Term
Timeline
5th-4th centuries B.C.E.
who??? |
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Definition
Socrates (469-399)
Plato (427-347)
Aristotle (384-322) |
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Term
Timeline
1st "era"
Socrates |
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Definition
(469-399)
"know thyself"
developed socratic questioning
Body & mind are 2 independent principles of each other. |
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Term
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Definition
(427-347)
Idealist
"Allegory of the cave"
Separation of Mind and Body
"Committed to understanding ultimate reality as ideas" |
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Term
Timeline
1st "Era:
Aristotle |
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Definition
(384-322)
Realist
Viewed Body & Mind together e.g. of a coin (both sides, one coin)
Material oriented, "Ideas are ideas not concrete, to understand reality we must look at what's happening now" |
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Term
Timeline
2nd "Era"
4th & 5th Centuries |
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Definition
| St. Augustine of Hippo (354-430) |
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Term
Timeline
2nd "Era"
St. Augustine of Hippo |
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Definition
(354-430)
Studies of memory, will, and affect.
(platonic views) |
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Term
Timeline
3rd "Era"
13th Century |
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Definition
| St. Thomas Aquinas (1225?-1274?) |
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Term
Timeline
3rd "Era"
St. Thomas Aquinas |
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Definition
(1225?-1274?)
Scholasticism (traditional narrow minded system)
(Aristotlarian)
Believed that person was interconnected with nature.
Paradox: 2 aspects of the reality, Body and Mind in union- cannot separate them.
Saw human being as organismic |
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Term
Timeline
4th "Era"
17th Century |
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Definition
| Rene Descartes (1596-1650) |
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Term
Timeline
4th "Era"
Rene Descartes |
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Definition
(1596-1650)
Opens/Beginner of 'Modern Philosophy'
french philosopher, (platonic)
body--> objectifiable, separated person from nature
- allowed to examine cadavers because it was separate and no longer 'divine'
'Res Extensa' |
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Term
Timeline
5th "Era"
18th Century |
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Definition
British Empiricists:
John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume, J.S. Mill)
(Aristotelian) |
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Term
Timeline
6th "Era"
1874 & 1879
What is important? |
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Definition
1874:
Human science psychology is started by the German Franz Brentano with his book "Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint" as a sidestream to nat. sci. psychology
1879:
Modern Psychology as a natural science is founded by Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig, Germany, with the establishment of a psychology laboratory. |
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Term
Timeline
1879
PSYCH BREAKS INTO WHAT |
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Definition
Natural Science Psychology
(Dominant, mainstream) (Control, Measurement, & Prediction)
{Wilhelm Wundt in 1879)
&
Human science Psychology
(Franz Brentano (really 1874) |
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Term
SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
#1 School of Empiricist Psychology |
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Definition
Wilhelm Wundt (1879) founded laboratory in Germany
Key concept: DATA COLLECTION
* Sensation, Perception and Cognition |
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Term
SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
#2 School of Functionalist |
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Definition
William James (1890-Principles of Psychology)
'Father of American Psychology'
Key Concept: STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS |
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Term
SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
#3 School of Psychoanalytic Psychology |
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Definition
Sigmund Freud (1900- The Interpretation of Dreams)
Key Concept: UNCONSCIOUS
* Hysteric conversion
* Intrapsychic dimension of the human being |
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Term
SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
#4 School of Structuralist Psychology |
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Definition
Edward Titchener (1909- Experimental Psychology)
Key Concept: INTROSPECTION- looking into ourselves
* He narrowed his definition to his design of experiments |
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Term
SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
#5 School of Gestalt Psychology |
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Definition
Max Wertheimer (1912- the Phi Phenomenon)
Key concept: THE WHOLE IS GREATER THAN THE SUM OF THE PARTS |
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Term
SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
#6 School of Behaviorist Psychology |
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Definition
John B. Watson (1913- His Behaviorist Manifesto)
Key Concept: ENVIRONMENT
* S----> I
* Stimuli evokes a response (reaction) |
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Term
SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
#7 School of Humanistic Psychology |
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Definition
19TH Century European philosophical antecedents; basically post World War II - school of psychology
Key Concept: THE PERSON
* As a being |
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Term
SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
#8 School of Cognitive Psychology |
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Definition
MIT "Symposium of Information Theory" 1956
Key Concept: CONSCIOUSNESS PHYSIOLOGY
* Restored consciousness to the landscape of psychology |
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Term
3 Areas of Psychology
&
Basic description |
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Definition
Existential:
-focused on the existence of the being (philosophy aspect),
-decision making (sets up construction of destiny),
-individual is a priority (psychology aspect)
Phenomenological:
-concentrates on the the objects of a direct experience (phenomena) and how they are presented to you the ind.
-teaching you life lessons by 1)grasping the innocent situation as a whole not just the elements then 2)doing a contextual/situational analysis with personal interpretation
Humanistic:
Focused on the Individual as a being in itself
(general term to describe all 3 areas) |
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Term
EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Main Philosophers/psychologists |
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Definition
19th Century:
Soren
Kierkegaard
Nietzsche
20th Century:
Sartre
Marcel
Jaspers
Bunber |
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Term
EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Kierkegaard & Nietzche |
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Definition
Kierkegaard:
(platonic)
-Against Hagel's belief that everything is a system of nuts and bolts.
