Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Human Phys Test One Material
Definitions, Equations, Etc
253
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
02/16/2014

Additional Physiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Atomic number=
Definition
number of protons in the nucleus
Term
First (inner)orbit holds
Definition
2 electrons
Term
2nd shell can hold
Definition
8 electrons
Term
3rd shell can hold
Definition
8 electrons
Term
Outer orbit must _______ in order to be stable
Definition
be full
Term
Covalent bonds
Definition
sharing of electrons
Term
Oxygen creates a ____ bond
Definition
double
Term
Oxygen's double bond does what
Definition
limits the movement and rotation of the atoms
Term
Hydrogen shares its electrons with
Definition
another Hydrogen
Term
what is a proton donor
Definition
acids
Term
proton acceptor
Definition
base
Term
crystalline solids produced by neutralization reactions.
Definition
salts
Term
resist change in pH
Definition
buffers
Term
Functional Groups-
Definition
groups of atoms, that when added to a molecule, will give that molecule certain qualities
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
a large biological molecule, consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen:oxygen atom ratio of 2:1
Term
Lipids
Definition
a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids, and others.
Term
Nucleic Acids
Definition
include DNA and RNA and are made from monomers known as nucleotides.
Term
Proteins
Definition
arge biological molecules consisting of one or more chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms.
Term
Monosaccharides classified according to
Definition
the number of carbon atoms
Term
Triose-
Definition
3 carbons
Term
Tetrose-
Definition
4 carbons
Term
Pentose-
Definition
5 carbons; found in DNA and RNA
Term
Hexose-
Definition
6 carbons
Term
Disaccharides-
Definition
two monosaccharides together
Term
Oligosaccharides-
Definition
‘a few’ monosaccharides together; not caring about how many
Term
Polysaccharides-
Definition
‘many’ monosaccharides together; not caring about how many;
Term
most abundant item on earth
Definition
cellulose= wood
Term
the strongest type of chemical bond
Definition
Covalent bonds
Term
Electrons are equally shared in
Definition
nonpolar covalent bonds
Term
Electrons are unequally shared in
Definition
polar covalent bonds.
Term
Atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus strongly attract _____ and become ______
Definition
electrons; electrically negative
Term
formed by atoms that transfer electrons
Definition
ionic bonds
Term
weak bond that join atoms together in an ionic compound.
Definition
ionic bonds
Term
Ionic bonds easily break when
Definition
when the ionic compound is dissolved in water.
Term
Dissociation of the ionic compound yields
Definition
charged atoms called ions.
Term
hydrogen bond
Definition
When hydrogen is bonded to an electronegative atom, it gains a slight positive charge and is weakly attracted to another electronegative atom
Term
Acids donate hydrogen ions to
Definition
solutions
Term
bases lower the hydrogen ion concentration of a
Definition
solution
Term
In a neutral solution the concentration of ____ is equal to the concentration of _____
Definition
H+; OH-
Term
Acids ______ the H+ concentration
Definition
raise
Term
bases _____ the H+ concentration
Definition
lower
Term
Organic molecules contain atoms of carbon joined together by
Definition
covalent bonds
Term
Carbohydrates contain
Definition
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in a ratio of 1:2:1.
Term
Carbohydrates consist of
Definition
simple sugars (monosaccharides), disaccharides, and polysaccharides (such as glycogen).
Term
Covalent bonds between monosaccharides are formed by
Definition
dehydration synthesis, or condensation
Term
Covalent bonds between monosaccharides are broken by
Definition
hydrolysis reactions.
Term
Triglycerides (fat and oil) consist of
Definition
three fatty acid molecules joined to a molecule of glycerol.
Term
Ketone bodies are smaller derivations of
Definition
fatty acids.
Term
Proteins are bound together by
Definition
covalent peptide bonds
Term
Each amino acid contains
Definition
an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a functional group
Term
Proteins that are composed of two or more polypeptide chains are said to have a
Definition
quaternary structure.
