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Human Resources Midterm
ethics, motivation, leadership, change, etc
115
Other
Undergraduate 3
10/12/2011

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Term
Managers
Definition
organize/control people, production, services
Term
Managers focus on
Definition
efficiency and effectiveness
Term
Leaders
Definition
influence, inspire, and command people
Term
Leaders focus on
Definition
Motivating staff and people, serving as role models and inspiring people to cooperate
Term
Isolates
Definition
nonresponsive or indifferent followers to their leaders
Term
Bystanders
Definition
not engaged followers in the life of the organization
Term
Participants
Definition
actively engaged followers in the organization and make an effort to support and impact the organization
Term
Activists
Definition
followers that feel more strongly about their organizations and leaders than participate and act accordingly
Term
Diehards
Definition
followers that are passionate about an idea, a person, or both and will give all for them.
Term
Competencies
Definition
Capabilities or abilities
Describe how well an employee performs
Come from competency models
Term
Competency Models
Definition
A set of competencies grouped into job-relevant categories
Developed from researcher who study
Employees
Jobs
Organizational contexts
Term
Two important competencies for leaders
Definition
social and emotional intelligence
Term
Legitimate Power
Definition
Formal authority
Position in the organization
Term
Reward Power
Definition
Giving or withholding rewards
Pay, promotions, time off
Term
Coercive Power
Definition
Influence others through punishment
Term
Expert Power
Definition
Special knowledge and/ or skills
Term
Referent Power
Definition
Personal characteristics
People value and want to emulate
Feel respect and admiration
Term
Empowered Employees
Definition
Have a say in how things get done.
Point out problems and improve work processes.
Are more engaged and committed, which drives them to surpass average performance.
Term
Empowering Organizations
Definition
Systems and processes that encourage employee involvement.
Support programs that enable employees to deal directly with conflicts.
Compensation programs that support collaboration and quality and discourage micromanagement.
Term
Trait Theories
Definition
Explain leadership effectiveness through traits
Prominent in the early 1900s
(very limiting)
Term
Ohio State Studies
Definition
Consideration (respect)
Initiating structure (task and goal orientation)
Term
University of Michigan Studies
Definition
Production-oriented behavior (efficiency, costs, deadlines)
People oriented behavior (supportive of employees)
Term
Fiedler’s Contingency Theory
Definition
Leadership effectiveness dependent on characteristics of a) leader b) situation
Term
Path-Goal Theory of Leadership
Definition
Leader responsible for motivating employees to attain goals
Term
Situational Leadership Theory
Definition
Links leader style with followers’ readiness for task
Term
Leader Substitutes Model
Definition
Characteristics of people or of the situation can make direct leadership unnecessary
Term
Transactional leaders
Definition
Follow a traditional approach to management
Leader and follower behaviour is an exchange
Term
Transformational leaders
Definition
Have social and emotional intelligence
Inspire others
Value people and their needs
Are passionate
Are charismatic
Term
The Big 5 *
Definition
openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism **
Term
Motivation
Definition
Forces within and outside the person
That arouse enthusiasm and persistence
To pursue a certain course of action
Term
Performance equals
Definition
Performance = Motivation X Skills X Tools and Resources
Term
Intrinsic Motivation
Definition
An internal sense of satisfaction derived from the work itself

To feel a sense of satisfaction, to use or improve one’s abilities, or to learn
Term
Extrinsic Motivation
Definition
Motivation that is the result of forces or attractions outside of the self
Term
Hierarchy of Needs
Definition
People are motivated to satisfy:

Physiological
Safety and security
Love and belonging
Self-esteem
Self-actualization
Term
ERG Theory
Definition
People are motivated to satisfy needs related to:
Existence (E)
Relatedness (R)
Growth (G)

Can all be activated at the same time
Term
The Two-Factor Theory
Definition
Motivators(Positively impact motivation) & Hygiene factors (Physical and psychological aspects of a job, lead to dissatisfaction)
Term
Three-Needs Theory
Definition
Need for achievement (need to succeed personal goals), need for affiliation (desire for personal relationships), need for power (desire to have influence)
Term
Equity Theory
Definition
Manage employees’ perceived ratio of inputs to outcomes
Term
Expectancy Theory
Definition
Effort ‡ A person’s input, which will be affected by the person’s perception about whether the effort will lead to an acceptable level of performance.

