Term
| What are the five levels of function? |
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Definition
- cellular
- tissue
- organ
- system
- whole body
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Term
| What are the functions of the cell membrane? |
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Definition
- physical barier
- molecular movement in or out of the cell
- Communication between extracellular and intracellular fluid
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Term
| What is the composition of the cell membrane? |
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Definition
50% Lipids
50% Proteins
less than 1% carbohydrates |
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Term
| What are the two lipid components of the cell membrane? |
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Definition
| Phospholipds and Cholesterol |
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Term
| What is the purpose of cholesterol in the cell membrane? |
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Definition
| Choesterol plugs up the holes in the lipid bilayer |
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Term
| True or False: The more metabolically active a cell is, the more proteins it contains |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of the structural proteins of the cell membrane? |
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Definition
To produce cell shape by binding to the cyto skeleton
To produce cell to cell connections |
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Term
| Are the maority of enzymes found on the inside or outside of the cell membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the molecule that binds to the receptor? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
When a receptor binds its ligand there is no conformational change. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two main types of signal molecules? |
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Definition
| hormones and neurotransmitters |
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Term
| What are the two types of signal receptors? |
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Definition
Simple/Channel Receptors
Transduction signal receptors |
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Term
| Define transducing signal receptors |
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Definition
| When the ligand binds to this receptor, it not only changes the shape of the receptor, but also the entire attached protein mechanism |
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Term
| What is the function of Integrin Receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two primary proteins that bind to integrin receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the activation of a G-protein |
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Definition
| In the inactive state, they alpha unit has an affinity for GDP. Once a ligand binds to the receptor, the alpha unit changes shape, now having an affinity for GTP. The unstable alpha unit then dissasociates and acts as an internal signal molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| Major Histocompatibility Complex |
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Term
| What are the two types of glucose polymers? |
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Definition
| Glycoproteins and glycolipds |
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Term
| What is the sticky membrane covering of glycolipids and glycoproteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What governs membrane transport? |
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Definition
Molecular Size
Molecular Polarity
Prescence of specific transport proteins |
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Term
| What kind of energy is required for passive transport? |
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Definition
| random molecular movement |
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Term
| What are the three kinds of passive transport? |
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Definition
Simple diffusion
Channel diffusion
Facilitated diffusion |
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Term
| What kinds of things enter the cel through simple diffusion? |
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Definition
| Things that are lipid soluble. E.G. lipids, alcohols, gases |
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Term
| What are the two types of channel diffustion? |
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Definition
| Aquaporins and Ion Channels |
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Term
| What are the two types of ion channels? |
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Definition
| leak channels and gated channels |
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Term
| what kinds of stimuli can open gated channels? |
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Definition
ligands
voltage change
membrane distortion
temperature change |
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Term
| What are proteins that perform facilitated diffusion called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the permease for the monosaccharides? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does active transport require? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for secondary active transport proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the most common double permeases? |
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Definition
na-glucose
na-amino acid
na-bicarbonate
neurotransmitter |
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Term
| Define electrical current |
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Definition
| movement of charged particles |
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Term
|
Definition
potential for current; seperated charges
aka the electrical gradient
aka membrane voltage |
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Term
| What makes the voltage different between cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is resting membrane potential? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the resting membrane potential of a neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
| What releases neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are afferent neurons? |
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Definition
transmits feeling to brain
sensory neurons |
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Term
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Definition
brain to brain
interneurons |
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Term
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Definition
brain to body
motor neurons |
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Term
| Are most ligand channels Na or K |
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Definition
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Term
| What does it mean when a cell is depolarized? |
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Definition
| when the outside of the cell becomes less positive |
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Term
| what is hyperpolarization? |
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Definition
| when the outside of the cell becomes more solid |
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Term
| Is depolarization or hyperpolarization faster? |
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Definition
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Term
| why do cells return to rest so quickly? |
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Definition
| there are enzymes that promote degredation of the neurotransmitter |
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Term
| What is the threshold voltage? |
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Definition
how much of a change in voltage is needed for the voltage gated channels to open
-55 mV |
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Term
| T/F All action potentials are of the same magnitude; the only one that may be different is the first local current |
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Definition