Term
______ serve a wider variety of specific functions than any other type of molecule.
Definition
proteins
Term
Most enzymes are ____
Definition
proteins.
Term
Enzymes have a unique 3-D structure that enables them to
Definition
bind to a specific substrate.
Term
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by
Definition
lowering activation energy.
Term
Teleology
Definition
fault in logic where you look at the end result and believe that is causation (…to…)
Term
Anthropomorphism
Definition
giving human characteristics to something that is not human (what, need, require)
Term
Circular Logic
Definition
“it is this way because of this”
Term
William Harvey (1628)
Definition
Continuous circulation of blood
Term
"Father" of modern physiology.
Definition
Claude Bernard
Term
Second law of thermodynamics
Definition
in an open system, things tend to become more disorganized (Entropy)
Term
Four major tissue types-
Definition
epithelial
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Term
tissue lining anywhere with free surface
Definition
epithelial
Term
epithelial examples
Definition
skins outer layer, lining of intestines, lining of blood vessels
Term
tissue lining meant for protection and secretion and absorption
Definition
epithelial
Term
tissue lining meant for structural support
Definition
Connective tissue
Term
tissue lining meant for communication, coordination and control
Definition
Nervous tissue
Term
cells that secrete material directly to the outside
Definition
Exocrine cells
Term
glands that secrete internally products into the blood stream
Definition
Endocrine glands
Term
Two main compartments of a cell
Definition
intracellular and extracellular
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
"maintenance of constant internal conditions", both internal and external.
Term
Negative Feedback
Definition
initial parameter sets in motion a series of events that reverse the initial parameter
Term
most common way of controlling a system
Definition
Negative Feedback
Term
Positive Feedback
Definition
snowball effect; initial parameter sets in motion things that make the initial parameter increase
Term
DNA coated with ____
Definition
proteins
Term
RNA is used to make
Definition
Ribosomes
Term
Primary sites for the creating ADP
Definition
Mitochondria
Term
break down peroxide
Definition
Peroxisomes
Term
to ‘split bodies’- break down molecules by hydrolysis
Definition
Lysosomes
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
exocytic vesibles- secretion or excretion
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
endocytic vesicles- phagocytosis (to eat; engulfs solid materials) or pinocytosis (to drink; engulfs water)
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
to eat;
engulfs solid materials
Term
pinocytosis
Definition
to drink;
engulfs water
Term
exocytosis
Definition
Secretion
Material going out from the cell
Term
endocytosis
Definition
going into the cell
Term
Microfilaments and microtubules produce a
Definition
cytoskeleton
Term
cytoskeletons aid
Definition
movements of organelles within a cell.
Term
Lysosomes contain
Definition
digestive enzymes
Term
responsible for the elimination of structures and molecules within the cell
Definition
Lysosomes
Term
responsible for for digestion of the contents of the phagocytic food vacuoles.
Definition
Lysosomes
Term
The endoplasmic reticulum is a system of
Definition
membranous tubules in the cell.
Term
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is covered with ribosomes and is involved in
Definition
protein synthesis.
Term
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum provides a site for
Definition
many enzymatic reactions
Term
Secretory proteins move from the
Definition
rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex
Term
The Golgi complex...
Definition
modifies the proteins it contains,
separates different proteins,
and packages them in vesicles.
Term
Secretory vesicles from the Golgi apparatus fuse with the cell membrane and release their products by_______
Definition
exocytosis.
Term
Electron “Shuttles"
Definition
pick up electrons when a compound is oxidized and transfers them to the electron transport chain where ATP is made from the energy.
Term
Anerobic conditions
Definition
no oxygen- requires NADH
Term
Aerobic conditions
Definition
feeds into Kreb’s cycle inside the mitochondria
Term
In Krebs and glycolysis ATP is produced____
Definition
directly
Term
Oxidative phosphorylation
Definition
adding a phosphate to something
Term
Glycolysis refers to the conversion of
Definition
glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
Term
in glycolysis there is a net gain of ____ ATP
Definition
2
Term
Lactic acid can be converted to glucose in the liver by a process called
Definition
gluconeogenesis
Term
During The Krebs cycle, Acetyl CoA is formed from pyruvic acid by
Definition
the removal of carbon dioxide and two hydrogens.
