Term
|
Definition
| The degree to which we feel safe, supported, and understood in a relationship. |
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|
Term
| Confirming (supportive) Climate |
|
Definition
| A positive relational climate based on mutual trust, respect, and support. |
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|
Term
| Dis-confirming (defensive) Climate |
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Definition
| A negative relational climate characterized by defensiveness, negative judgements, and mistrust. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Accepting another person's thoughts or feelings as valid. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stress, anxiety, anger, or any other emotion that interferes with our ability to focus our full attention to the speaker. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Something that is on our mind (a cognition) that we are having trouble putting aside in order to focus on the speaker's message. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mentally "filing away" our own issues temporarily. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When we stop listening to a message before the speaker is finished, either because we think we know what the speaker is going to say, or because we have already formed an opinion about the speaker or the message. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Our ability to become accustomed to an intrusive stimulus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Our ability to focus our attention on one incoming stimulus, while filtering out others that are less relevant. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Interferes with our listening when we try to process too much information. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The message itself is too complicated to absorb without turning your focus inward, and thus away from the speaker for a time. |
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Term
| Counterfeit Listening Styles |
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Definition
| Behaviors that, on the surface, may look like listening, but are actually counterproductive to good listening. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Giving only the impression of listening of listening by nonverbal behaviors such as nodding, keeping eye contact, and verbal prompts. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When we screen a message for certain topics or issues, and then either respond only to those aspects of the message or tune those parts out. |
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Term
|
Definition
| We perceive criticism when none is intended. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When someone is talking to us, and we use something the speaker says as an opening to jump in with a story of our own. |
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Term
| Authentic Listening Styles |
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Definition
| Ways of responding to a speaker that shows genuine interest in and empathy for the person and situation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A listening response that offers advice. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A response that makes a judgement about the person or situation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| To offer a different perspective on the issue. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Asking a question geared toward either clarifying you understanding of the speaker, or helping him or her work through the issue. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Encouraging the speaker to continue by giving short and not intrusive responses both verbally and non-verbally. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Saying something intended to validate the speaker's thoughts or feelings, let the speaker know you understand what he is thinking or feeling, or express support and concern for him as a person. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A listening response that reflects what the speaker is feeling and thinking, expresses tentatively. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The personalities, cultural backgrounds, and situational factors involved in each interaction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The scientific study of thoughts, feeling, and behaviors. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Based on data that has been collected through precise measurement under carefully controlled conditions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability to interact effectively with diverse others in a variety of situations. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A set of values, shared by a group of people, which shape and influence the norms, attitudes beliefs, expectations, perceptions and behaviors of the group members |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Individualism-Collectivism (IC) |
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Definition
| A value system based on the relative importance of the individual versus the group or family. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Examines how a culture deals with the basic issue of human inequality. |
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Term
| High Power Distance Cultures |
|
Definition
| Stricter hierarchies with greater distance between each level. |
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Term
| Low Power Distance Culture |
|
Definition
| De-emphasize hierarchies and strive to reduce distance between the various levels. |
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Term
| Uncertainty Avoidance (UA) |
|
Definition
| The extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations. |
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Term
| High Uncertainty Avoidance |
|
Definition
| Perceive uncertainty as an ongoing threat to be resisted. |
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|
Term
| Low Uncertainty Avoidance |
|
Definition
| Perceive uncertainty as normal and non-threatening. |
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Term
| Masculinity-Femininity (MAS) |
|
Definition
| The degree of differentiation between the roles of men and women in a culture. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The biological differences between men and women. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The social or cultural differences between masculinity and femininity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Expects a high degree of separation between men's and women's role. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Expects and accepts overlapping roles for men and woman. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The sum total of who and what you are, both consciously and unconsciously. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The relatively stable set of perceptions you have about yourself. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The human tendency to seek out and retain information that confirms or verifies our self-concept. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The basic human need to feel good about ourselves. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Visions, both positive and negative, of who and what we might become someday. |
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Term
|
Definition
| How we feel about ourselves, or the degree to which we are satisfied with our self-concept. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Self-Esteem acts as a gauge, or monitor, that measures the level of acceptance a person feels about his or her social environment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Positive feedback, good feelings, and acceptance. |
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Term
| Unconditional Positive Regard |
|
Definition
| Giving positive regard and acceptance at all times and in all situations. |
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Term
