Term
| What is the Total Blood Volume for a 150 lbs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Plasma Volume for that same man? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Red Blood Cell Volume for that same man? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bone marrow consists of about 1. actively-dividing 2. and 3. resting 4. , or fatty yellow marrow. |
|
Definition
1. 20%
2. Red Marrow Cells
3. 80%
4. Myelogenous |
|
|
Term
What is the actively-dividing type of bone marrow?
What is the resting myelogenous type of bone marrow? |
|
Definition
Red Marrow Cells
Fatty Yellow Marrow |
|
|
Term
| When red marrow cells are stimulated, what do they do? |
|
Definition
| They expand and replace myelogenous marrow. |
|
|
Term
| What are the formed elements of the blood? |
|
Definition
Erythrocytes
Platelets
Granulocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| Where are Erythrocytes, Platelets, Granulocytes, Monocytes, and Lymphocytes made? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are lymphocytes also made? |
|
Definition
| In the medullary zones of the lymp nodes of the lymphatic drainage system. |
|
|
Term
| What formed element of blood is also made in the medullary zones of the lymph nodes of the lymphatic drainage system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Totla marrow content is about lbs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About what percent of the red marrow activity is for white blood cell production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About what percent of red marrow activity is for red blood cell production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This accounts for 75% of the red marrow activity... |
|
Definition
| White blood cell production |
|
|
Term
| This accounts for about 25% of red marrow activity... |
|
Definition
| Red Blood Cell Production |
|
|
Term
| Blood cell production represents the... |
|
Definition
| highest rate of cell division in the body. |
|
|
Term
| How many RBS's are produced each second in the red marrows? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many times higher can RBC production get and what can it cause? |
|
Definition
6 times the rate of 2.6 million per second
Bone fractures in the fingers and skull |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary marrow sites? |
|
Definition
Vertebrae
Ribs and Sternum
Skull (calvarium)
Proximal ends of the humerus (upper arm)
Proximal ends of the femur (thigh)
Iliac Crest of the Pelvis |
|
|
Term
| In the developing human embryo, blood is formed in the 1. . In the 3-7 month old fetus, blood is formed primarily in the 2. , some in the 3. . After 7 months, all blood cell production is primarily in the 4. . |
|
Definition
1. Yolk Sac
2. Liver
3. Spleen
4. Bone Marrows |
|
|
Term
| Blood is formed in the Yolk Sac in a 1. . Blood cells are formed primarily in the liver (some in the spleen) in the 2. month old fetus. All blood cell production is primarily in the bone marrows after 3. . |
|
Definition
1. Developing Human Embryo
2. 3-7
3. 7 months |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Underproduction of Red Blood Cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The overproduction of RBCs |
|
|
Term
| Anemia is the 1. of RBCs, whereas Polycythemia is the 2. of RBCs. |
|
Definition
1. Underproduction
2. Overproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Overproduction of abnormal WBCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Underproduction of certain WBC lines |
|
|
Term
| Leukopenia is the 1. of certain WBC lines, and leukemia is the 2. of abnormal white blood cells. |
|
Definition
1. Underproduction
2. Overproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Complete cessation of all RBC and WBC production (caused by some drugs, radiation) |
|
|
Term
| Caused by some drugs and radiation, what is the name given to the complete cessation of all RBC and WBC production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the diameter of a RBC?
What is the thickness of a RBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 7 properties of a RBC? |