Term
During The Krebs cycle, the formation of citric acid begins a cyclic pathway that ultimately forms a new
Definition
molecule of oxaloacetic acid.
Term
Hydrophilic-
Definition
‘water loving’- head
Term
Hydrophobic-
Definition
‘water fearing’- tails
Term
Collagen –
Definition
flexible but non-elastic
Term
Elastin –
Definition
rubbery with elastic recoil
Term
Fibronectin –
Definition
promotes cell adhesion and hold cells in position
Term
Extracellular Matrix (“Glue”)
Definition
Collagen
Elastin
Fibronectin
Term
Desmosomes
Definition
“spot welds”
Term
Tight Junctions –
Definition
block passage between adjacent cells
Term
Gap junctions –
Definition
electrical synapses
Term
Absolute zero –
Definition
temperature at which molecular motion stops
Term
Diffusion
Definition
Net random movement of substances toward a lower concentration.
Term
Lipid soluble
Definition
substances pass through membranes freely (e.g. O2, CO2).
Term
Not lipid soluble
Definition
Substances excluded or must pass through channels (gates)(e.g. Na+).
Term
If the membrane is impermeable then
Definition
they cannot diffuse
Term
If the substance can get through the membrane then
Definition
it is diffusion
Term
greater the surface area_____
Definition
the greater the likelihood the molecule will go though
Term
Osmosis
Definition
Net random diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
Term
Osmotic pressure
Definition
pressure required to stop osmosis
Term
___tonic
Definition
iso (equal)
hyper (greater than)
hypo (less than)
Term
Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
carrier is typically proteinaceous)
down concentration gradient
Term
Active Transport
Definition
against concentration gradient
Term
If ATP is required, a carrier protein is a _____
Definition
pump.
Term
Nernst Equation
Ex = (61/z )(log [Xo]/[Xi])
Definition
x = ion in question
z = valence of ion X
[Xo] = concentration of ion X outside cell
[Xi] = concentration of ion X inside cell
Term
The structure of the cell (plasma) membrane is described by
Definition
a fluid-mosaic model.
Term
The membrane is composed predominately of
Definition
a double layer of phospholipids.
Term
Some cells move by
Definition
extending pseudopods (cilia and flagella)
Term
Exocytosis is the
Definition
reverse of endocytosis and is a process that allows the cell to secrete its products.
Term
Net diffusion stops when
Definition
the concentration is equal on both sides of the membrane.
Term
The rate of diffusion depends on
Definition
the concentration difference across the two sides of the membrane.
the permeability of the cell membrane
the temperature of the solution
Term
The rate of diffusion through a membrane is also directly proportional to the
Definition
surface area of the membrane
Term
Water moves from
Definition
the solution that is more dilute to the solution that has a higher solute concentration.
Term
Osmosis depends on
Definition
a difference in total solute concentration, not on the chemical nature of the solute.
Term
Solutions that have the same osmotic pressure as plasma are said to be
Definition
isotonic to plasma.
