In 2000, the United Nations formed 8 goals with international agreement.

Each goal has a set of targets & a “road map” for how to achieve them. 

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education for boys and girls
3. Promote gender equality and empower women
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for development

Making progress, but WILL NOT reach goals in A MAJORITY of the poor countries.  

 By 2015, likely to achieve:

Goal 1-1: Reduce by half the number of people living on less than $1/day. 

Goal 7-2:Reduce by half the number of people without access to safe drinking water.

In 2000, the United Nations formed 8 goals with international agreement.

Each goal has a set of targets & a “road map” for how to achieve them. 

Making progress, but WILL NOT reach goals in A MAJORITY of the poor countries.  

 By 2015, likely to achieve:

Goal 1-1: Reduce by half the number of people living on less than $1/day. 

Goal 7-2:Reduce by half the number of people without access to safe drinking water

Gender Inequality in Developing Countries

Half the Sky video

Gender Equality 

Women & girls are part of the solution to end poverty, hunger and rapid population growth

70% of the world’s poor are women. 

 Food scarcity

 Rights denied

 Lack of opportunities and resources

 Voices silenced

Hunger

Malnutrition

Poverty

Population

Educated girls have fewer children.  

More likely to use birth control

Fewer children, healthier children

On average: 

Uneducated girls marry by age 12 and have 6 children

Elementary educated girls marry later and have 3 children

Educated women send ALL their children to school

Room to Read & Nepal Youth Foundation are organizations that bring equality to education

Educated women can be part of growing economy

Employment (income) can break the cycle of poverty

1. Women are no longer expected to eat   last or least
2. Better maternal nutrition: 
3. The health of the mother is the most important factor in determining the health of the child
4. Less infant & child mortality
5. Girls & boys are born with adequate nutrient status
7. Less maternal mortality
9. Health is key for thriving community and economy

The virus that leads to AIDS

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) attacks the immune system which leads to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

How is HIV detected?

Not visibly apparent

Blood test 

How is HIV spread?

Unprotected sexual intercourse

Mother to fetus; pregnancy, delivery & breastfeeding

Blood transfusion and sharing needles

Why is HIV difficult to halt?

Prevention

Stigma

Treatment – Rx for Survival video: Botswana

Who is most vulnerable to HIV?

Women & infants

Why are women vulnerable?

Biological

Social & Economic

Why are infants vulnerable to HIV?

HIV can be transmitted in utero, delivery and breastfeeding

15-30% infants born to HIV+ women become infected

5-30% infants become infected through breastfeeding

Decreasing HIV transmission when feeding

Exclusive breastfeeding first 6 months decreases MTCT

Mixed feeding (addition of food or tea): TWICE as likely to pass on HIV to infant than if exclusively breastfed 

Malnutrition increases progression to AIDS

Micronutrient deficiencies MAY increase likelihood of transmission

Increases amount of virus in blood/breast milk

Low Vitamin A status may increase transmission of HIV through MTCT.  

What is hampering prevention efforts

People avoid being tested

Less likely to tell partner

Rejection by family members

When HIV goes undetected it can be transmitted without knowing

More than 33 million people worldwide living with HIV

Rx for Survival: A Global Health Challenge

HIV/AIDS in Botswana  

women 

Why?

 Food scarcity

 Rights denied

 Lack of opportunities and resources

 Voices silenced

Notice how promoting gender equality and empowering women decreases:

Hunger

Malnutrition

Poverty

Population

Micro-finance promotes gender equality

Banking for the poor

Annual number of births per 1,000 individuals in population.

Annual number of deaths per 1,000 individuals in population. 

The average number of births per female that creates stable population OVERTIME.  The replacement rate is 2.1

The pattern of a populations birth & death rates from pre-industrial times to modern times

Easiest way to visualize the age and gender structure of population

poverty and inequality were the key factors driving rapid population growth in 84 developing countries.

Often less access to resources such as education, agricultural training, land ownership, food, healthcare, loans, etc.

Need for children as laborers: In Bangladesh by age 6 a boy provides labor or income for the family.  By age 12 (at the latest), he contributes more than he consumes.  

Children are “old-age security”

High infant mortality rates, No govt social security, No banks for savings

Economic growth 

The lower the per capita (per head) income, the higher the fertility rate. 

Animals

Grants for business start ups

Loans for business start ups 

A Yale University study found the education of women as the best predictor of reduced fertility rates among 68 poor countries.  Many studies show that as women's schooling years increase, total fertility rate typically decreases.