| Conditional Positive Regard |
|
Definition
| Giving positive regard and acceptance only in certain conditions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An individual's general pattern of self esteem over a lifetime. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The type of self-esteem which is vulnerable to momentary fluctuations. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The extent to which we believe we are capable of achieving our goals. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The conscious knowledge you have about your motivations, beliefs, expectations, values, strengths, and weaknesses. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Evaluating yourself based on how you think you compare to others. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Assumptions about ourselves based on our own observations of our behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A visual representation of the parts of yourself that are known to you and known to others. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The part of our self that is known only to us. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The image we present to the world. |
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Term
|
Definition
| We utilize different parts of our self, or different public selves, in different situations. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Erikson's first stage of adult development, which is to establish and maintain an intimate relationship with a life partner. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The unique sense of self which requires individuating from the family. |
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|
Term
| Generativity vs. Stagnation |
|
Definition
| Erikson's second stage of adult development, which is to nurture the next generation, or to raise children in a way that helps them master their environments and establish their own identities. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Erikson's third stage of adult development, which is the challenge of looking back on one's life and feeling a sense of satisfaction at a life lived well. |
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Term
|
Definition
| According to Levinson, completion of the major task of adolescence-forming an identity- and working towards becoming an independent, self-reliant person. |
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Term
|
Definition
| According to Levinson a period of four to five years when a man questions the choices he has made so far, considering what modifications he might make to build a more stable and fulfilled life. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A period of reflection and questioning regarding the life choices he has made so far. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of people born about the same time in history, so that they share common experiences in society at about the same time and age. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A feeling of freedom to "try-out" different roles in life, both occupationally, and in close relationships. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A time in which young adults are juggling multiple roles, often including raising children, building a career, and maintaining an intimate relationship with a partner. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Characterized by the recognition that 40 doesn't feel old, which prompts middlescence. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A time of reflection on life so far and reassessment of goals, values, and identity. Signals the transition from First Adulthood to Second Adulthood. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Characterized by renewed vigor and purpose, from about ages 45-65. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Characterized by a sense of inner harmony, usually a result of a sense of living in a manner consistent with one's ideal self. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Successful 70-somethings stay mentally and physically in shape and continue to find missions in life. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The unique patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in an individual that is consistent over time and across situations. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The theory which suggests that our personality is shaped by an ongoing internal struggle between two or more conflicting needs. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The portion of our mind that we are aware of at any given time. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The large portion of our mind including our thoughts, feelings, memories, and expectations that we are not aware of. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The part of the unconscious that can be brought into consciousness by focusing on it. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The part of personality concerned with satisfying our basic instincts and urges. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The part of personality concerned with meeting the needs of the id in a way that is realistic, and fits with the laws or rules of society. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The part of personality concerned with making sure the id and the ego function in a way that is consistent with the person's own moral code. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Strategies our unconscious uses to resolve anxiety. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Creating a rational explanation or justification for our behaviors. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Completely suppressing a feeling that is unacceptable. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Redirecting a negative feeling toward a "safe" target. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Having a unacceptable impulse or thought, but instead of seeing it in our-self, we see it in others |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Acting in a way that is completely opposite to an unacceptable thought or impulse. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Psychologically retreating to an earlier, less mature time. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Channeling an unacceptable feeling or urge into a positive, or more socially acceptable direction. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The theory which suggests that our personality is shaped exclusively by our experiences. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Learning from our experiences. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of learning that relies on associating a neutral stimulus with a natural, biological stimulus. |
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|
Term
| Unconditional Stimulus (US) |
|
Definition
| A stimulus which produces a natural, biological response with no prior learning. |
|
|
Term
| Unconditional Response (UR) |
|
Definition
| A natural, biological response to a stimulus with no prior learning. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A stimulus which is not meaningful. |
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|
Term
| Conditional Stimulus (CS) |
|
Definition
| A previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with an unconditioned stimulus. |
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|
Term
| Conditioned Response (CR) |
|
Definition