Term
Solutions with a lower osmotic pressure
Definition
hypotonic
Term
Solutions with a higher osmotic pressure
Definition
hypertonic
Term
brain stem is made up of
Definition
midbrain
pons
medulla
Term
controls voluntary control of movement
Definition
cerebral cortex
Term
controls language
Definition
cerebral cortex
Term
controls sensory perception
Definition
cerebral cortex
Term
controls personality traits
Definition
cerebral cortex
Term
controls thinking, memory and creativity
Definition
cerebral cortex
Term
controls decision making
Definition
cerebral cortex
Term
controls self consciousness
Definition
cerebral cortex
Term
controls coordination of slow movements
Definition
basal nuclei
Term
suppression of useless patterns of movement
Definition
basal nuclei
Term
relay station for all synaptic input
Definition
thalamus
Term
crude awareness of sensation
Definition
thalamus
Term
role in motor control
Definition
thalamus
Term
regulation of homeostatic functions
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
regulation of body temperature
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
regulation of thirst
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
regulation of food intake
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
link between nervous system and endocrine system
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
involvement with emotion and basic behavioral patterns
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
plays a role in the sleep-wake cycle
Definition
hypothalamus and
brain stem
Term
maintenance of balance
Definition
cerebellum
Term
coordination and planning of skilled voluntary muscle movements
Definition
cerebellum
Term
origin of majority of peripheral cranial nerves
Definition
brain stem
Term
cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive control center
Definition
brain stem
Term
regulation of muscle reflexes involved with posture
Definition
brain stem
Term
reception and integration of all synaptic input from spinal cord
Definition
brain stem
Term
controls arousal
Definition
brain stem
Term
limbic association cortex location
Definition
inner and bottom surface of temporal lobe
Term
limbic association cortex controls
Definition
motivation
emotion and
memory
Term
primary auditory cortex controls
Definition
hearing
Term
broca's area controls
Definition
speech formation
Term
prefrontal association cortex controls
Definition
planning for voluntary activity
decision making
personality traits
Term
premotor cortex controls
Definition
coordination or complex movements
Term
primary motor cortex controls
Definition
voluntary movement
Term
somatosensory cortex controls
Definition
somesthetic sensation
propriception
Term
wernicke's area controls
Definition
speech understanding
Term
parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex controls
Definition
integration of all sensory input
important in language
Term
primary visual cortex controls
Definition
sights
Term
During embryonic development, five regions of the brain are formed:
Definition
telencephalon,
diencephalon,
mesencephalon,
metencephalon, and
myelencephalon.
Term
The _____ and _______ constitute the forebrain
Definition
telencephalon and diencephalon
Term
the ______ is the midbrain
Definition
mesencephalon
Term
the hindbrain is composed of the _____ and _______
Definition
metencephalon and the myelencephalon
Term
the cavities of the brain are known as
Definition
ventricles
Term
The cerebrum consists of two hemispheres connected by a large fiber tract called the ____
Definition
corpus callosum
Term
the left hemisphere is dominant in ____ and ____
Definition
language and analytical ability
Term
the right hemisphere is important in
Definition
pattern recognition,
musical creation,
singing, and the recognition of faces.
Term
Wernicke’s area is believed to control Broca’s area by means of the ______
Definition
arcuate fasciculus
Term
The ____ and _____ are regions of the brain that have been implicated as centers for various emotions.
Definition
limbic system and hypothalamus
Term
The _______ is the region of the forebrain which includes the thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland.
Definition
diencephalon
Term
The ______ is the main control center for of visceral activities
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
________ tracts carry sensory information from sensory organs up to the spinal cord to the brain.
Definition
Ascending
Term
Descending tracts are motor tracts and are divided into two groups: the _____ and the _____ systems.
Definition
pyramidal and the extrapyramidal
Term
There are _____ pairs of cranial nerves
Definition
12
Term
There are _____ pairs of spinal nerves
Definition
31
Term
The dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains ______ fibers
Definition
sensory
Term
The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains ______ fibers
Definition
motor
Term
reflex
Definition
involuntary response to stimulus
Term
components of a reflex
Definition
receptor
afferent pathway
integrating center
efferent pathway
effector
Term
receptor
Definition
physical feeling of a sensation
Term
afferent pathway
Definition
information goes in
Term
integrating center
Definition
spinal cord
Term
efferent pathway
Definition
info comes out
Term
effector
Definition
muscles retract or glands secrete
Term
The Krebs cycle occurs in the _____ of the living cells of aerobic organisms
Definition
mitochondrial matrix
Term
Aerobic organisms are
Definition
living organisms that require oxygen for growth and survival
Term
The mitochondrial matrix is
Definition
the space within the inner membrane of the mitochondrion that contains hundreds of enzymes that function as part of the Krebs cycle.
