Term
|
Definition
| number of protons in the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Outer orbit must _______ in order to be stable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxygen creates a ____ bond |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxygen's double bond does what |
|
Definition
| limits the movement and rotation of the atoms |
|
|
Term
| Hydrogen shares its electrons with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| crystalline solids produced by neutralization reactions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups of atoms, that when added to a molecule, will give that molecule certain qualities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a large biological molecule, consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen:oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids, and others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| include DNA and RNA and are made from monomers known as nucleotides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arge biological molecules consisting of one or more chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms. |
|
|
Term
| Monosaccharides classified according to |
|
Definition
| the number of carbon atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 5 carbons; found in DNA and RNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two monosaccharides together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ‘a few’ monosaccharides together; not caring about how many |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ‘many’ monosaccharides together; not caring about how many; |
|
|
Term
| most abundant item on earth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the strongest type of chemical bond |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrons are equally shared in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrons are unequally shared in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus strongly attract _____ and become ______ |
|
Definition
| electrons; electrically negative |
|
|
Term
| formed by atoms that transfer electrons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| weak bond that join atoms together in an ionic compound. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ionic bonds easily break when |
|
Definition
| when the ionic compound is dissolved in water. |
|
|
Term
| Dissociation of the ionic compound yields |
|
Definition
| charged atoms called ions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When hydrogen is bonded to an electronegative atom, it gains a slight positive charge and is weakly attracted to another electronegative atom |
|
|
Term
| Acids donate hydrogen ions to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bases lower the hydrogen ion concentration of a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a neutral solution the concentration of ____ is equal to the concentration of _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acids ______ the H+ concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bases _____ the H+ concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organic molecules contain atoms of carbon joined together by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in a ratio of 1:2:1. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simple sugars (monosaccharides), disaccharides, and polysaccharides (such as glycogen). |
|
|
Term
| Covalent bonds between monosaccharides are formed by |
|
Definition
| dehydration synthesis, or condensation |
|
|
Term
| Covalent bonds between monosaccharides are broken by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Triglycerides (fat and oil) consist of |
|
Definition
| three fatty acid molecules joined to a molecule of glycerol. |
|
|
Term
| Ketone bodies are smaller derivations of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins are bound together by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a functional group |
|
|
Term
| Proteins that are composed of two or more polypeptide chains are said to have a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ serve a wider variety of specific functions than any other type of molecule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enzymes have a unique 3-D structure that enables them to |
|
Definition
| bind to a specific substrate. |
|
|
Term
| Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by |
|
Definition
| lowering activation energy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fault in logic where you look at the end result and believe that is causation (…to…) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| giving human characteristics to something that is not human (what, need, require) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “it is this way because of this” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Continuous circulation of blood |
|
|
Term
| "Father" of modern physiology. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Second law of thermodynamics |
|
Definition
| in an open system, things tend to become more disorganized (Entropy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
epithelial
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue |
|
|
Term
| tissue lining anywhere with free surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skins outer layer, lining of intestines, lining of blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| tissue lining meant for protection and secretion and absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tissue lining meant for structural support |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tissue lining meant for communication, coordination and control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cells that secrete material directly to the outside |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glands that secrete internally products into the blood stream |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two main compartments of a cell |
|
Definition
| intracellular and extracellular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "maintenance of constant internal conditions", both internal and external. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| initial parameter sets in motion a series of events that reverse the initial parameter |
|
|
Term
| most common way of controlling a system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| snowball effect; initial parameter sets in motion things that make the initial parameter increase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary sites for the creating ADP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to ‘split bodies’- break down molecules by hydrolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exocytic vesibles- secretion or excretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endocytic vesicles- phagocytosis (to eat; engulfs solid materials) or pinocytosis (to drink; engulfs water) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
to eat;
engulfs solid materials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Secretion
Material going out from the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microfilaments and microtubules produce a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movements of organelles within a cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| responsible for the elimination of structures and molecules within the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| responsible for for digestion of the contents of the phagocytic food vacuoles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The endoplasmic reticulum is a system of |
|
Definition
| membranous tubules in the cell. |
|
|
Term