|
Definition
1. No Nucleus
2. Shape= Biconcave Disc
3. Osmotically Active: Shrinks and Swells
4. Cell is Distensible (bends and returns to the original shape)
5. Most abundant protein the the cell (35%) is the oxygen-binding pigment known as hemoglobin.
6. RBC has active metabolism; can generate ATC by glycolysis enzymes.
7. RBC contains a high level of carbonic anhydrase enzyme |
|
|
Term
| Why does a RBC have no nucleus and what does this mean? |
|
Definition
| It was pinched off during erythropoiesis, which means there is no new RNA or protein synthesis. |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of the RBCs biconcave disk shape? |
|
Definition
| It produces a maximum surface-area-to-volume ratio, making it the best for rapid gas exchange: (O2 for CO2 in the lungs) |
|
|
Term
| How is the biconcave-disk shape of a RBC created? |
|
Definition
| Because the cytoskeleton is made primarily of actin, spectrin, and band 4.1 proteins. |
|
|
Term
| The shape of the RBC leads to what type of formation during flow in vessels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypotonic solutions (less than how many Osmolar) cause the RBC to ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As RBCs age, they also tend to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The swelling of RBCs that accompanies aging causes... |
|
Definition
| Holes to form in the cell membrane, causing hemoglobin to leak out of the cell and into solution through a process known as hemolysis. |
|
|
Term
| A RBC in a Hypertonic Solution (greater than how many OsM) will... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does it mean if a cell is distensible? |
|
Definition
| It can bend and return to its original shape |
|
|
Term
| As RBCs age, they seem to become less... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 35% of the protein in a RBC is |
|
Definition
| The oxygen-binding pigment Hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| RBC has active metabolism, which means... |
|
Definition
| It can generate ATP by glycolysis enzymes, which are used to run Na+/K+ active transport system (which maintains low Na+, high K+ inside) |
|
|
Term
| RBC contain a high level of Enzyme, whic is important for carrying . |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the normal Red Blood Cell Values based on? |
|
Definition
| 150lb/70kg male; normal range +/- 15 range; female values are -10% |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal value for hematocrit? |
|
Definition
| 45% of whole-blood value (38%-52%) |
|
|
Term
| What is the measurement for packed cell volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal Hemoglobin Concentration? |
|
Definition
| (Hb)b= 15.8 gm/100 ml blood (13.4-18.2 gm%) |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal Red Blood Cell Count? |
|
Definition
| RBC= 5.4 million cells/mm3 (4.6-6.2 x 106/mm3) |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal reticulocyte amount? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average lifetime of a Red Blood Cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemoglobin is a 1. composed of 2. amino acids with a molecular weight of 3. |
|
Definition
1.Protein
2. 574
3. 64,640 gm/mol |
|
|
Term
| Hemoglobin is composed of... |
|
Definition
| 4 Heme (pigment ring structures) + 4 Globins (protein subunits) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 Globins composed of? |
|
Definition
| 2 Alpha (141 amino acids) + 2 Beta (146 amino acids) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 Hemes composed of? |
|
Definition
| Rings (porphyrin rings) made from the amino acid glycine and succinyl CoA. |
|
|
Term
| The Heme rings are made of 1. which is an 2. , and 3. . |
|
Definition
1. Glycine
2. Amino Acid
3. Succinyl CoA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trapped within the porphyrin ring is a 1. , which can bind 2. . |
|
Definition
1. 1 trapped Fe2+ ion
2. 1 O2 molecule |
|
|
Term
| During embryonic life, cells make 1. instead of Beta globin subunits; during foetal life 2. , cells make 3. instead of Beta. The 4. subunits are always made. |
|
Definition
1. Epsilon
2. 2-9 mos
3. Gamma
4. Alpha |
|
|
Term
| What are the steps in hemoglobin synthesis during development of RBC (transition from erythroblast to normoblast) |
|
Definition
A. Rapid Synthesis of Globin Protein Subunits and Heme Rings
B. Active Transport (Uptake) of Fe3+ from blood -> Bone-Marrow Cells
C. Conversion of Fe3+ ion to Fe2+ ion and insertion into heme ring
D. Rapid Cell Division |
|
|
Term
| Explain the Rapid Synthesis of Globin Protein Subunits and Heme Rings... |
|
Definition
| They require a large supply of many amino acids for globins and the amino acid glycine for heme synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Explain the requirement of Active Transport (uptake) of Fe3+ from the blood -> Bone-Marrow Cells |
