Term
| Hormones bind to _______ in the cell membrane |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Hormone Binding process (4 steps) |
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Definition
1. Hormone from blood reaches receptor
2. Bound receptor activates adenylcyclase
3. Cyclic AMP activates enzymes
4. Enzymes Alter cell activity |
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Term
| Hormones pass through the _____ _________ to the activate genes |
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Definition
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Term
| Process of hormones passing through the cell membrane |
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Definition
1. Hormone from blood reaches cell
2. Hormone crosses membrane
3. hormone binds to receptor in nucleus
4. Bound receptor activates DNA segments
5. activated genes alter cell activity |
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Term
| Although the brains of males and females look very similar, receptors in cells differ in _______ and ______. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
- Testosterone
- 5α- dihydro-testosterone (DHT) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Where is testosterone produced? (2) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the main targets of testosterone? |
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Definition
| Widespread in the body and brain |
|
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Term
| What are the main hormonal actions of testosterone? (4) |
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Definition
- Masculinizes body and brain during fetal development and at puberty
- Anabolic effects
- Maintains libido
- Feedback inhibition of gonadotropins |
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Term
| Where is DHT produced? (3) |
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Definition
- External genitalia
- Prostate gland
- skin (converted from testosterone) |
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Term
| What are DHT's main targets? |
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Definition
- external genitalia
- Prostate gland
- Skin |
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Term
| What are the main hormonal actions of DHT? (2) |
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Definition
- Development and maintenance of male external genitalia and prostate gland
- Adult male patterns of hair distribution |
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Term
| Where is Estradiol produced? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the main targets of estradiol? |
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Definition
| Widespread in the body and brain |
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Term
| What are the main hormonal actions of estradiol? (6) |
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Definition
- Feminizes body at puberty
- Contributes to menstrual cycle
- increase density of bone
- ends growth of limb bones at puberty
- feedback inhibition of gonadotropins
- maintains libido (?) |
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Term
| Functions of Testosterone (8) |
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Definition
- Growth of genital tissue in males
- Masculinizes the fetal brain
- erectile capacity of the penis and clitoris
- masculinizes male body at puberty
- formation od red blood cells and musculature
- Bone growth
- Libido
- Wellbeing, assertiveness, risk taking behavior |
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Term
| When does testosterone peak in men on average? |
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Definition
| Between 2-3am and 10-11 am |
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Term
| Functions of Estradiol (6) |
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Definition
- Feminizes female body at puberty
- female menstrual cycle
- maturation of sperm in males
- maintains bone density, prevents osteoporosis
- feedback inhibition of the gonadotropins
- stops growth of the limb bones at the end of puberty |
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Term
| Functions of progesterone (2) |
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Definition
- Menstrual cycle
- Maintains pregnancy |
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Term
| Types of releasing hormones (1) |
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Definition
| Gonadotropin-releasing hormome |
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Term
| types of gonadotropins (3) |
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Definition
- follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH
- Human chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) |
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Term
| Other types of proteins/peptides (5) |
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Definition
- Prolactin
- Growth hormone
- inhibin
- oxytocin
- anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the main targets of GnRH? |
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Definition
| Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
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Term
| What are the main hormonal actions of the GnRH? |
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Definition
| causes release of gonadotropins |
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Term
|
Definition
| anterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
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Term
| What are the main targets of the FSH? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the main hormonal actions of the FSH? (2) |
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Definition
- Stimulates spermatogenesis
- Stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles |
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Term
|
Definition
| anterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
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Term
| What is the main target of the LH? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the main hormonal actions of the LH? (2) |
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Definition
- Stimulates secretion of gonadal steroids
- stimulates ovulation |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are the main targets of the hCG? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the main hormonal action of the hCG? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where is Prolactin produced? |
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Definition
| Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
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Term
| What is the main target of prolactin? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the main hormonal action of prolactin? |
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Definition
| prepares breast for lactation |
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Term
| Where is growth hormone produced? |
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Definition
| Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
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Term
| What is the main targets of growth hormone? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the main hormonal actions of growth hormone? |
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Definition
| Stimulates growth spurt at puberty |
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Term
| where is inhibin produced? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the main target of inhibin? |
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Definition
| Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
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Term
| What is the main hormonal action of inhibin? |
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Definition
| feedback inhibition of gonadotropin secretion |
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Term
| Where is oxytocin produced? |
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Definition
| hypothalamus ( transported to posterior pituitary for secretion) |
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Term
| What are the main targets of oxytocin? (2) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the main hormonal actions of oxytocin? (4) |
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Definition
- Milk let-down
- uterine contractions during labor
- role in orgasm (?)