| The rough endoplasmic reticulum is covered with ribosomes and is involved in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The smooth endoplasmic reticulum provides a site for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretory proteins move from the |
|
Definition
| rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
modifies the proteins it contains,
separates different proteins,
and packages them in vesicles. |
|
|
Term
| Secretory vesicles from the Golgi apparatus fuse with the cell membrane and release their products by_______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pick up electrons when a compound is oxidized and transfers them to the electron transport chain where ATP is made from the energy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feeds into Kreb’s cycle inside the mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| In Krebs and glycolysis ATP is produced____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| adding a phosphate to something |
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis refers to the conversion of |
|
Definition
| glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid. |
|
|
Term
| in glycolysis there is a net gain of ____ ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lactic acid can be converted to glucose in the liver by a process called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During The Krebs cycle, Acetyl CoA is formed from pyruvic acid by |
|
Definition
| the removal of carbon dioxide and two hydrogens. |
|
|
Term
| During The Krebs cycle, the formation of citric acid begins a cyclic pathway that ultimately forms a new |
|
Definition
| molecule of oxaloacetic acid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rubbery with elastic recoil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| promotes cell adhesion and hold cells in position |
|
|
Term
| Extracellular Matrix (“Glue”) |
|
Definition
Collagen
Elastin
Fibronectin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| block passage between adjacent cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temperature at which molecular motion stops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Net random movement of substances toward a lower concentration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances pass through membranes freely (e.g. O2, CO2). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substances excluded or must pass through channels (gates)(e.g. Na+). |
|
|
Term
| If the membrane is impermeable then |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the substance can get through the membrane then |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| greater the surface area_____ |
|
Definition
| the greater the likelihood the molecule will go though |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Net random diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pressure required to stop osmosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
iso (equal)
hyper (greater than)
hypo (less than) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
carrier is typically proteinaceous)
down concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| against concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
| If ATP is required, a carrier protein is a _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nernst Equation
Ex = (61/z )(log [Xo]/[Xi]) |
|
Definition
x = ion in question
z = valence of ion X
[Xo] = concentration of ion X outside cell
[Xi] = concentration of ion X inside cell |
|
|
Term
| The structure of the cell (plasma) membrane is described by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The membrane is composed predominately of |
|
Definition
| a double layer of phospholipids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extending pseudopods (cilia and flagella) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reverse of endocytosis and is a process that allows the cell to secrete its products. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the concentration is equal on both sides of the membrane. |
|
|
Term
| The rate of diffusion depends on |
|
Definition
the concentration difference across the two sides of the membrane.
the permeability of the cell membrane
the temperature of the solution |
|
|
Term
| The rate of diffusion through a membrane is also directly proportional to the |
|
Definition
| surface area of the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the solution that is more dilute to the solution that has a higher solute concentration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a difference in total solute concentration, not on the chemical nature of the solute. |
|
|
Term
| Solutions that have the same osmotic pressure as plasma are said to be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Solutions with a lower osmotic pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Solutions with a higher osmotic pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| controls voluntary control of movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| controls sensory perception |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| controls personality traits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| controls thinking, memory and creativity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| controls self consciousness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| controls coordination of slow movements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suppression of useless patterns of movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| relay station for all synaptic input |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| crude awareness of sensation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| regulation of homeostatic functions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| regulation of body temperature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| regulation of food intake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| link between nervous system and endocrine system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| involvement with emotion and basic behavioral patterns |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plays a role in the sleep-wake cycle |
|
Definition
hypothalamus and
brain stem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| coordination and planning of skilled voluntary muscle movements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| origin of majority of peripheral cranial nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive control center |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| regulation of muscle reflexes involved with posture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reception and integration of all synaptic input from spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| limbic association cortex location |
|
Definition
| inner and bottom surface of temporal lobe |
|
|
Term
| limbic association cortex controls |
|
Definition
motivation
emotion and
memory |
|
|
Term
| primary auditory cortex controls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prefrontal association cortex controls |
|
Definition
planning for voluntary activity
decision making
personality traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coordination or complex movements |
|
|
Term
| primary motor cortex controls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| somatosensory cortex controls |
|
Definition
somesthetic sensation
propriception |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex controls |
|
Definition
integration of all sensory input
important in language |
|
|
Term
| primary visual cortex controls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During embryonic development, five regions of the brain are formed: |