Performance ‡The extent to which a task or work is completed successfully.

Instrumentality ‡ A person’s belief about the degree to which performance will result in realizing certain outcomes.

Valence ‡ The value placed on outcomes.
Term
Expectancy Equation
Definition
Motivation = Valence x Expectancy x Instrumentality
Term
Goal Setting Theory
Definition
People are motivated by the process of identifying and achieving goals

'Doing’ and ‘Being’ Goals

SpecificMeasurableAchievableResults-basedTime-specific
Term
Positive reinforcement
Definition
Addition of a positive consequence following a desired behavior.
Term
Negative reinforcement
Definition
Removal of a negative consequence following a desired behavior.
Term
Extinction
Definition
Withholding a consequence following behavior.
Term
Punishment
Definition
Addition of a negative consequence following an undesired behavior.
Term
Social Learning Theory
Definition
People learn new behaviors by observing others
Term
Self-efficacy
Definition
The degree to which a person believes that he or she is capable
Term
Individual compensation
Definition
A plan in which pay is determined by considering an individual’s performance
Term
Group compensation
Definition
A plan that bases an individual’s compensation on the performance of a group or groups, and/or the organization as a whole
Term
Merit-based compensation
Definition
A plan in which compensation is determined by the level of performance of an individual or group
Term
Nonverbal Communication
Definition
Any gesture, expression, action, pitch or volume that communicates a message either intentionally or unintentionally (7% words, 38% how spoken, 55% facial impact)
Term
ENCODING
Definition
Converting information before sending it
Term
CHANNEL
Definition
Medium through which a message is transmitted from sender to receiver
Term
DECODING
Definition
Interpreting what the sender conveyed in their message
Term
The Shannon-Weaver Model
Definition
Communication is:
Linear
Encoded by a sender
Transmitted via a channel
Decoded by a receiver
Can be misinterpreted due to noise

NOT REPRESENTATIVE OF WAY HUMANS COMMUNICATE
Term
The Schramm Model
Definition
Communication is:
Linear
Interactive
Bidirectional
Term
The Berlo Model
Definition
Communication includes:
Communication skills
Attitudes
Knowledge
Society
Culture
Term
Effective Communication
Definition
result of information conveyed accurately from sender to receiver
Term
Efficient Communication
Definition
sharing information using the fewest possible resources (time, money, and effort)
Term
Rich’ channels of Communication
Definition
Carry more information
Targets a specific receiver
Opportunities for feedback
Incorporates verbal and nonverbal signals
Term
‘Lean’ channels
Definition
Do not have the capacity to carry as much information
Conveys simple information
Targets specific individuals
Term
Directions of Communication
Definition
Downward, upward, horizontal, filtering, internal, external
Term
Wheel network
Definition
one person acts as a central conduit for all information
Term
All-channel network
Definition
all members of a group communicate with everyone else as needed for maximum flow of information
Term
Chain network
Definition
information passes in an organized sequence from one person to the next
Term
Goal-Oriented Planning
Definition
Determining the activities and steps from an existing state to a clear end
Involves forward and backward planning
Term
Action-Oriented Planning
Definition
Directing attention to the task at hand
Term
Directional Planning
Definition
Identifying a “domain” (general area of activity)
Identifying “direction” (preferred values & activities)
Rather than specific goals
Term
Short-Term Plan
Definition
End point one year or less
Term
Short-Term Plan
Definition
End point one year or less
Term
Long-Term Plan
Definition
End point not always determined (3+years)
Term
Operational Plan
Definition
Detailed outline of how goals are to be achieved
Term
Strategic Plan
Definition
Typically a far-reaching plan that articulates and synthesizes mission-driven, strategic goals for a business
Term
Contingency Plan
Definition
Plan to respond to a crisis or a failed plan; a “back-up plan”
Term
Project Plan
Definition
Plan that outlines objectives, roles, actions, time frames, outcomes, & responsibilities for projects
Term
Single-Use Plan
Definition
Used once for a unique situation
Term
Standing plan
Definition
Designed for repeated, ongoing activities
Term
MISSIONS
Definition
Describes what an organization is, what it does, and stands for

Articulates its competitive advantage

Creates a rationale for working that unifies employees
Term
VISIONS
Definition
A description of what an organization wants to become

Future identity

A successful vision is …

Clear, compelling, accessible

Describes a future that an organization has not yet attained, but one that can be accomplished with the right planning and strategies

