accumulation > Ablation - glacier grows thicker and/or "advances" |
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Term
| Negative Net Mass Balance |
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Definition
| Ablation > Accumulation - glacier thins and/or "retreats" |
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Term
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Definition
| An extended period of cold climate including both glacials and interglacials. About 4 have been identified in Earth's history; the most recent may be the longest |
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Term
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Definition
| Cold spells; time of ice accumulations (~90,000 years) |
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Term
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Definition
Brief warm spells; time of ice retreat (~10,000 years)
The Earth is currently in this period |
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Term
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Definition
| Times with no ice on Earth |
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Term
| Pleistocene Ice Age Epoch |
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Definition
Began about 1.65 million years ago
18 episodes of glacier expansion and retreat |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by water climates and conditions (that's all I have in my notes?) |
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Term
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Definition
| A moraine or ice dam blocks meltwater runoff |
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Term
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Definition
Ice dam - 3 miles long, 10 miles wide and 2000 feet tall
Lake became deep enough, the ice dam failed, large flood
5 Lake Eries in 11 days |
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Term
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Definition
| Areas of denuded basalt, named by early farmers because they lack tillable soil |
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Term
| J Harlen Bretz's Evidence of Missoula Floods |
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Definition
-Lake sediments
-Ancient strandlines (former shorelines in Missoula, MT)
-Flood debris - bed load (basalt boulders) very large
-Giant ripple marks
-Flood sediments (rhymites) show multiple floods |
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Term
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Definition
| Continuous body of saline water; covers 71% of Earth's surface |
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Term
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Definition
| Generally smaller and near a landmass; sometimes refers to inland body of salty water |
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Term
| Distribution of water on Earth |
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Definition
Oceans - 97.2%
Freshwater - 2.8% |
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Term
| Why are Oceans Important? |
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Definition
- Water resource - .3% World's freshwater use currently
- Ecosystem; source of food - 10% of human's protein intake
- Source of products - sponges yo
- Source of minerals - salt, bromine, magnesium
- Shipping, commerce
- Recreation
- Carbon sink - by phytoplankton (SPONGEBOB)
- Climate regulation - source of moisture, energy transfer |
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Term
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Definition
| 40% of the Earth's population within 100km of coastline |
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Term
| Chemical Composition of Seawater |
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Definition
- Water is a universal solvent
- Seawater is a solution
- Salinity - concentration of dissolved solids |
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Term
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Definition
Average salinity of Ocean is 35ppt or 3.5%
- Brine = water > 35%
- Brackish = water < 35% |
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Term
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Definition
| Atmosphere, rocks and minerals, sediments, living organisms, hydrothermal vents |
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Term
| Elements that make up seawater solvents |
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Definition
| Chloride, Sodium (think SALT), Sulfate, Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium |
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Term
| Why can't we drink seawater? |
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Definition
-NaCl in blood regulated by kidneys at .9%
- 3.5 sea water ions
- Kidneys can't remove enough salt & blood salt increases to toxic levels |
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Term
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Definition
- Precipitation of rain or snow
- River runoff
- Groundwater flow to ocean
- Melting of ice (adds freshwater) |
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Term
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Definition
- Evaporation of seawater
- Freezing of seawater |
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Term
| Ocean Salinity by Latitude |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
To ~200m
Sunlight penetrates (hehe) and heats water
Mixed by water |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
TWILIGHT ZONE to bottom
Temps near freezing, goes to bottom |
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