-Institutionalized religion
Nietzsche:
(not religious)
BOTH focused on the existence of the individual |
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Term
EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY
20th Century
Sartre
Marcek
Jaspers
Buber |
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Definition
Sartre:
-very famous atheist
-questioned how to exist?
-"Being in Nothingness
-"Existence before Essence"
Marcel:
-catholic
-focused on qualities/virtues
-esp. authenticity and fidelity
Jaspers:
-Protestant
-focused on "limit" situations
-e.g. prison
Buber:
-jewish
"I---> thou" |
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Term
PHENOMENOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Philosophers/Psychologists |
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Definition
Edmond Husserl
Martin Heidegger
L. Binswanger
M. Boss
Giorgi |
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Term
PHENOMENOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Descriptions
E. Husserl
M. Heidegger
L. Binswanger
M. Boss
A. Giorgi |
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Definition
European
Husserl:
philosopher
focused on fear & phenomenons
Heidegger:
"Quality of Life"
"Dasein" = human existence
english- "Being there Authenticity"
Binswanger:
Major case studies on therapy patients
shared views with Boss
Boss:
wanted clients to express themselves and direct convo
Giorgi:
Streamlined Husserl philosophy of collecting data and stereotyped findings |
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Term
HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
Philosophers/Psychologists |
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Definition
A. Maslow
C. Rogers
R. Mays |
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Term
HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
Abraham Maslow |
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Definition
American
Beginner of the first major work on motivation and personality--- later on Self-Actualization
Academic Psycologist
Created the Hierarchy of Needs
starting from the basic essentials to self-actualization |
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Term
HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
Carl Rogers |
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Definition
American
known for Client Centered Therapy
(w/phenomenology)
** "Respect for the client- collaborate for growth"
(psychotherapist) |
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Term
HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
Rollo Mays |
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Definition
Like Care Rogers, psychotherapy oriented
*** Most concerned with philosophy (sophisticated)
*** Aware of existentialism & phenomenology |
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Term
CHAPTER 14
Peak Performance
vs
Peak Experience |
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Definition
Self-Actualization consists of both...
Peak Performance:
'releasing of latent powers'- let it be (as one is trained) then release it from skill and rise to the level of excellence
-Opposite of something forced or constructed
Peak Experience:
"intense joy or ecstasy that stands out (in memory)"
-brief moment with lasting effects that produce a change
BOTH***
- emphasize the experiential, the positive, the integrative, and the idiosyncratic.
(as self-actualization is prototypic of healthy personality, peak performance/experiences are prototypic of positive experiences} |
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Term
CHAPTER 14
(Peak) "Experience" is..
(characteristics) |
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Definition
-less global than personality and more comprehensive than behavior
-accessible (in that it can be shared)
-the positive is illuminating
-the self-report can be trusted. |
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Term
CHAPTER 14
Peak Performance
Break it Down
(Description) |
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Definition
-can happen in any endeavor... extraordinary powers...
CLEAR FOCUS - on object and self is a precondition of the performance dyad- i.e. two people/things engaged in an activity
(opposite of being all over the place)
Clear focus- initiates response and accommodates interactive processes.
-spontaneous & natural |
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Term
CHAPTER 14
"Peak experience"
Break it Down
(description) |
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Definition
Maslow states, "simply a moment of highest happiness" (& superior performance)
Csikszentmihalys's "flow" often involved some level of positive performance and feeling...i.e. experience
in studies they were described as
-relationships (everything from childbirth to sexual)
-art and creative work
-appreciation of nature
-religious experience
-sports
Qualities: fulfillment, significance, and spirituality |
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Term
CHAPTER 14
Opposite of Peak Experience
Negative Events |
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Definition
Misery:
-i.e. intense, overwhelming other senses and thoughts, not sociable but painfully interpersonal
-e.g. death, illness, ending of relationships
Failure:
-i.e. negative extreme of performance
-e.g. work, school, relationships etc...
- personal, serious, loss of self-orientation |
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Term
CHAPTER 14
"Anchors"
(2 kinds) |
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Definition
'Commonplace Events'
-identified by time frame
(baseline between misery and peak experience)
-lack of focus
'Sport'
-literally- frequent flow of activity
-strong association between focus and process
(focus on game tasks extended to behavior |
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Term
CHAPTER 14
Dyad of focus and process... i.e.
Performance (aspects); Experience (feelings)
3 levels (high to low) |
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Definition
Peak- clear focus, with a strong sense of self; ecstasy
Average- includes clarity of self but lacks intensity and absorption, focus is blurred; neutral feelings
Failure- tunnel vision with fragmented and constrained processes; boredom or worry |
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Term
CHAPTER 14
Cross-Cultural Studies
Taiwanese vs Americans |
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Definition
Both constructs had generality and sensitivity. Also both dyad patterns of peak performances similar.