|
Definition
| This process requires adequate iron in diet and/or adequate stored iron |
|
|
Term
| Why do you have to convert Fe3+ ion to Fe2+ ion? |
|
Definition
| Fe3+ is toxic in the bloodstream and Fe2+ is required for the heme ring |
|
|
Term
| What does Rapid Cell Division require? |
|
Definition
| Vitamin B12(stored) and Folic Acid (not stored) |
|
|
Term
| What is Red Blood Cell Production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The level of RBCs in the blood is 1. . Therefore, new cell division must produce new erythrocytes at.... |
|
Definition
1. Constant
2. abou the same rate as old ones are lost or destroyed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rate of RBC destruction
production=destruction |
|
|
Term
| What is the protein hormonal factor called that stimulated the production of new RBCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is erythropoietin produced? |
|
Definition
| In the Macula Densa Cells of the Kidney |
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of Erythropoiesis? |
|
Definition
Comitted Stem Cell (-> more Committed Stem Cells) --> Or, with Erythropoietin stimulation--> Erythroblast -> (several divisions -> Normoblasts ->(nucleus lost, 25% cells destoyed in marrow) -> Reticulocytes -> enter circulation)->(3-5 days)-> Mature Red Blood Cell
Look at page 22 |
|
|
Term
| The percent of young red blood cells in the circulation is directly relate to... |
|
Definition
| the rate of production of new red blood cells in the marrows. |
|
|
Term
| The cell loses a nucleus when it is released into the circulation... what is the first cell that does not have a nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The level of hemoglobin/red blood cell production is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rate of red blood cell production |
|
|
Term
| Hemoglobin/red blood cell production varies 1. with the level of 2. . So, as [HbO2]art in the kidney falls, PRBC 3. . |
|
Definition
1. Inversely
2. Oygenated Hemoglobin in Kidney Arterial Blood
3. Rises |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the hormose that stimulates RBC production? Where is its precursor secreted? |
|
Definition
Erythropoietin
Macula Densa Cells of the Kidney |
|
|
Term
| The secretion of EPO is 1. related to the level of 2. in the renal arteries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ oxygenates the Hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The level of oxygenated hemoglobin HbO2 is kept 1. in the blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Like many control systems (i.e. 1. , 2. , and 3. ) that maintain something at a constant level, it operates on the principle of a 4. . |
|
Definition
1. Blood Pressure
2. Blood Acidity
3. Respiration
4. Negative Feedback Loop
|
|
|
Term
| In this regulator, when the level of oxygenated hemoglobin falls, the level of the hormone EPO does what? |
|
Definition
| Rises, and the bone marrow begins to produce more RBCs to compensate |
|
|
Term
What is the production rate of red blood cells or PRBC?
What is the percent of [Hb]b?
What is the percent of [HbO2]art? |
|
Definition
2x1011 RBC/day
15.8 gm%
15.0% |
|
|
Term
| What gas binds more actively with hemoglobin than oxygen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ferric Ion, or 1. is absorbed by the 2. . The efficiency of this process leads to about 3. of iron in your diet? |
|
Definition
1. Fe3+
2. Gut Epithelial Cells
3. 10% (i.e. you get 10% of whatever you eat, so if you eat more, you get more) |
|
|
Term
| What are the iron requirements for males? |
|
Definition
| 10-20 mg dietary Fe3+/day. (about 1 mg absorbed) |
|
|
Term
| What are the Iron Requirements for Females? |
|
Definition
| 20 mg dietary Fe3+/day (about 2 mg absorbed) |
|
|
Term
| Why do females need more iron in their diet? |
|
Definition
| due to menstrual blood loss |
|
|
Term
| What is the dietary iron amount required during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Iron as Fe3+ is carried in the blood by a specific transport protein known as 1. , which is made in the 2. . |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It's important to remember that free iron in the blood is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transferrin transports dietary iron from the 1. to 2. , and 3. from 4. in the 5. & . |
|
Definition
1. Small intestine
2. Red bone marrow
3. recycled
4. destroyed RBCs
5. Liver and Spleen |
|
|
Term
| Erithrocyte-forming marrow cells actively transport Fe3+ from the blood and convert it to the 1. . |
|
Definition
| 1. Fe2+ ionic form in the rings |
|
|
Term
| Excess iron (Fe3+) is stored in microscopic granules known as 1. -- 2. 3. . |
|
Definition
1. Iron-Protein Complexes
2. Ferritin
3. Hemosiderin |
|
|
Term
