Term
| The three types of lymphocytes |
|
Definition
Natural Killer
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes |
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|
Term
| What are Natural Killer cells? |
|
Definition
| cells that make up 5% lymphocytes; they attack bacteria, transplanted tissue, infected host cells, and cancerous cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that make up 80% of lymphocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
| cells that make up 15% of lymphocytes; they produce the Igs |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| CT phagocytes that develop form monocytes; they present antigenic fragments to T cells through APCs |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are dendritic cells? |
|
Definition
| mobile APC's of epidermal, mucous membranes, and lymphatic organs |
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|
Term
| What are Reticular Cells? |
|
Definition
| stationary APC's in stroma of a lymphatic organ? |
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|
Term
| What is an example of a Reticular cell? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are the two types of defenses against pathogens? |
|
Definition
Non-specific (Innate) resistance
Specific (Adaptive) immunity |
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|
Term
| What are Non-Specific (Innate) resistors? |
|
Definition
| external barriers; WBC's macrophages, antimicrobial proteins, inflammation, fever |
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|
Term
| T/F; The effectiveness of non-specific resistance rely on prior Ag exposure. |
|
Definition
| False; the effectiveness does not rely on prior Ag exposure |
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|
Term
| What are the three types of external barriers? |
|
Definition
skin
mucous membranes
sub epithelial areolar tissue |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| external barrier; characterized by keratin, dry, nutrient-poor with an acid mantle |
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|
Term
| What is Mucous membranes? |
|
Definition
| external barrier; characterized by having a mucous coat that traps microbes, and has lysozyme |
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|
Term
| What are some examples of Mucous membranes? |
|
Definition
digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts,
and
stomach and vaginal acids |
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|
Term
| What is subepithelial areolar tissue? |
|
Definition
| external barrier; characterized by viscous gel made of hyaluronic acid |
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Term
| What are interferons secreted by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alert neighboring cells; alerted cell synthesizes of various proteins (ex: breaks down viral genes); activate NK and macrophages (nonspecific) |
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|
Term
| T/F; Complement system contributes to both nonspecific and specific. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What "kills everything and fixes it later"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is proteins synthesized in the complement system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The complement system is activated by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three pathways that activate the complement system? |
|
Definition
| classical, alternative, and lectin |
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|
Term
| Which of the 3 pathways in the complement system takes antibodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 mechanisms of pathogen destruction by complement? |
|
Definition
inflammation
immune clearance
phagocytosis
cytolysis |
|
|
Term
| What happens during inflammation? |
|
Definition
| C3a stimulates mast cells and basophils to secrete inflammatory chemicals (histamine is one); activates and attracts neutrophils, macrophages |
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|
Term
| What happens during immune clearance? |
|
Definition
| C3b binds with Ag-Ig complexes on RBC; macrophages and liver & spleen destroy the Ag-Ig complexes leaving the RBC's unharmed |
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|
Term
| What happens during Phagocytosis? |
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Definition
| C3b coats microbial cells with biding sites for phagocyte attachment |
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|
Term
| What happens during cytolysis? |
|
Definition
| C3b splits other complement proteins and binds to the enemy cell forming MAC that causes the cell to rupture |
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|
Term
| What forms a hole in the target cell? |
|
Definition
| membrane attack complex (MAC) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What does a 'mild' fever do? |
|
Definition
| promotes interferon activity and elevates metabolic rate to help accelerate repair and inhibits microbial reproduction |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of specific (adaptive) immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of specific (adaptive) immunity? |
|
Definition
Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity
and
humoral (Ig-mediated) immunity |
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|
Term
| What type of cells are used in cellular (cell-mediated) immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cells are used in humoral (Ig-mediated) immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in cellular (cell-mediated) immunity? |
|
Definition
| lymphocytes directly attack and destroy foreign cells or infected host cells; direct attack |
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|
Term
| What happens in humoral (Ig-mediated) immunity? |
|
Definition
| Igs 'flag' bacteria, loose viruses, or toxins, in order to target them for destruction; indirect attack |
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|
Term
| What is natural active immunity? |
|
Definition
| when the individuals own Ig's or T cells fight the infection |
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|
Term
| What is artificial active immunity? |
|
Definition
| when a vaccination activates B or T cells to fight the infection |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| dead or 'attenuated' pathogen that stimulates immune response without causing the disease |
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|
Term
| What is natural passive immunity? |
|
Definition
| temporary immunity using Igs from another person such as from mother passed through the placenta and milk |
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|
Term
| What is artificial passive immunity? |
|
Definition
| temporary immunity from the injection of Igs from other sources such as antiserum for snake bites and shots for botulism, rates, and tetanus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any molecule that triggers immune responses and are proteins |
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|
Term
| What are some examples of antigens? |
|
Definition
| foreign proteins polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, epitomes, and haptens |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| antigens that are too small, and must combine with a host macromolecule to become antigenic (ex: cosmetics, chemicals, penicillin) |
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|
Term
| T/F; T cells are from the PPSC and need 'immature' T cells to colonize them. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F; Certain stem cells in the hypothalamus develop into B cells. |
|
Definition
| False; Certain stem cells in the red bone marrow develop into B cells |
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Term
| T/F; B cells produce immunocompetent clones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is T cell's specific defense? |
|
Definition
| to attack and destroy diseased or foreign cells and 'remember' the Ag for protection of future infections |