Experiences for Taiwanese endorsed receptivity while Americans in general were just more enthusiastic.
Negative Events differed in magnitude (vs pattern)
Americans- considered misery serious and spiritual, and included identity confusion
Taiwanese- found an intrinsic reward, and endorsed significance in their failures, and invested personal meaning/learning
-Processes-(the defining aspect of the event in which it occurs) were found to be accessible, cogent data units that also exhibited stability and cultural sensitivity |
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Term
CHAPTER 14
Operational Definition of an Event
(Authors's 4 points and instructors critique) |
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Definition
Event consists of the following:
1) an activity (i.e. the context in which the experience occurs) {e.g. playing a sport, eating dinner, etc...}
2) A level of performance ranging from peak to mediocrity, to failure
3) A level of feeling ranging from peak (joy/ecstasy) to neutrality to misery
4) Consists of many correlates- e.g. personalty, developmental (intelligence, ego), neurophysiological (heart rate, adrenalin, anxiety),behavioral (running, laughing, talking), environmental (from country to a simple room) and experiential(inner processes- feelings, decisions, cognition)
Cloonan Critique with example of his study going wrong. |
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Term
CHAPTER 14
"Perimeter Events"
&
Frankl reference on meaning |
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Definition
DEF- Performance and feelings at positive and negative poles.
All of the extreme feelings of happiness to misery contrasted with the common place events of neutrality and boredom.
Frankl:
"humans search for meaning, surviving with it or perishing without it. Perimeter events signal meaning and provide a window for discovery. |
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Term
CHAPTER 14
3 Dimensions of a Being |
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Definition
1) COGNITIVE (thinking)
2) AFFECTIVE (feelings & emotions)
3) CONATION (striving, will to perform) (closely related to self-actualization) (manifested in achievement)
*** Peak experience is an ultimate expression of a conation dimension |
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Term
CHAPTER 1: THE ROOTS OF HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
criticism of reduction and determinism |
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Definition
Maslow and May criticized psychoanalysis and behaviorism for attempting to explain the full range of human nature in terms of mechanisms (drawn from studies of neurotic patients and lab rats)
*Reductionistic scientific theories of human behavior run the risk of reducing actual humans
*Determinism loses the sense of free will in humans |
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Term
CHAPTER 1: THE ROOTS OF HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
prehistory of human psych
Homer Epic
Stoicism
Christian Authors |
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Definition
Prehistory-
greek tragedy
socrates, plato, aristotle
stoicism, christian authors
Homer Epic:
created the image of the human individual as a hero and the human life as a quest or adventure
Stoicism:
Advocated a thoughtful human life of self-cultivation, virtue, and wisdom; personal search for mastery over one's life and emotions through reason. Value self-discipline and self-determination.
Early Christian Writers:
Texts provided specific values and guidelines for a would-be Christian. Emphasized altruistic love for God, neighbor and community. |
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Term
CHAPTER 1: THE ROOTS OF HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
Renaissance in Europe |
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Definition
The greek idealization of earthly beauty and human perfection, and the emphasis on sensuality of the human figure emerged again during the renaissance.
Evident especially through art! |
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Term
CHAPTER 1: THE ROOTS OF HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
The Reformation |
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Definition
Erasmus said that the human was the center of creation.
He wrote an essay called the Free Will and insisted on a role of human will and personal responsibility, as well as Gods grace in achieving salvation. |
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Term
CHAPTER 1: THE ROOTS OF HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
19th century
Soren Keirkegaard and Friedrich Nietzche |
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Definition
The dawning of existentialism, both criticized the church and focused on the existence of the individual human
Nietzche's idea of the superman (Ubermensch or overman)
the superman would realize to a higher degree the human capacity to create the shape of one's own life. |
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Term
CHAPTER 1: THE ROOTS OF HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
Husserl
Heidegger
Merleau-Ponty
Biswanger
Boss |
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Definition
Husserl - started phenomenology and emphasized the intentionality of human mental activity, also the life-world or the world of immediate experience and life.
Heidegger- combined phenomenology with existentialism- studied the temporal organization of human life.
Merleau-Ponty- "mental" was the organization or structure of behavior... behavior within the context of the situation/environment
Binswanger- Mitwelt (the social world), Umwelt (physical and biological environment), Eigenwelt (own world - identity of personhood) ---- studied the mentally ill
Boss- defined health as "total haleness and wholeness" of a human. Described health as openness and flexible responsiveness to the world. |
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Term
CHAPTER 1: THE ROOTS OF HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
M. Buber
K. Jaspers
G. Marcel
R. Laing |
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Definition
M. Buber- "I---thou" represented self and other being separate yet in a meaningful relationship. Healing occurs through a meeting of 2 people.
Laing- used Sartre to illuminate the divided self of a schizophrenic patient. |
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Term
CHAPTER 1: THE ROOTS OF HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
Alfred Adler |
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Definition
Individual Psychology
believed that human behavior was purposeful and future oriented and not merely driven by instinct and mechanism. |
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