| Ferritin and Hemosiderin store excess Fe3+ in the 1. and 2. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximately how many grams total iron are stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two Iron Problems we are responsible to know? |
|
Definition
1. Iron-deficiency Anemia
2. Iron Poisoning |
|
|
Term
| What is the Iron Problem relating to low iron? What are the signs for this problem? |
|
Definition
Iron deficiency anemia
Target cells, low hematocrit, pica |
|
|
Term
| What are the main causes of iron deficiency? |
|
Definition
Menstrual blood loss
Pregnancy
In Men & Older Women: GI bleeding from ulcers or cancers of the GI tract
|
|
|
Term
| How many milligrams of Fe3+ can be used during a single pregnancy and what for? |
|
Definition
1500mg
Foetal blood supply
Larger maternal blood supply to the uterus, placenta
Blood loss at birth
Lactation (iron supplied in milk to newborn) |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat iron deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Oral Iron Glucuronide supplements (tablets) |
|
|
Term
| What is the problem of excess iron that we discussed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain what iron poisoning is... |
|
Definition
| An acute overdose free iron (Fe3+), usually from iron supplements ingested by small children. This is dangerous because there is absorbed free iron in excess of transferrin required to carry it, leading to free Fe3+ in circulation. Having this free iron can lead to brain damage, coma, and death. |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat iron poisoning? |
|
Definition
| Chelator (a compound which binds metal ions, like EDTA) administered I.V. to bind free iron |
|
|
Term
| As RBCs age, they become 1. causing them to be 2. by 3. of the 4. . This leads to 5. . |
|
Definition
1. Pudgy
2. Marked for destruction
3. Reticuloendothelial cells (~macrophages)
4. Bone marrow, liver, and spleen
5. cell engulfment, digestion, and breakdown of hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the Hemes? |
|
Definition
| They breakdown into Fe3+ and bile pigments. Fe3+ goes into the iron storage proteins, ferritin and hemosiderin stored in the liver and marrows. Bile pigments, the major being bilirubin, are unusable and are excreted. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the Globin molecule? |
|
Definition
| Since it is a protein, it is simply broken down into amino acids and recycled. |
|
|
Term
| Bile pigments cannot be recycled and must be removed from the blood or they cause 1. and eventual 2. . |
|
Definition
1. Jaundice
2. Brain Dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| In order for bile pigments to be excreted, they must be made into a more 1. form. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once a RBC is destroyed by reticuloendothelial cells and the heme molecule is broken down into Fe3+ (which is stored in the Ferrin and Hemosiderin proteins within the liver and marrow) and bile pigments (bilirubin), the bile pigments are then carried in the 1. to the 2. . |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once Bilirubin is in the liver, they are 1. with water-soluble 2. to become 3. . |
|
Definition
1. conjugated
2. Glucuronic Acid
3. Conjugated Bilirubin |
|
|
Term
| Some bile is made water-soluble in a... |
|
Definition
| photochemical reaction with light in the skin. |
|
|
Term
| Once the bilirubin is conjugated and efficiently extracted from the 1. by the 2. it is then secreted into 3. . Then, bilirubin leaves the (answer to #2) via the 4. where it then goes to the 5. and is 6. . |
|
Definition
1.Blood
2. Liver
3. Bile Canaliculi
4. Common bile duct
5. Small Intestine
6. Excreted |
|
|
Term
| Some bilirubin is also filtered in the 1. from the blood into 2. and then excreted. |
|
Definition
1. Kidney
2. Renal tubules |
|
|
Term
| The liver----> gut movement of bile is called 1. . |
|
Definition
| 1. Enterohepatic Circulation |
|
|
Term
| Within the small intestine, the bile is secreted into the 1. . Then, the reabsorption of 2. ; Retention and exrection of 3. occurs via the 4. . This then travels to the 5. where there is the reabsorption of bile salts, which are recycled for fat absorption. |
|
Definition
1. Lumen
2. Bile Salts
3. Bile pigments
4. Portal Vein
5. Liver |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary sign of high levels of bile pigments in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the causes of jaundice? |
|
Definition
1. Liver disease (hepatits, cirrhosis)
2. Bile-duct obstruction (gall-stones)
3. Excess hemoglobin breakdown (Hemolytic anemia)
4. Liver immaturity (common in infants |
|
|
Term
| How to bili-lights or bili-blankets work? |
|
Definition
| They help generate a water-soluble form of bilirubin in exposed (thin) skin |
|
|
Term
What is the definition of Anemia?