| A learned response to conditioned stimulus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When a conditioned response occurs upon exposure to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The phase of classical conditioning that involves eliminating the conditioned response. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Occasional, Unpredictable recurrence of a conditioned response that has become extinct. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of learning based on associating behaviors with the consequences they have previously produced. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated, and behaviors followed by negative consequences are less likely to be repeated. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A consequence that increases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A consequence that increases likelihood of a behavior by adding something pleasant. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A consequence that increases likelihood of a behavior by taking away or avoiding something unpleasant. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Anything that decreases the chance of the behavior being repeated. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which we learn behaviors by watching others engage in them. Also known as modeling. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The theory which suggests we are all born with an innate drive to reach our potential as good, contributing persons to our society. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| One who gets along well with others by offering unconditional positive regard and genuinely caring about them. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| When an individual has developed a complete sense of who she is and what her strengths are, and routinely acts in a way that is consistent with that. |
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|
Term
| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |
|
Definition
| A model that suggests that lower-order needs must be met before we can focus on higher-order needs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Characteristics that predict a person's behavior consistently across a wide range of situations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A theory that suggests that personality can be measured on five major dimensions. |
|
|
Term
| Extraversion/Introversion |
|
Definition
| A personality trait based on a person's preferences for social or contemplative environments. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Our mistaken assumption that others see things the same way we do. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| When we are considering our talents, abilities, or positive qualities, we tend to see ourselves as more unique than we actually are. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Our tendency to seek out and pay more attention to information that supports our preexisting notions, and also to ignore or discount contradictory information. |
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|
Term
| Fundamental Attribution Error |
|
Definition
| Our human tendency to assume that other people's behavior is due to something about their personality, while at the same time failing to consider possible situational influences. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| When we attribute a person's behavior to something about the person, his character, or his personality. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| When we attribute behavior to an external or situational factor. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Whether a particular behavior typically occurs in that situation. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Whether a particular behavior typically occurs in other situations. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Whether other people typically exhibit this behavior in this situation. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The comfortable amount of space between people in conversation. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A three part statement you make to another person when you need clarification of something the person said or did. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Taking in information and organizing it in a way that is meaningful to us, so that we can store it for later retrieval. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1-2 second time frame during which we encode information from our immediate sensory experiences. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A time frame of about 30 seconds during which we either use and dispose of the information, or work to retain it. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Relatively permanent storage of information. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Set of beliefs and expectations each of us has about certain concepts, events and situations. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Our tendency to forget minor annoyances and remember pleasures of a positive experiences more vividly over time. |
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|
Term
| Standford Prison Experiment |
|
Definition
| A classical study of social influence on behavior and perceptions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A voluntary change in a belief or behavior with the intent to follow a perceived social norm. |
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|
Term
| Normative Social Influence |
|
Definition
| When we conform in order to "fit in" with a certain group. |
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|
Term
| Informational Social Influence |
|
Definition
| When conformity helps us make the right decision where we aren't sure what to do. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| belief that it is important to reciprocate, or "pay back" favors. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Agreeing to a specific request. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A small initial commitment to a person or idea increases the likelihood that we will make a more significant commitment later. |
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|
Term
| Principle of Social Proof |
|
Definition
| Going along with a belief or behavior because it looks like many others are doing the same thing. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Principle of social proof. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Agreeing to do something because the person making the request is likable. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| We are more likely to agree to a request made by an authority figure. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| People or products seem more important when their availability seems limited. |
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|
Term
| Theory of Psychological Reactance |
|
Definition
| Humans have a strong need to control our own destinies and choices, and when these freedoms are threatened, we exert extra effort to hang onto them. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Agreeing to a request from an authority figure, when there is a negative consequence for refusal. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A classical study of obedience to authority. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The idea that, in our efforts to maintain positive self-esteem, we may develop bias that favors our own groups over other groups. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Favoring others with whom we identify over those whom we perceive as different. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Downgrading others who are different or not in your group. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Our tendency to see the world through the lenses of our own culture. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Judging others as wrong simply because they are different. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Recognizing our own tendency toward a deeper understanding and empathy for norms of different cultures. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A generalization about a group of people that assumes that members of the group share common characteristics. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A person begins to act in a manner consistent with the expectations placed upon him or her by others. |
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|
Term
| Outgroup Homogeneity Effect |
|
Definition
| Our tendency to assume that members of an outgroup are more alike than members of our ingroup. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pre-judgement, or superficial judgement, about a particular group of people. |
