Term
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Global Cooling for 55 Million Years
(Northern Hemisphere)
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Definition
50 – Palm-like trees, crocodile ancestors
40-30: Broad-Leafed evergreen & deciduous forest in the Arctic
20 – Spread of cool boreal spruce forest in the Arctic
10 – First North American & Eurasian Ice
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Term
Global Cooling for 55 Million Years
(Southern Hemisphere) |
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Definition
30- 20: ?, Last trees (Beech family) on Antarctic; ?First local ice on Antarctic
15-10: Increased Ice on Antarctica
10-0: First glaciations in the Andes |
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Term
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Definition
Oxygen 16
99.75%
Evaporates more easily since it is lighter (2 fewer neutrons)
Especially when it’s cold
Oxygen 18
0.25%
As water removed to ice sheets, 18O increases in ocean
Positive 18O (what is left varies with temp) means O18 Enriched
Negative 18O (What is left varies with temp) means O18 depleted |
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Term
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Definition
Increase in high-elevation terrain
High terrain causes unusual amounts of rock fragmentation
Fresh debris was exposed
(also: high elevation causes precipitation, chemical weathering) |
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Term
| Opening of Drake’s Passage |
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Definition
20-25 Million Years Ago
Allowed ocean currents to circle Antarctica
This kept water there cold since none came from higher and warmer latitudes
This keeps Antarctica cool so ice can form
Land & Ocean temp cause strong winds (isolates air over Antarctica. |
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Term
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Closing of Isthmus of Panama |
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Definition
4-10 Million Years Ago
Diverts warm water to North Atlantic
Cuts off warm salty water flow from Pacific / Cuts off cool low salt flow from Atlantic
Causes warm water to flow North East in Atlantic melting sea ice and warming air near Western Europe. |
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Term
Biological effects of global warming |
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Definition
change in insect vectors
more frequent extreme heat events
ideal crop locations move pole ward
areas can get much more or much less water |
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Term
Effect of air pollution on health |
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Definition
people live longer than they were evolved to live
the more people age the more they are affected to chronic conditions like
cancer
industry brought brown lung (from weaving lint) and black lung (from coal dust) disease
hospitalizations better indicator of air pollution disasters than excess deaths |
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Term
| effect of isolation of Antarctica (opening of Drake Passage) |
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Definition
Allowed ocean currents to circle Antarctica
This kept water there cold since none came from higher and warmer latitudes
This keeps Antarctica Cold so ice can form
Temperature difference between ocean and land causes strong wind which also isolates air over Antarctica especially in winter |
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Term
closing of Isthmus of Panama |
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Definition
Separates Warm, salty water flow from Pacific to Atlantic
Separates Cold, low-salty water flow from Atlantic to Pacific |
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Term
climate required for ice ages
(warm winter, cold summer) |
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Definition
Warm winter & non-frozen oceans (Causes evaporation & snowfall)
Cool summers so ice doesn’t melt |
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Term
obliquity of ecliptic - 41,000 yr |
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Definition
Variation of tilt of Earth relative to plane of orbit
Caused by torque of Sun & moon on Earth |
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Term
precession of equinoxes -
20,000 yr |
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Definition
| Caused by torque of Sun & moon on Earth |
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Term
| eccentricity of orbit - 100,000 yr |
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Definition
Caused by pull of Jupiter on Earth |
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Term
| general ice sheet locations |
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Definition
| on continents near the North Pole (Arctic Ocean) |
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Term
Early Agriculture & Climate Change |
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Definition
1100 Years ago: Early people invented agriculture in Mesopotamia and China
8000 years ago: Late Stone Age Europeans begin clearing forest to grow wheat, barley, peas, and other no indigenous crop plants
7500 years ago: Humans adapt wild rice for cultivation
5000 years ago: farmers in the south of China begin flooding lowlands near rivers to grow rice |
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Term
| Factors Causing Sea Level Rise |
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Definition
Melting Glaciers
Melting of glaciers cause more water to enter back into oceans
More Run Off Back to Ocean
Less absorption of water on land it runs back into oceans
Thermal Expansion
Increases volume of ocean waters
Erosion of Shoreline
Removes soil.