What is the definition of Polycythemia? |
|
Definition
Anemia= [Hb]b less than normal
Polycythemia= [Hb]b greater than normal |
|
|
Term
| What is the disease/condition affecting the bone-marrow-production component? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does a viral infection effect bone-marrow production? |
|
Definition
| Viral infections supress bone marrow activity and cell division. This would make the % reticulocytes decrease leading to less RBCs in circulation and less [Hb]b. |
|
|
Term
| What is the disease/condition affecting the circulating RBC/Hb component that we discussed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does a hemorrhage affect the circulating RBC/Hb component? |
|
Definition
| With less RBC in circulation, you'll have overall less Hb, leading to less [HbO2], meaning the macula densa cells will stimulate the release of more EPO causing more RBC production. |
|
|
Term
| What are the diseases and conditions affecting the lung-oxygen component that we discussed? |
|
Definition
Pneumonia
Acclimatization to high altitude
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning |
|
|
Term
| What are the three steps to hemostasis? |
|
Definition
Vasoconstriction
Platelet Plug Formation
Fibrin Clot Formation |
|
|
Term
| An injury occurs, breaking the blood vessel and exposing collagen. What happens next? |
|
Definition
| Platelets touch the exposed collagen, release seretonin at the site of injury, which then causes immediate vasoconstriction. |
|
|
Term
| After seretonin stimulates immediate vasoconstriction, what happens next? |
|
Definition
| Platelets become "sticky" and adhere to the exposed collagen outside the blood vessel. This triggers the release of ADP. |
|
|
Term
| Once platelets begin to adhere to one another and the collagen, and the release of ADP begins, what is the next step? |
|
Definition
| The ADP cycle begins: ADP causes more platelets to stick to adherent platelets, causing the release of more ADP, which in turn causes more platelets to adhere to the growing plug and release more ADP...until finally a platelet plug is formed. |
|
|
Term
| What is important to remember about the platelet plug? |
|
Definition
| It is a temporary structure |
|
|
Term
| Once the platelet plug is established, the exposed tissues and platelets then |
|
Definition
| initiate a chain of enzyme activation steps (enzyme cascade) to form a fibrin clot. |
|
|
Term
| Once the fibrin clot is formed... |
|
Definition
| The blot is replaced with new blood vessel cells and scar tissue is laid down by fibroblasts. |
|
|
Term
| Look at the graph on page 32 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A platelet is not strictly a cell, but is a 1. about 2. the size of a RBC. It is derived from the bone-marrow cell, the 3. , whose division is controlled by the hormone 4. . |
|
Definition
1. Cell fragment
2. 1/5
3. Megakaryocyte
4. Thrombopoietin |
|
|
Term
| Explain the role the megakaryocyte plays in platelet formation.. |
|
Definition
| The megakaryocyte extends its pseudopods filled with microtubules through the fenestrated capillaries of the bone marrow. These long, thin processes are sheared off by the flow of blood and further broken down into fragments as they travel through the blood. |
|
|
Term
| The result of the formation of platelets creates platelet fragments that are 1. roughly 2. in the blood, each containing 3. . |
|
Definition
1. irregular
2. polygonal particles
3. microtubules |
|
|
Term
| When platelets are activated by 1. it transforms into a round flattened disc. 2. proteins appear in the membrane of the platelet, which provides the mechanism for 3. the 4. forming around the 5. . |
|
Definition
1. Collagen
2. Fibrin receptor
3. "tightening"
4. Fibrin clot
5. Platelet plug |
|
|
Term
What type of granules are high is ADP?
What type of granules are high in seretonin, responsible for the vasoconstriction step? |
|
Definition
1. Alpha granules
2. Dense granules |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal platelet count? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The protein subunits used in forming the fibrin clot are called 1. and are formed in the 2. . |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibrinogen are 1. into long strands called 2. by the enzyme 3. . |
|
Definition
1. Polymerized
2. Fibrin
3. Thrombin |
|
|
Term
| What is required for a fibrin formation to occur? |
|
Definition
| An initiator substance (either collagen protein or tissue thromboplastin) + a group of 12-14 plasma proteins, the clotting factors (mostly activated enzymes) + Ca2+ ion. |
|
|
Term
| What organ synthesizes factors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vitamin is from dietary and intestinal bacterial sources and is required for the carboxylase enxyme activation of factors 2, 7, 9, 10? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ion is required for most steps in the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways to blood clotting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two calcium chelators block clotting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 1. starts an 2. , a series of reactions in which factors which are 3. , are activated by the next previous factor. |
|
Definition
1. Initiator
2. Enzyme cascade
3. Inactivated enzymes
|
|
|
Term
| What is a normal fibrinogen level? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does PTT stand for and which pathway does it test? |
|
Definition
Partial Thromboplastin Time
Intrinsic + Common Pathway |
|
|
Term
| What factors does the PTT test? |
|
Definition
Intrinsic= 12, 11, 9, 8
Common= 10, 5, 2, 1 |
|
|
Term
| How do they test PTT time? |
|
Definition
| Add diatomaceous earth to stimulate collagen's negative charge |
|
|
Term
| What is a normal PTT time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does PT stand for and what pathway does it test? |
|
Definition
Prothrombin Time
Extrinsit + Common Pathway |
|
|
Term
| What factors does PT test for? |
|
Definition
Extrinsic: 7
Common Pathway: 10, 5, 2, 1 |
|
|
Term
| What is the time for a normal PT test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What tests the ability to form a platelet plug? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the platelet count according to this section? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are the factor deficiences of hemostasis? |
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Definition
Genetic Factor Deficiencies
Liver disease
Vitamin K deficiency
Drugs that interfere with clotting (Heparin, Coumarin/Warfarin) (wide-spectrum antibiotics)
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Term
| What are platelet disorders often a result of? |
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Definition
A common side effect of radiation
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Term
What is it if you have a low platelet count?
