Term
Veins typically carry 1. blood 2. the heart.
Arteries typically carry 3. blood 4. the heart. |
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Definition
1. Deoxygenated
2. Towards
3. Oxygenated
4. Away |
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Term
| Look at the chart on page 48 |
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Definition
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Term
| Veins are 1. , that is they are easily inflated with blood, and they have 2. (similar to 3. vlaves in the heart). |
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Definition
1. Distensible
2. Valves
3. Semilunar |
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Term
| In the return upward trip to the heart, gravity favors blood pooling in the large veins of the 1. (a process called 2. ), decreasing the amount returned to the heart ( a process called 3. ). |
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Definition
1. Lower extremities
2. Venous pooling
3. Venous return |
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Term
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Definition
| parallel and inside major muscle groups |
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Term
| When muscles contract, their bellies squeeze veins and force blood in both directions through a process known as... |
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Definition
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Term
| Since valves prevent flow, the squeezing forces the blood out of the and back toward the . |
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Definition
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Term
| Arteries are characteristically 1. , with a high proportion of 2. tissue to resist deformation by the 3. , so that arteries return to their smaller size after the pulse of blood moved through. |
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Definition
1. thick-walled
2. elastic
3. high arterial pressures
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Term
| The elastic tissue that composes arteries is primarily composed of the proteins, 1. and 2. . |
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Definition
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Term
| Defects that weaken the walls of arteries cause a "ballooning out" or .... |
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Definition
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Term
| The aorta is vulernable to a , an aneurysm that results from the blood under pressure slipping between layers and causing them to separate to create the aneurysm. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most disease occurs with the.... |
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Definition
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Term
| The tunica intima (i=inner) is made up of.. |
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Definition
endothelial cells
connective tissue
elastic tissue |
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Term
| The innermost layer of an artery is called the 1. . The middle layer is called the 2. , and the outermost layer is called the 3. . |
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Definition
1. Tunica Intima
2. Tunica Media
3. Tunica Adventitia
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Term
| What are the volume vessels and what percent of total blood volume do they hold? |
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Definition
Venules, Veins, Vena Cava
54% |
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Term
| There is an additional 1. % of blood in the heart and 2. % of blood in the pulmonary circulation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Look at the chart on page 51 |
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Definition
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Term
| Look at the graph on page 51 (bottom) |
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Definition
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Term
| The Aorta, Arteries, and Arterioles are known as... |
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Definition
| Resistance (Pressure) vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| The buildup of plaque in the walls of the meduim-to-large arteries, causing arteriosclerosis. |
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Term
| The plaque first builds in the 1. , that is , just outside the inner layer of the artery. The resulting bulging decreases the diameter of the artery, reducing blood flow. Major risk factors for atherosclerosis are: |
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Definition
1. sub-intima
High LDL and low HDL
High triglycerides in the blood
Smoking
Diabetes Mellitus (raises A and B) |
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Term
| What is Arteriosclerosis? |
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Definition
| ANy process that causes arteries or arterioles to become stiffer, less distensible. Some loss of elasticity may be due to aging, most due to advanced atherosclerosis |
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Term
Look at the sequence on the bottom of page 52
Atherosclerosis leads to Arteriosclerosis |
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Definition
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Term
If there is an embolism or thrombus occluding an artery in the
1. Brain
2. Heart
3. Lungs
4. Legs (Deep vein thrombosis)
what is it called? |
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Definition
1. Cerebrovascular Stroke
2. Myocardial Infarction
3. Pulmonary Embolism
4. Phlebitis |
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Term
| What are some unique features about the Coronary Circulation? |
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Definition
Only 2 coronary arteries, right and left, that give rise to all of the coronary circulation
No coronary veins, drainage directly into the ventricles
Circulation through the heart stops during each contraction; high myoglobin required to store oxygen between pulses
Blood flow is controlled locally by autoregulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Low O2 in the blood-> endothelial cells release bradykinin petides-> arteriole smooth muscle relaxes -> arterioles dilate -> blood flow increases |
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Term
| What are the unique features about the Brain Circulation |
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Definition
Circle of Willis
Blood flow within the brain is almost entirely by autoregulation (Brain always has priority over other circulations. Brain blood flow is very stable). |