Term
During the Kreb's Cycle, glucose, a sugar molecule or carbohydrate, combines with oxygen to produce ____, _____ and _____
Definition
carbon dioxide, water and adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Term
ATP stands for
Definition
adenosine triphosphate
Term
ATP is
Definition
the energy necessary for the living cells to function
Term
carbon dioxide and water are the waste products of
Definition
the kreb's cycle
Term
he first and final products of the Krebs cycle are
Definition
citric acid
Term
A molecule called _____ combines with a chemical compound called _____ to create a citrate, or citric acid
Definition
Acetyl-CoA; oxaloacetate
Term
The Acetyl CoA molecule produces ____ molecules of NADH
Definition
3
Term
in the Kreb's cycle, NADH is a
Definition
reducing agent that transfers electrons to other
Term
Cell
Definition
the fundamental unit of both structure and function in a living being
Term
Simplest form of living entities
Definition
single cell organisms such as bacteria
Term
Differentiates
Definition
cells become specialized to carry out a particular function
Term
Basic cells functions include:
Definition
Performing chemical reactions that use nutrients and O2
Eliminating carbon dioxide surrounding the cell
Synthesizing proteins
Controlling the exchange of amteriasl betweens cells and environment
Moving materiasl from one part of cell to another
Being sensitive and responsive to change in environment
Reproducing
Term
enzymes
Definition
specialized proteins that speed up particular chemical reactions in the body
Term
Lumen
Definition
cavity within a hollow organ or tube
Term
glands
Definition
epithelial tissue derivatives specialized for secretion
Term
Exocrine glands secret through ducts to
Definition
outside the body
Term
Endocrine glands lack ducts and secrete
Definition
internally into the blood
Term
body systems
Definition
collection of organs that perform related functions and interact to accomplish a common activity essential for the survival of the whole body
Term
Intracellular fluid (ICF)-
Definition
fluid collectively contained within all body cells
Term
Extracellular fluid (ECF)-
Definition
fluid located outside the cells
Term
ECF is made up of two components
Definition
Plasma
Interstitial fluid
Term
Plasma
Definition
fluid portion of the blood
Term
Interstitial fluid
Definition
surround and bathes the cells
Term
Pathophysiology
Definition
abnormal functioning of the body
Term
Plasma membrane
Definition
thin membranous structure that encloses each cell and is composed mostly of lipids and studded with proteins
Term
Nuclear envelope
Definition
separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell
Term
Nuclear pores
Definition
allow necessary traffic to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
Term
ribosomes
Definition
place where protein synthesis takes place
Term
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-
Definition
elaborate fluid filled membranous system distributed extensively throughout the cytosol
Term
Hydrolysis
Definition
reactions that break down organic material by the addition of water
Term
Vary in shape and size depending on the contents they are digesting
Definition
lysosomes
Term
Autophagy-
Definition
selective lysosome self digestion is a way to replace parts
Term
Peroxisomes
Definition
organelles that produce and decompose hydrogen peroxide
Term
catalase
Definition
enzymes that decompose potent H2O2 into harmless H2O and O2
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
extract energy form the nutrients in food and transform it into usable forms for cell activities
Term
Mitochondrial reticulum
Definition
organized system that distributes materials essential for generating energy
Term
ATP
Definition
high energy phosphate bonds that is a converted form of energy for cells
Term
ADP
Definition
created when ATP is split
Used to obtain immediate usable energy for the cell
Term
Three major types of protein fibers:
Definition
Collagen, Elastin, Fibronectin
Term
Tonicity of a solution
Definition
effect the solution has one the cell volume; whether is remains the same size, swells, or shrinks
Term
Polarization
Definition
charges are separated across the plasma membrane so the membrance has potential
Term
Depolarization
Definition
membrane becomes less polarized; the inside becomes less negative than as resting potential
Term
Repolarization
Definition
membrane returns to resting potential
Term
Hyperpolarization
Definition
membrane becomes more polarized, the inside becomes more negative
Term
GRADED POTENTIAL
Definition
Term
KREBS
Definition
Supporting users have an ad free experience!