What are the ranges? |
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Definition
Thrombocytopenia
<100,000/mm3: prolonged bleeding
<50,000/mm3: spontaneous hemorrhaging
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Term
| What are some of the common causes of thrombocytopenia? |
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Definition
Idiopathic
Cortisol Therapy (steroids, glucocorticoids)
Leukemia
Drug Reaction (chemotherapy)
Radiation |
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Term
| What is another common cause of platelet disorder? |
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Definition
| Drug blockage of the platelet formation: asprin, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen inhibit platelet aggregation by inhibiting arachadonic acid synthesis, which is required for the ADP cycte |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs in the common pathway? |
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Definition
| Through the enzyme cascade, factor 10 activates factor 5 + Calcium, which leads to factor 2 which helps prothrombin develop into thrombin. Factor 2 cascades into factor 1, which helps Fibrinogen develop into fibrin |
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Term
| What is a normal WBC count? |
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Definition
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Term
| Greater than how many thousand WBCs indicate infection or leukemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Newborns WBC count is from 1. to 2. for 3. . |
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Definition
1. 9000
2. 30,000
3. Two weeks |
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Term
| All WBC are 1. and are capable of 2. which means 3. . |
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Definition
1. Ameboid
2. Diapedesis
3. Crawling between the tight junctions of the capillary endothelial cells |
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Term
| There are 6 classes of WBC, what are they and how are they divided up? |
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Definition
3 classes of granulocytes
1 class of monocytes
2 classes of lymphocytes |
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Term
| The granulocytes can also be referred to as... |
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Definition
| Polymorphonucleocytes (PMNs) |
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Term
| What are the three types of granulocytes? |
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Definition
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils |
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Term
| Neutrophils granules 1. take up a stain. Their the 1st line of defense against 2. . Additionally, neutrophils are 3. and make up 4. . Neutrophils also increase in 5. . |
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Definition
1. don't
2. bacterial infection
3. phagocytic
4. 50-70%
5. the mother during pregnancy |
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Term
| The granules of Eosinophils takes up 1. , a 2. colored stain. Eosinophils are active during 3. , 4. , and the function is sometimes 5. . They make up 6. of wbc's. |
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Definition
1. Eosin
2. Red
3. Allergic reactions
4. Parasitic infections
5. Unclear
6. 1-4% |
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Term
| The granules of basophiles take up 1. colored stains. They become 2. in tissues; release 3. and 4. in response to insult, causing 5. and increased 6. , the major signs of inflammation. They make up 7. of wbc's. |
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Definition
1. Basic, purple
2. Mast Cells
3. Histamine
4. Bradykinins
5. Vasodilation
6. Capillary permeability
7. 0.4% |
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Term
| Monocytes become 1. & 2. . They are also 3. , and are the 2nd line of defense against 4. . They are a major part of 5. : major 6. interacting with 7. . Monocytes make up 8. of wbc's. |
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Definition
1. Macrophages
2. Dendritic Cells
3. Phagocytic
4. Bacterial Infections
5. Specific immune system
6. antigen presenting cell
7. lymphocytes
8. 2-8% |
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Term
| Lymphocytes make up 1. % of all wbc's, and there are two types: 2. and 3. . |
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Definition
1. 20-40%
2. "B" Lymphocytes
3. "T" Lymphocytes |
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Term
| What type of immunity do "B" lymphocytes play a part in? |
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Definition
| The specific immune system |
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Term
| "B" lymphocytes change into 1. and secrete 2. in response to molecular 3. . This initiates a 4. . Their circulating lifetime is roughly... |
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Definition
1. plasma cells
2. antibody proteins
3. antigens [bacterial, viral, other]
4. Complement system response
10 days |
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Term
| "T" lymphocytes are conditioned in the 1. and are a major part of the 2. . They release 3. in response to challenge from viruses, foreign/cancerous cells. The two types of "T" lymphocytes are 4. (a.k.a. 5. ) and 6. (a.k.a. 7. ). |
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Definition
1.Thymus gland
2. specific immune system
3. lymphokines
4. Killer-T's
5. CD-8
6. Helper-T's
7. CD-4 |
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Term
| What two types of cells are phagocytic? |
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Definition
Neutrophils
Macrophages (Monocytes) |
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Term
| Killer-T's or CD-8 lymphocytes destroy cells with 1. by direct contact (2. ); they also stimulate 3. by 4. . |
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Definition
1. Foreign antigens
2. Perforins
3. Phagocytosis
4. Macrophages |
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Term
| Helper-T, or CD-4, lymphocytes secrete factors that.... |
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Definition
| stimulate all aspects of the immune response |
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Term