Ocean Current Variations
Moves volume of ocean water between oceans |
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Term
Volcanoes and Their Effect On Climate
(Sulfate Aerosols)
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Definition
Released from volcanic eruptions, shooting into atmosphere. (greenhouse gas)
This reflects Sun’s radiation back into space, cooling the Earth |
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Term
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Definition
| When sunspots are abundant there are strong solar emissions from the bright margins of the sunspots sent increased levels of radiation to Earth |
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Term
natural temperature changes
(Major Gases)
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Definition
water vapor
carbon dioxide |
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Term
Natural Temperature Changes
(Minor Gases)
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Definition
CFC's,
methane,
nitrous oxide,
ozone |
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Term
| correlation of methane with population |
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Definition
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Term
feedback effects of increasing carbon dioxide |
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Definition
positive = glacial retreat, release of carbon in permafrost
reduce ocean currents, increase humidity
negative = plants grow faster, increase in low clouds |
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Term
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Definition
more days over 90°F
jet stream, corn belt, population & diseases move north
higher temperature detrimental to cattle
more extinctions
various effects on agriculture |
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Term
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Definition
more temperature rise in polar regions than tropical
more temperature rise over land than oceans
more temperature rise at night than during day
less precipitation in Midwest US
more precipitation in Siberia |
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Term
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Definition
O2 + E1 > O+O (E1 = UV increase 0.1 - 0.2 um range)
Works only high in Atmosphere
O + O2 + M > O3 + M
Works only low in Atmosphere |
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Term
Natural destruction of Ozone
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Definition
| O3 + E2 > O2 + O (E2 = UV Increase 0.2 – 0.3 u m ragne |
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Term
| Ozone destruction by CFC's |
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Definition
UV light strikes CFC causing chlorine atom to break off and bond with Ozone releasing 1 Oxygen and creating Chlorine Monoxide
Sources:
Freion in air conditioners, refrigerators, and cleaning products (aerosols) |
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Term
| Hole in ozone layer - where, when, why |
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Definition
Where: Antarctica
Why: Due to Isolation of Antarctic polar air from rest of Earth’s atmosphere allows CFC to accumulate
When: In spring |
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Term
| Role of circumpolar vortex |
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Definition
| Cyclone of air above the Polar regions (trap air for CFC’s) |
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Term
| Role of polar stratospheric clouds |
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Definition
| They form at low temperatures and reflect horizon sunlight to the ground trapping energy |
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Term
| Definition of Air Pollution |
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Definition
Dictionary - Air that is foul, unclean, dirty
Glossary of Meteorology – The general term alluding to the undesirable addition to the atmosphere of substances either that are foreign or the “natural” atmosphere or the quantities exceeding their natural concentration |
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Term
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Definition
Coke is to Coal as Charcoal is to Wood
Heat Coal to drive off unpleasant vapors |
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Term
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Definition
stacks, coke, greenbelts, move industry out
High Chimneys with better draft
Wanted green belt to preserve beauty of nature |
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Term
Types of Air Polution
Particulate Matter |
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Definition
PM-10 – Motor vehicles / wood burning / Dust from Construction, land fill, agriculture.
1990-2006: 20% decrease in emission |
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Term
Types of Air Pollution
Sulfur Dioxide |
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Definition
SO2 - Electricity Generation / Fossil Fuel Combustion / Industrial Processes
1990-2006: 38% decrease in emission |
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Term
Air Pollution
Nitrogen Oxide |
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Definition
NOx – On Road Vehicles / Non Road Equipment / Electricity Generation / Fossil Fuel Combustion / Industrial Processes
1990-2006: 29% decrease in emission |
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Term
Air Pollution
Volatile Organic Compounds |
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Definition
VOC – Vegetation / Automobile Emissions / gasoline marketing & storage tanks / Petroleum & chemical industries
1990-2006: 8% decrease in emission |
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Term
Air Pollution
Carbon Monoxide |
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Definition
CO – Volcanoes / Forest fires / other forms of combustion.
1990-2006: 38% decrease in emission |
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Term
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Definition
leaded petrol driven vehicles / Dust with lead in it
1990-2006: 54% decrease in emission |
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Term
| Greenhouse effect caused by absorbing |
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Definition
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Term
| Solar output has ___ in the past 5,000 years |
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Definition
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Term
| When sea ice forms ___ passes from the ocean to the atmosphere |
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Definition
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Term
| After 2 half lives _____ of substance has decayed |
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Definition
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Term
| On the average over the ear, sensible heat has ____ than latent heat |
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Definition
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Term
| Volcanoes tend to ____ the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere |
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Definition
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Term
| Thermal expansion of water causes sea level to _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| At present we are Warmer or Cooler? than it was 100 million years ago |
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Definition
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Term
| The main location the ocean water sings to form deep ocean currents in the ____ ocean |
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Definition
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Term
| There is better time resolution in determingin past temperatures from ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Ice age tend to horm when continents are ____ the south poles |
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Definition
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Term
| It is warmer when sea floor spreading is fast/slow |
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Definition
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Term
1. Electromagnetic radiation emitted by the earth has longer/shorter wavelengths than the solar radiation absorbed by earth |
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Definition
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Term
| An example of a monsoon climate with a year round is |
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Definition
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Term
| Carioles fore is zero ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| When continents collide, it causes sea level to go up/down |
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Definition
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Term
| As a forcing function oscillates faster, the response is more/less |
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Definition
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Term
| Cold currents are found along east/west coast |
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Definition
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Term
| The earth is further from the sun in ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Given that there is plenty of moisture, why do some consider the Great Indian Desert to be man-made? |
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Definition
| Over grazing kills plants which exposes soil which is lifted by the wind to form a dust cloud. This dust absorbs solar radiation heating this layer of air to the point that the air becomes stable. Since air can’t rise, it can’t rain, even though there is plenty of moisture |
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Term
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How does continental drift affect climate? |
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Definition
a. Change latitude of land
b. Change location of oceans thus maritime areas
c. Builds mountains leading to cooling
d. Causes changes in amoung of CO2
e. Changes ocean currents |
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Term
| Give 4 reasons why land changes temperature day to night more than water |
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Definition
a. Water takes more energy to heat up water than land (heat capacity / specific heat)
b. Water is transparent & heats to depths
c. Water mixes so heats the sun larger amount of water
d. Water evaporates causing cooling |
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Term
| Give one example each of a positive and a negative feedback mechanism in climate |
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Definition
a. Positive –
i. heating causes more water vapor which heats.
ii. Heating melts ice & lowers albedo causing more heat
iii. Cooling-tundra replaces forest > higher albedo > cooling
b. Negative
i. Cooling – Heating causes more clouds which cool beneath
ii. More CO2 makes plants grow faster so they absorb more CO2
iii. Heating > more rain > more weathering > coolin |
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