|
Definition
telencephalon,
diencephalon,
mesencephalon,
metencephalon, and
myelencephalon. |
|
|
Term
| The _____ and _______ constitute the forebrain |
|
Definition
| telencephalon and diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| the ______ is the midbrain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the hindbrain is composed of the _____ and _______ |
|
Definition
| metencephalon and the myelencephalon |
|
|
Term
| the cavities of the brain are known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cerebrum consists of two hemispheres connected by a large fiber tract called the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the left hemisphere is dominant in ____ and ____ |
|
Definition
| language and analytical ability |
|
|
Term
| the right hemisphere is important in |
|
Definition
pattern recognition,
musical creation,
singing, and the recognition of faces. |
|
|
Term
| Wernicke’s area is believed to control Broca’s area by means of the ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____ and _____ are regions of the brain that have been implicated as centers for various emotions. |
|
Definition
| limbic system and hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| The _______ is the region of the forebrain which includes the thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ is the main control center for of visceral activities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ tracts carry sensory information from sensory organs up to the spinal cord to the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Descending tracts are motor tracts and are divided into two groups: the _____ and the _____ systems. |
|
Definition
| pyramidal and the extrapyramidal |
|
|
Term
| There are _____ pairs of cranial nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are _____ pairs of spinal nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains ______ fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains ______ fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involuntary response to stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
receptor
afferent pathway
integrating center
efferent pathway
effector |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physical feeling of a sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscles retract or glands secrete |
|
|
Term
| The Krebs cycle occurs in the _____ of the living cells of aerobic organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| living organisms that require oxygen for growth and survival |
|
|
Term
| The mitochondrial matrix is |
|
Definition
| the space within the inner membrane of the mitochondrion that contains hundreds of enzymes that function as part of the Krebs cycle. |
|
|
Term
| During the Kreb's Cycle, glucose, a sugar molecule or carbohydrate, combines with oxygen to produce ____, _____ and _____ |
|
Definition
| carbon dioxide, water and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the energy necessary for the living cells to function |
|
|
Term
| carbon dioxide and water are the waste products of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| he first and final products of the Krebs cycle are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A molecule called _____ combines with a chemical compound called _____ to create a citrate, or citric acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Acetyl CoA molecule produces ____ molecules of NADH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the Kreb's cycle, NADH is a |
|
Definition
| reducing agent that transfers electrons to other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fundamental unit of both structure and function in a living being |
|
|
Term
| Simplest form of living entities |
|
Definition
| single cell organisms such as bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells become specialized to carry out a particular function |
|
|
Term
| Basic cells functions include: |
|
Definition
Performing chemical reactions that use nutrients and O2
Eliminating carbon dioxide surrounding the cell
Synthesizing proteins
Controlling the exchange of amteriasl betweens cells and environment
Moving materiasl from one part of cell to another
Being sensitive and responsive to change in environment
Reproducing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized proteins that speed up particular chemical reactions in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cavity within a hollow organ or tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epithelial tissue derivatives specialized for secretion |
|
|
Term
| Exocrine glands secret through ducts to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endocrine glands lack ducts and secrete |
|
Definition
| internally into the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collection of organs that perform related functions and interact to accomplish a common activity essential for the survival of the whole body |
|
|
Term
| Intracellular fluid (ICF)- |
|
Definition
| fluid collectively contained within all body cells |
|
|
Term
| Extracellular fluid (ECF)- |
|
Definition
| fluid located outside the cells |
|
|
Term
| ECF is made up of two components |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid portion of the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surround and bathes the cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal functioning of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin membranous structure that encloses each cell and is composed mostly of lipids and studded with proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allow necessary traffic to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| place where protein synthesis takes place |
|
|
Term
| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- |
|
Definition
| elaborate fluid filled membranous system distributed extensively throughout the cytosol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reactions that break down organic material by the addition of water |
|
|
Term
| Vary in shape and size depending on the contents they are digesting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| selective lysosome self digestion is a way to replace parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organelles that produce and decompose hydrogen peroxide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzymes that decompose potent H2O2 into harmless H2O and O2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extract energy form the nutrients in food and transform it into usable forms for cell activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organized system that distributes materials essential for generating energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high energy phosphate bonds that is a converted form of energy for cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
created when ATP is split
Used to obtain immediate usable energy for the cell |
|
|
Term
| Three major types of protein fibers: |
|
Definition
| Collagen, Elastin, Fibronectin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| effect the solution has one the cell volume; whether is remains the same size, swells, or shrinks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| charges are separated across the plasma membrane so the membrance has potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane becomes less polarized; the inside becomes less negative than as resting potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane returns to resting potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane becomes more polarized, the inside becomes more negative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