| The circulating lifetime of lymphocytes is... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the mnemonic used to remember the types of WBCs and the order from most common to least common? |
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Definition
Never Let Monkeys Eat Butter
N=neutrophil
L=lymphocyte
M=monocyte
E=eosinophil
B=basophil |
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Term
| What acronym can be used to remember granulocytes or polymorphonucleocytes in order from least common to most common? |
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Definition
BEN
Basophil
Eosinophil
Neutrophil |
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Term
| Review the shapes of Formed Elements of the Blood on page 38 |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the outward passage of blood vessels through intact cell walls called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of WBC is the largest? |
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Definition
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Term
| Leukemias are characterized by: |
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Definition
high WBC (usually > 100,000/mm3)
presence of "blast" white blood cells in circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Immature, undifferentiated, abnormal blood cells that have prominent nuclei (N) with distinct nucleoli (nu) |
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Term
| If leukemia originates from lymphocyte stem cells in the bone marrow or lymph nodes, it is called 1. and is broken into 2. and 3. . |
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Definition
1.Lymphocytic leukemia
2. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia ALL
3. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia CLL |
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Term
| Lymphocytic leukemia originates from... |
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Definition
| lymphocyte stem cells in bone marrow or lymph nodes |
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Term
| Leaukemia that involves abnormal types of WBC lines in the bone marrow, other than lymphocytes, is known as 1. and broken down into 2. or 3. . |
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Definition
1. Myelogenous Leukemia
2. Acute Myelogenous Leukemia AML
3. Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia CML |
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Term
| Sometimes a myelogenous blast cell can be more specifically identified... for example, when one of them is from the granulocytes (Basophil, Eosinophil, or Neutrophil) it is called... |
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Definition
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Term
| Specific identification of blast cells is made by 1. . |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Where you examine patient blood bell-by-cell, using antibodies to identify each line |
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Term
| The most life-threatening conditions brought about by leukemia are by 1. . This leads to the loss of 2. . |
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Definition
1. displacement of normal precursor cells from bone marrow
2. normal blood cell functions |
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Term
| The loss of proerythroblasts due to leukemia leads to... |
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Definition
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Term
| The loss of neutrophil stem cells due to leukemia causes.... |
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Definition
| Low neutrophils (neutropenia), which leads to a susceptibility to bacterial infections |
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Term
| The loss of platelet stem cells due to leukemia causes... |
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Definition
| Low megakaryocytes, leading to low platelets (thrombopenia) which can then lead to hemorrhage |
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Term
| The loss of monocyte stem cells due to leukemia can lead to... |
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Definition
| low macrophages, leading to uncontrolled bacterial infections and poor immune response to viral infections |
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Term
| If lymphocytic leukemia is present, you would lose |
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Definition
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Term
| What can blast cells additionally do to organs to make them malfunction? |
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Definition
| They can settle out in other organs or form solid tumors |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormal cell or tissue growth, usually in higher than normal numbers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| growth of abnormal-looking cells, usually of epithelial origin (glandular tissue, skin, linings or overing of organs, etc.) Cells dedifferentiate, that is, they lose some of the unique characteristics of normal cells in the tissue |
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Term
| What does it mean if something is malignant? |
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Definition
| It's an abnormal growth (carcinoma) which resists control or treatment, and spreads from the originla tumor, or become metastatic |
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Term
| What does it mean if something is metastatic? |
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Definition
| It describes a cancer/tumor which produces matastases, secondary ("see") offshoots of cancerous growth which can be carried in the lymphatics or bloodstream to sites near or far away from the original tumor. Malignant lung carcinomas are notorious for forming metastases. |
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Term
| What are the two types of bone marrow transplantation practiced today? |
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Definition
Heterologous bone marrow transplants
Autologous bone marrow transplants |
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Term
| 1. transplants use marrow cells from a separate donor when their own bone marrows are defective. 2. transplants use marrow cells from the recipient as a "back up" in case the recipient's marrow is harmed, usually by 3. . |
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Definition