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|
Term
| What are the 4 classes of T cells? |
|
Definition
cytotoxic T
helper T
regulatory T
memory T cells |
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|
Term
| What are cytotoxic T cells? |
|
Definition
| 'killer T cells' that carry out attack |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| T cells that promote the cytotoxic T cell and B cell action & nonspecific resistance |
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|
Term
| What are regulatory T cells? |
|
Definition
| T cells that inhibit cloning & cytokine secretion by other T cells; it also limits the immune response (protective) |
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|
Term
| What are memory T cells ? |
|
Definition
| T cells that are defended from the cytotoxic T cells and are responsible for memory in a cellular immunity |
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|
Term
| What are the 3 stages of cellular immunity? |
|
Definition
(RAM)
Recognition
Attack
Memory |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 classes of Ig? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Ig is most abundant in the body but not most abundant in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Ig is on B cell membranes as an Ag receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Ig is on basophils and mast cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Ig accounts for 80% of the circulation antibodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Ig is in plasma and lymphs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Ig attracts eosinophils to parasitic infections? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which Ig is the primary immune response, agglutination, and trigger complement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Ig prevents pathogen adherence to epithelial and infection? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which Ig can cross the placentas, acts as a secondary immune response, and complement fixation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Ig gives passive immunity to newborns? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which Ig can be found in plasma, mucus, saliva, tears, milk, and intestinal secretions? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the overall exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and body cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of Respiration? |
|
Definition
| O2 and CO2 exchange; vocalizations; smell; buffers pH and body fluids; affects BP; Pressure gradient; and breath holding |
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|
Term
| What does angiotensin II affect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is breath-holding an important function of respiration? |
|
Definition
| helps expel abdominal contents during urination, defection, and child birth (known as the Valsalva maneuver) |
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|
Term
| What is pulmonary ventilation? |
|
Definition
| repetitive cycle of inspiration and expiration |
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|
Term
| How do breathing muscles change lung volumes? |
|
Definition
| by creating pressure differences relative to atmosphere |
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|
Term
| What are the 4 inputs to respiratory centers? |
|
Definition
central chemoreceptors
peripheral chemoreceptors
stretch receptors
and
irritant receptors |
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|
Term
| What are central chemoreceptors? |
|
Definition
| found in the brainstem; they respond to pH changes of the cerebral spinal fluid |
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|
Term
| What are peripheral chemoreceptors? |
|
Definition
| carotid and aortic bodies |
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|
Term
| What are stretch receptors? |
|
Definition
| found in the smooth muscles of the brochi bronchioles; they exhibit the Hering-Breuer reflex |
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|
Term
| What is the Hering-Breuer reflex? |
|
Definition
| excessive inflation inhibits inspiratory neurons that is most important in newborns |
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|
Term
| What are irritant receptors? |
|
Definition
| found in the airway epithelial cells, they trigger bronchoconstriction, breath-holding, and coughing when irritated by smoke, duct, fumes, cold, air, etc |
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|
Term
| What are the 3 factors of resistance to airflow? |
|
Definition
bronchus/bronchiole diameter
pulmonary compliance
&
surface tension of the alveoli and distal bronchioles |
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|
Term
| What stimulates bronchodilation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stimulates bronchoconstriction? |
|
Definition
| histamine, parasympathetic nerves, cold air & chemical irritants |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| reduces surface tension of water |
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|
Term
| What does Hb unload in order to match metabolic needs of the tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 factors of adjustment to metabolic needs? |
|
Definition
ambient PO2
teperature
bohr effect
bisphosphoglycerate |
|
|
Term
| How does ambient PO2 adjust metabolic needs? |
|
Definition
| active tissue has low PO2; O2 is unloaded from Hb |
|
|
Term
| How does temperature adjust metabolic needs? |
|
Definition
| active tissue has high temperature; O2 unloading |
|
|
Term
| How does the Bohr effect adjust metabolic needs? |
|
Definition
| active tissue has high CO2, which lowers the pH of blood; O2 unloading |
|
|
Term
| How does the bisphosphoglycerate adjust metabolic needs? |
|
Definition
| RBC's produce BPG which binds to Hb; O2 is unloaded |
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|
Term
| What are the functions of the kidney? |
|
Definition
| filters blood plasma, eliminates wastes; regulates blood volume and BP; regulate osmolarity of body fluids; secretes renin; secretes erythropoietin; helps lungs regulate acid-base balance; final step in synthesizing calcitriol; gluconeogenesis from amino acids in extreme starvation |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| used to help make a hormone later on |
|
|
Term
| What does erythropoietin do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone for calcium homeostasis |
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|
Term
| T/F; the cortex & medulla have peritubular capillaries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F; The cortex has most of the nephron loops & vasa recta. |
|
Definition
| False: The medulla has most of the nephron loops & vasa recta. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 steps of urine formation? |
|
Definition
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
and
water reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| What does glomerular filtration do? |
|
Definition
| creates a plasma like filtrate of the blood |
|
|
Term
| What does tubular reabsorption do? |
|
Definition
| removes useful solutes from the filtrate, returns them to the blood |
|
|
Term
| T/F; Arrerent arterioles is larger than efferent arterioles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F; Corpuscles are only in the cortex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Glomerulus are vulnerable to hypotension. |
|
Definition
| False; Glomerulus are vulnerable to hypertension. |
|
|
Term
| What is the myogenic mechanism? |
|
Definition
| stretch; when your BP increases you constrict the afferent arteriole, dilate efferent arteriole, and this stabilizes GFR (and visa versa) |
|
|
Term
| What is the tubuloglomerular feedback? |
|
Definition
| if the GFR rises the tubular fluid increases, the macula dense stimulates JG cells, |
|
|
Term
| How effective is auto regulation? |
|
Definition
| does not completely prevent changes in GFR; and cannot compensate for the extremes in BP |
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