- Other non-reproductive functions |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main target of AMH? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the main hormonal action of AMH |
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Definition
| Causes regression of Mullerian duct during male fetal development |
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Term
| Synthesis and release of Oxytocin |
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Definition
1. oxytocin is synthesized by neuroendocrine cells in two nuclei of the hypothalamus
2. ...and transported down the axon of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, where it is released into the bloodstream
3. The release of the hormone is controlled by neural activity in the same neurons that synthesized it. |
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Term
| Pathway for control of gonadotropin secretion GnRH |
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Definition
1. GnRH is synthesized by neuroendocrine cells scattered throughout the anterior hypothalamus
2. The hormone is transported down the axon of the cell to the median eminence
3. There it is released into blood vessels (portal veins) that carry it to the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
4. Once in the pituitary gland, GnRH stimulates the release of two gonadotropins, LH and FSH, each of which is synthesized by a specific type of glandular cell
5. LH and FSH enter the general blood circulation and eventually reach their targets, the gonads |
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Term
| The _____ of ____ sequester their menstruating women into huts |
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Definition
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Term
| Typical menstruation cycle lasts ___ days |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 3 phases of the menstrual cycle |
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Definition
| Menstrual phase, Follicular phase, Luteal phase |
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Term
|
Definition
- PMS
- Dysmenorrhea (primary and secondary)
- Amenorrhea
- Toxic Shock Syndrome |
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Term
| Sex hormone in the environment |
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Definition
- DDT
- Bisphenol
- Hormone treated livestock
- Discarded birth control pills and patches |
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Term
| ______ ___ _____ transduce sexual stimulation of the penis and clitoris |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Release of neurotransmitter NO onto smooth muscle (penis)
- Increase of NO and cGMP
- Blood vessels in penis relax and dilate
- Erection |
|
|
Term
| Excitement Phase changes in female genitals (4) |
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Definition
- clitoral shaft increases in size
- vestibular increase in size
- Labia majora separate away from vaginal opening
- Labia minora increase in size and deepens in color |
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|
Term
| Plateau phase of female genitals |
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Definition
- clitoral glans retracts under hood
- Labia minora deepens in color
- Bartholin's glands may secrete and few drops of fluid |
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Term
| Orgasm phase of female genitals |
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Definition
- Clitoris remains retracted under hood
- Orgasmic platform contracts
- Rectal sphincter contracts |
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|
Term
| Resolution of the female genitals |
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Definition
- Clitoris descends and slowly returns to unaroused state
- Labia minora and labia majora return to unaroused position and color |
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|
Term
| Excitement phase changes in breasts |
|
Definition
- Breast size increases
- Nipple becomes erect
- Veins become more distinct |
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|
Term
| Orgasm and plateau phase changes in breats |
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Definition
- Greater size increase
- Areola increase in size and causes nipple to appear less erect
- Sex flush may appear on breast and upper abdomen |
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|
Term
| Resolution phase changes in breasts |
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Definition
- Detumescence in areola; nipple appears more erect
- Return to unaroused size
- Disappearance in sex flush |
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|
Term
| What are the most active areas of the brain during arousal? (2) |
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Definition
- Anterior cingulate area of the left hemisphere
- Basal ganglia |
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|
Term
| What are the most active areas in the brain during orgasm? |
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Definition
| - subcortical areas ( i.e., hypothalamus) |
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|
Term
| What aspects of beauty are biologically driven? |
|
Definition
- Symmetry
- Looking for more masculinity and femininity
- Males looks for youth
- Waist to hip ratio
- Muscles but not madness |
|
|
Term
| Babyfacedness increase ________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Features of Babyfacedness (9) |
|
Definition
- Low position of features on face
- Prominent forehead
- Large wide eyes
- Abnormally lush (thick) lips
- Smaller jaw
- High cheek bones
- Relatively small straight nose
- Clear skin, vivid coloring
- Toned "youthful" body |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Female waist-to-hip ratio |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The polynesian culture of the ________ in the Cook islands have open, positive attitudes towards sexual behavior |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Who created unsweetened corn flakes in an anti-masturbation campaign? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the contraceptive methods? (4) |
|
Definition
- Behavioral Methods
- Barrier Methods
- Hormonal Methods
- Surgical (permanent) methods |
|
|
Term
| What are the different behavioral methods of contraception? (4) |
|
Definition
- Withdrawal
- Continuous abstinence
- Fertility awareness
- Lactational Amenorrhea Method |
|
|
Term
| What are the different barrier methods of contraception? |
|
Definition
- Spermicides
- Cervical cap, diaphragm, and sponge
- Condoms
- IUD (Paraguard only) |
|
|
Term
| What does OPRAH stand for? |
|
Definition
O=Open
P= Pinch
R= Roll
A= Action
H= Hold |
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|
Term
| Types of hormonal methods of contraception |
|
Definition
- Combined horrmonal methods
- Progestin-only methods
- Emergency contraception |
|
|
Term
| How do hormonal methods work? |
|
Definition
1. Prevent ovulation
2. Decrease sperm mobility
3. Prevent egg implantation |
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|
Term
| Types of surgical method of contraception |
|
Definition
- Male sterilization
- Female sterilization |
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Term
| A woman's basal body temperature ____ during ovulation |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Pregnancy test pick up the hormone ____ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- missed menstrual period
- breast tenderness, fatigue, nausea
- basal temperature stays high
- pregnancy testing kit for hCG |
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|
Term
| As the baby grows, physical symptoms begin such as : |
|
Definition
- backache
- urinary frequency
- fatigue
- sleeplessness
- Braxton-hicks contractions
- Clinical depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. contractions of the uterus
2. Delivery
3. Expulsion of the placenta |
|
|
Term
| Types of Medication abortions |
|
Definition
- Mifepristone/ Misoprostol
- Methotrexate/ Misoprostol
- Hypertonic
- Uterotonic |
|
|
Term
| Types of surgical abortion |
|
Definition
- Vacuum aspiration
- Dilation and evacuation
- (Extraction) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Take place in first trimester
" ...the abortion decision and its effectuation must be left to the medical judgment of the pregnant woman's attending physician. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- Steroids
- Proteins
- Peptides
- Prostaglandins
- Monoamines |
|
|
Term
| The sex steroids are synthesized from ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The enzyme _________ converts testosterone to estradiol. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The enzyme ____________ converts testosterone to DHT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Testosterone is secreted by the _______ cells in the testes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Testosterone is secreted by _______ cells in the ovaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sloughing off of the endometrium of the uterus |
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|
Term
| What does body and facial symmetry indicate? |
|
Definition
| It indicates that the person had a healthy development |
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|
Term
| It is suggested that some aspects of attraction operate below the level of ____________ thought. |
|
Definition
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