1. Heterologous
2. Autologous
3. chemotherapy |
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Term
| What two diseases/conditions are heterologous bone marrow transplants used to treat? |
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Definition
1. Aplastic Anemia (complete failure of the bone marrow caused spontaneously or by certain drugs, chemicals, toxins, or diseases)
2. Acute Leukemia |
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Term
| The success of heterologous bone marrow transplants varies with the 1. between the donor and recipient, the 2. of the recipient, and the 3. . |
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Definition
1. Closeness of tissue-type matching
2. age
3. stage of the disease |
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Term
| The success rate is higher for patients who are 1. and in 2. , meaning their 3. are almost normal. |
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Definition
1. Young
2. Remission
3. WBCs |
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Term
| A heterologous bone marrow transplant is performed in a several steps, the first is... |
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Definition
| If leukemic, the recipients bone marrow cells are destroyed by intense radiation and chemotherapy treatments (as the rapidly dividing cells of the marrows are most sensitive to these agents. |
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Term
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Definition
| The patient cannot produce any new RBCs, WBCs, or platelets, and must be maintained on transfused cells. |
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Term
| The next stage in a heterologous bone marrow transplant is... |
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Definition
| Surgeons aspirated about 500ml of bone marrow cells from an anaesthetized donor (usually a relative, ideally a twin) who has been matched as closely as possible to the recipient, using about 13 tissue typing factors. |
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Term
| The bone marrow from the donor is take from the 1. , 2. , 3. , and 4. using special needles. |
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Definition
1. Ribs
2. Sternum
3. Proximal long bones of the arm (humerus)
4. Proximal long bones of the leg (femur |
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Term
| Once the bone marrow is aspirated from the donor, the marrow cells are placed in a buffer solution that contains 1. and all 2. . |
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Definition
1. Stem cells
2. all blood-cell-line precursors for RBCs, WBCs, and platelets |
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Term
| Once the marrow has been aspirated and placed into the buffer... |
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Definition
| The marrow cells are injected intravenously into the recipients who now has no marrow cells of his/her own. |
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Term
| Within 1. weeks, new WBCs, RBCs, and platelets appear in circulation. The cell counts return to normal within 2. . However, it is important to know that this prodecure is 3. and not 4. . |
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Definition
1. 3 weeks
2. 2 months
3. dangerous
4. performed routinely |
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Term
| If the cells fail to colonize the patient's marrow sites, the patient has lost forever 1. . If the match is not good enough, the donor wbc's that colonized the patients marrow and lymph nodes will 2. , and the organs will soon become 3. . |
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Definition
1. The ability to produce his own blood cells
2. attack all recipients tissues
3. dysfunctional |
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Term
| What is the lethal response of the donated defence system called? |
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Definition
| Graft-versus-Host reaction, or GVH |
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Term
| If no GVH appears in the 1. , the transplant is then considered a success. |
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Definition
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Term
| Autologous bone marrow transplantation is used primarily for patients in 1. and 2. . It allows them to undergo intense treatment of a cancer, which can be 3. , and 4. . |
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Definition
1. Chemotherapy
2. Radiation therapy
3. very destructive to cells of the normal bone marrow
4. restore the bone marrow populations to normal |
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Term
| In order to be able to obtain a Autologous Bone Marrow Transplant, the patient is given 1. that stimulates 2. so much so that they are pushed into the circulation before they 3. . |
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Definition
1. Protein growth factor
2. bone-marrow stem cells to proliferate
3. can mature into terminal cell types (RBCs, WBCs, platelets) |
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Term
| Since these bone-marrow stem cells are pushed into the blood stream prematurely, they can be harvested directly from the 1. , instead of the 2. , by sending the patients blood through a special 3. that collects the stem cells and returns the rest of the formed elements of the blood. |
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Definition
1. Blood
2. Bone marrow
3. Continuous centrifuge |
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Term
| Before these stem cells are sent into circulation, they are first checked to make sure that 1. , and then are 2. . |
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Definition
1. There are no cancer cells present
2. Frozen |
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Term
| The patient will then undergo intensive radiation or chemotherapy. If there is damage to their bone marrows, their frozen stem cells can be thawed and re-injected through an IV to the patient. Because the matching of the 1. to 2. is always perfect, there is no danger of 3. . This is a very successful procedure and has become common in most cancer treatment centers. |
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Definition
1. "Graft"
2. "Host"
3. GVH |
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