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Term
| Describe the Circle of Willis... |
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Definition
| A redundant blood supply from 4 major arteries: 3 major anastomoses (fused vessels) form a combined circulation from the two carotid and the two vertebral arteries. Parts of the circle are poorly developed in humans. Helps prevent loss of blood supply to the brain. |
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Term
| What are the unique features of the Skin Circulation? |
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Definition
Capable of large blood flow; major contributor of heat loss
System of Arteriovenous shunts direct blood either through top layers of skin if constricted (causing heat loss) or back to deep layers of the skin (causing heat to be saved)
Blood flow is strongly regulated by the BSCV Center, which is infulence by the temperature control centers in the brain |
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Term
| What are the unique features of the Pulmonary Circulation? |
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Definition
All vessels (including the pulmonary artery) are thin-walled and distensible; fill easily wiht blood leading to a low pressure and low resistance system
Pulmonary capillaries have almost no basement membrane between capillary and air-sacs (alveoli), leading to easy gas exchange |
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Term
| What are the unique features of the digestive system circulation? |
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Definition
Strongly constricted by the BSCV center; shut down during exercise
Strong autoregulation can overpower BSCV center
All digestive system blood, from stomach, pancreas, and gut, drains into portal vein which leads to the liver. |
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Term
| What are the unique features of the Skeletal muscle circulation? |
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Definition
Very strongly dilated by autoregulation during exercise
Strongly constricted by BSCV center when resting |
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Term
| Look over the page 54!!!!!! |
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Definition
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Term
| Look at page 55, 56 !!!!! |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Cardiac muscle in ventricles is arranged in... |
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Definition
| 3 layers to contract like a fist and push blood from the bottom to the top |
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Term
| Cardiac muscle (thin) and (thick) filaments are arranged like . |
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Definition
Actin
Myosin
Skeletal muscles |
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Term
| Cardiac muscle cells are 1. with the 2. . |
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Definition
1. Electrically couples via gap junctions
2. Intercalated discs |
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Term
| Cardiac muscles are 1. ; this protects the heart from 2. . |
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Definition
1. Slow to repolarize
2. fibrillation |
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Term
| Contractures of the hart are coordinated by an 1. of modified muscle cells known as 2. . |
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Definition
1. Electrical propagation system
2. Purkinje cells |
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Term
| Electrical excitation proceeds from 1. to 2. to 3. to 4. in 5. , wich follow the path from 6. (bottom) of ventricles to top of ventricles. |
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Definition
1. Pacemaker Area (SA node)
2. Atria (atrial muscle)
3. AV node
4. Bundles of HIS
5. Ventricles
6. Apex |
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Term
| Spontaneous contraction rate of pacemakes is increased by 1. (= 2. ) from 3. ( from 4. , sympathetic NS) and decreased by 5. from the 6. (parasympathetic NS). |
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Definition
1. Nor-epinephrine
2. Noradrenaline
3. Cardioaccelerator nerves
4. BSCV center
5. Acetylcholine
6. Valgus nerve |
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Term
| Acetylcholine comes from the 1. , which is run by the 2. nervous system, and 3. heart rate. |
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Definition
1. Valgus Nerve
2. Parasympathetic
3. Decreases |
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Term
| Nor-Epinephrine comes from the 1. , which is governed by the 2. nervous system, and 3. heart rate. |
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Definition
1. Cardioaccelerator Nerves
2. Sympathetic
3. Increases |
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Term
| Centricle contraction cycle is divided into two parts... |
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Definition
1. Contraction Phase of ventricle = Ejection phase = Systole
2. Relaxation Phase of ventricle = Filling phase = Diastole |
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Term
| Each ventricle fills with new blood coming in from the atria, plus the blood left over from the last beat. This is called the... |
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Definition
| End diastolic volume or EDV, about 140 ml before contraction |
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Term
| The volume of blood pumped out (or ejected) from each ventricle with each beat is called the... |
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Definition
| Stroke volume, about 70-80 ml per beat from each ventricle (70+70=140ml) |
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Term
| The Frank-Starling law of the heart can be stated as: |
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Definition
| Within limits, Stroke Volume is proportional to End-Diastolic Volume |
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Term
| Another way of stating this is that... |
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Definition
| Within limits, all the new blood that enters the heart each beat will be pumped out. |
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Term
| Overstretching of cardiac muscle fibers leads to... |
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Definition
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Term
| Look at the picture on page 59 (both) |
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Definition
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Term
Contraction of the heart gives us...