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|
Term
| Realistic Group Conflict Theory |
|
Definition
| People become prejudiced against others with whom they must compete for limited resources such as money, jobs, or status. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Developing behaviors and attitudes based in role models in our environment. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The perception that others have more than you do, or that another group is better off than your own group. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The unfair treatment of a person or group solely on the basis of their group membership. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| When an individual's identity is heavily based on a characteristic for which there are strong stereotypes, that individual will maintain a heightened awareness of the likelihood of being stereotyped and feel afraid of that possibility. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A goal, shared by conflicting groups, that can be only be attained if the group works together. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Where students work together to learn, rather than compete against each other. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Our assumption that others see things the same way we do. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Words or phrases that "gain their meaning by comparison". |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Language that implies that a situation or person is always the same. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| We blame someone else for our own feelings. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Language that implies blame on the other person. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Language that takes responsible for the impact the other person's behavior has on you, rather than simply scolding or casting blame. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Clear, specific, and factual description of a person's behavior. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| To state the emotion you felt when the behavior occurred. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The impact the behavior has on you. |
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|
Term
| High-Context Communication |
|
Definition
| Communication that relies more heavily on attention to contextual details and less on explicit language to transmit its message. |
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|
Term
| Low-Context Communication |
|
Definition
| Relies on clear, concrete, and explicit language. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Uses many words to convey its message and is very colorful and expressive. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Clear and specific language that states the facts, and no more. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Understand language that says very little and relies on the listener to understand the unspoken meaning. |
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|
Term
| Instrumental Communication |
|
Definition
| Task-Oriented, and focuses on achieving the speaker's goal. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Person-oriented, and focuses on building and maintaining good relations between the communicators. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The direction your body is facing relative to those with whom you are interacting. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Communication that is verbal, but wordless. For example: tone of voice. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Tend to engage in more open contact with each other and use nonverbal cues to signal warmth, closeness, and availability. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Situation in which two or more people in an interdependent relationship perceive themselves to have different viewpoints or goals, which are incompatible. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| An individual;s typical method of responding to conflict. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The degree to which we are interested in pursuing our own goals and interests. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The degree to which we are interested in maintaining the relationship or supporting the goals of the other person. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A framework for understanding conflict style that is based on the degree of assertiveness and cooperativeness that motivates an individual's response to conflict. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Characterized by a high degree of interest in the relationship, and a low degree of concern about one's own interests. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Based on a high degree of interest in one's own goals, and a low degree of interests in the relationship or goals of the other person. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Characterized by a low degree of interest in pursuing one's own goals, as well as a low degree of interest in supporting the relationship or the other person's goals. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Characterized by a moderate degree of interest in one's own goals, and equally moderate degree of interest in the relationship and/or goals of the other person. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Characterized by a strong interest in pursuing one's own goals, and an equally strong interest in supporting the relationship and/or the goals of the other person. |
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|
Term
| Passive-Aggressive Behavior |
|
Definition
| When a person acts passive on the outside, but secretly commits some type of aggression against the other person. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertain to the way we perceive, or construe, our self. |
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|
Term
| Interdependent Self-Construal |
|
Definition
| High collectivist values but low individualistic values. |
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|
Term
| Independent Self-Construal |
|
Definition
| High individualistic values but low collectivist values. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Value pursuing their own goals, but place an equally high value on connection to their social group. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Little sense of individuality, as well as little sense of connection to the larger group. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| One negative comment tends to be reciprocated, then each provokes another. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Language which evaluates or judges another person. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fact-based, non-judgmental description of the other person's behavior. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A defense arousing message that signals close-mindedness. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A supportive message that signals open-mindedness. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Making decisions for other people. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Working collaboratively with partners to share decision-making. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Communicating in a way that is meant to manipulate the other person, or influence them indirectly to do or say something. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Apparent lack of concern or feeling, sending a message that the other person is unimportant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Defense-arousing message that conveys that the speaker is smarter, knows more, or is better in some way than the listener. |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| To meet the needs of each party fully, without making sacrifices. |
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