Employees and customers can be inspired by it
Term
Strategic Process
Definition
1) review or evaluate mission
2) conduct internal analysis
3) conduct external analysis
4) make strategies
5) implement strategies
6) evaluate strategies
Term
Corporate
Definition
Growth
Stability
Retrenchment
Divesture
Term
Business
Definition
Differentiation
Cost Leadership
Niche
Vertical Integration
Term
Functional
Definition
Department Strategies
Term
Differentiation
Definition
Providing unique products, services, or features
Term
Cost Leadership
Definition
Lowest priced product or service
Term
Niche
Definition
Catering to a particular segment of the market
Term
Vertical Integration
Definition
Seeking cost savings along the supply chain
Term
STRATEGIC PLANNING
Definition
1) review mission, vision, goals and strategies
2) conduct internal analysis
3) conduct external analysis
4) craft strategies
5) implement strategies
6) evaluate
Term
SWOT
Definition
strength, weaknesses, opportunities, threats (see worksheet)
Term
Programmed Decisions
Definition
Routine in nature
Occur with some frequency
Easy, seamless, and cost-effective
Term
Non-programmed Decisions
Definition
Not routine
Involve unique circumstances
Occur infrequently
Take more time to evaluate
Often involve numerous people and stakeholders
Have significant implications in terms of personnel, time, and money
Term
Schemas
Definition
conceptual maps in our minds that allow us to understand & mentally categorize information as we receive it
Term
Accommodation
Definition
adapting one’s cognitive categorization system to allow for new information
Term
Assimilation
Definition
forcing new information to fit existing cognitive categorization systems
Term
ROLE OF EMOTIONS IN DECISION MAKING
Definition
Extremely helpful
Point us in the right direction when deciding
Can get us in trouble when they ‘flood’ our brains
Frame problems, situations, or choices in certain ways
Term
Eight Step Decision Making Model
Definition
1) Identify the problem
2) establish the decision criteria
3) allocate weights to decision criteria
4) list alternatives
5) analyze alternatives
6) choose an alternative
7) implement the decision
8) evaluate the decision
Term
BOUNDED RATIONALITY
Definition
Decisions are made under conditions that limit rationality
Term
80/20 RULE
Definition
Can help in choosing what to focus on at work
20% of what we do each day results in 80% of our output
Term
How to Use the 80/20 Rule
Definition
Identify the key 20% of inputs that create most of your results
Spend more time on those
Place them first in schedule
Downplay or eliminate activities with low payoff
Term
Anchoring
Definition
Giving too much value to the first piece of information received
Term
Status Quo
Definition
Favoring decisions that perpetuate the current situation
Term
Estimating & Forecasting
Definition
Being unduly influenced by memories of powerful examples
Term
Sunk Costs
Definition
Making choices that justify flawed past decisions
Term
Confirming Evidence
Definition
Seeking out information that supports your point
Term
Framing
Definition
Influenced by how the problem is explained or seen
Term
Group decisions
Definition
Lengthy, costly
(decision important, members have expertise, need different viewpoints, member commitment important)
Term
Individual Decision
Definition
Quick and cheap
Term
Double Loop Learning
Definition
Learning that focuses on changing mental models, as well as behavior. Deliberately challenging or testing our assumptions on a regular basis.
Term
Single-loop learning
Definition
Process that results in taking in feedback and changing behavior, but not changing underlying beliefs about one’s self, others or the environment.
Term
Countries in the East and South (China, Brazil and India) are slowing down. True or False.
Definition
False. They are growing more quickly. The north and south economies are slowing down.
Term
4 responses to change
Definition
victim, bystander, critic, navigator
Term
Lewin’s Force Field Analysis Model of Change
Definition
System ‘unfreeze’
Change occurs
System ‘refreeze’
Term
The Permanent White-Water Metaphor
Definition
refers to the fact that organizational systems face unrelenting turbulence and constant change. Leaders need to be creative lifelong learners, steering toward new skills and information as needed
Term
Kotter’s Eight Stage Change Model
Definition
1) ensure that people feel an urgent need for change
2) get the right people involved to lead change
3) create a new strategic vision
4) make sure the new vision is effectively communicated
5) empower a broad group of change agents
6) successfully pull off short term victories
7) consolidate the victories and go after more changes
8) solidify the change in the organizational culture
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