Relaxation of the heart gives us |
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Definition
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Term
| During contraction (systole) large numbers of muscle cells are electrically active at one time (especially the ventricles), producing a |
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Definition
| Compound action potential |
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Term
| Compound action potentials produce an electric current carried by the salt solutions of the body, that is large enough to be measured with a simple electrical amplifier, usuing silver electrodes and a NaCl past to make a 1. through the skin. |
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Definition
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Term
| Coordinated waves of electrical activity move over the regions of heart muscle as sets of heart muscle cells depolarize, then repolarize again. |
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Definition
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Term
| Recordings are 1. ; which means that... |
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Definition
| Position-sensitive; depending on where the EKG is measure, each electrode combination give a different electrical perspective of the hearts electrical activity |
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Term
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Definition
| Small wave of atrial depolarization of about 200 million atrial muscle cells. |
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Term
| What should we remember about Atrial repolarization? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Large wave of ventricular depolarization of about 2 billion ventricule muscle cells, from bottom to top |
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Term
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Definition
| A large wave of ventricular repolarization of about 2 billion ventricle muscles from bottom to top |
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Term
| When the circulation ot the heart is poor, the ventricle muscle becomes irritable, the 1. interval shortens until it becomes an 2. . |
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Definition
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Term
| The inverted T-wave is... |
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Definition
| repolarization so fast that the T runs into the S limb of the QRS wave |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Two-Phase Pumping Cycle? |
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Definition
Contraction (Ejection) Phase: Systole
Relaxation (Filling) Phase: Diastole |
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Term
| During systole, what is going on? |
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Definition
| A-V valves are closed; semilunar valves are opened (blood would go back if they weren't) |
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Term
| During Diastole, what is happening? |
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Definition
| A-V valves are open; semi-lunar valves are closed |
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Term
| What are the Heart (Valve) sounds? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes the "Lub" sound? |
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Definition
| A-V valves close at the beginning of systole |
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Term
| What makes the "Dup" sound? |
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Definition
| Semilunar (arterial) valves close at the end of systole |
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Term
| Abnormal heart sounds, 1. ; "shhhh-ing" sound may occur before or after the normal lub-dup sounds. These are caused tiher by a leaking valve (2. ) or by a narrowing of a valve opening or blood vessel (3. or 4. ) |
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Definition
1. Heart murmurs
2. Valvular regurgitation
3. Valvular
4. Vascular Stenosis |
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Term
1. P wave=
2. QRS complex=
3. T wave= |
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Definition
1. Atrial depolarization
2. Ventricular depolarization
3. Ventricular repolarization |
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Term
Remember... "Electrical evens always precede mechanical events" meaning that...
Depolarization precedes 1.
Repolarization precedes 2. . |
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Definition
1. Contraction
2. Relaxation |
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Term
| The aorta and pulmonary artery.... |
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Definition
| "balloon-out" with each ventricular contraction |
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Term
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Definition
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