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Term
| When is a neuron in refractory? |
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Definition
| when it is depolarized and cannot be activated |
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Term
| When does the Na activation gate open and close? |
|
Definition
opens at -55mV closes at -70 mV
normally open when cell is at rest |
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Term
| when does the Na inactivation gate open and close? |
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Definition
opens at -70mV closes at +30mV
normally closed when the cell is at rest |
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Term
| when does the K gate open and close? |
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Definition
open at +30mV closes at -80mV
gate closed while at rest |
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Term
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Definition
| the association/unction between a neuron and the next membrane it will be stimulating |
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Term
| What is an electrical synapse? |
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Definition
| when the end of a neuron is fused to the next cell instead of having end bulbs; instantaneous connection |
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Term
| What protein fuses the electrical synapse? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a chemical synapse? |
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Definition
| when the end bulb of a neuron has vesicles that connect to docking proteins and release their neurotransmitter |
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Term
| how do the vesicles break free from the synapsin? |
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Definition
| when the synapsin phosphate is phosphorylated the vesicle breaks free to combine with the docking protein |
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Term
| What are the four types of small molecule neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
| Amino Acids, monoamines, gases, acetylcholine |
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Term
| What are amino acids that can be used as neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
| glutamate, aspartate, glycine, Gama Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) |
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Term
| What are monoamines that can be used as neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
| dopamine, serotonin, norepihephrine, ephinephrine |
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Term
| What gases can be used as a neurotransmitter? |
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Definition
| nitric oxide, carbon monoxide |
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Term
| What are the large molecule neurotransmitters (Neuropeptides)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of interneural synapses? |
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Definition
| Excitatory and Inhibitory |
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Term
| Define excitatory interneural synapses |
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Definition
| They are released upon sodium channels; if it excites them, it causes an action potential |
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Term
| What is post synaptic inhibition? |
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Definition
| Both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter are released upon the axon; whichever is released more determines what the neuron will do |
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Term
| What is pre-synaptic inhibition? |
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Definition
| Inhibitory neurotransmitter is released upon the dendrites, blocking the release of neurotransmitter |
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Term
| What factors affect neural fiber conduction velocity? |
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Definition
| fiber diameter and number of Na channels |
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Term
| What kind of cells produce the myelin sheath? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are places without myelination called? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much does myelination speed up the conduction velocity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of glial cells are found in the brain and spinal cord? |
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Definition
| Oligodendrocytes; one cell wraps around multiple locations |
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Term
| What glial cells are used within the periphery |
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Definition
| Schwann cells; one cell wrapped around one location |
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Term
| What kind of fibers are not myelinated? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are sensory receptors? |
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Definition
| specialized neurons that are stimulated by something other than a neurotransmitter |
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Term
| What are modified sensory neurons? |
|
Definition
| neurons which have dendrites modified with different sodium channels |
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Term
| what are seperate highly modified neurons? |
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Definition
| special receptors which release a neurotransmitter on the neuron |
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Term
| What are the five types of stimulus classifications? |
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Definition
| mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, polymotile receptors |
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Term
| T/F Thermoreceptors that don't elicit pain are further from the surface |
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Definition
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Term
| What three types of receptors are found int he somatosensory (skin) receptors? |
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Definition
| nociceptors, thermoreceptors, tactile receptors |
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Term
| What are the two fibers found in nociceptors? |
|
Definition
| Adelta fibers and c-fibers |
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|
Term
| What type of fibers are found in cold receptors, but not warm receptors? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the extra layers on top of the tactile receptors called? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| T/F you react quicker to touch than to temperature or pain |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are special sensory receptors? |
|
Definition
| cells that are separate from neurons that can release a neurotransmitter |
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Term
| What are the two types of chemoreceptors? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the difference between olfactory and gustatory receptors? |
|
Definition
| Olfactory receptors affect the Na channel; gustatory receptors affect the Ca channel |
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Term
| Where are hair cells located? |
|
Definition
| in the inner ear next to fluid filled chambers |
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|
Term
| what are the two types of hair cells? |
|
Definition
| auditory and proprioceptive (equilibrium) |
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|
Term
| Where are photoreceptors located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
120 million rods/retina
everywhere except fovea
sensitized by all wavelengths except for red |
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|
Term
|
Definition
6 million cones/retina
highest concentration within the fovea |
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|
Term
| What kinds of codes are there and what colors sensitize them? |
|
Definition
Short--blue
medium--green
long--red
US--ultraviolet |
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