Term
| What types of muscles are striated? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the "bands, zones, and lines" contained within skeletal muscle? |
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Definition
| A bands, I bands, Z lines, M lines, H zones |
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Term
| What are the "bands, zones, and lines" that make up cardiac muscle? |
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Definition
| A bands, I bands, Z lines, M lines, H zones |
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Term
| What is the trigger for contraction in skeletal muscles? |
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Definition
| Actin-associated calcium-activated troponin |
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Term
| What muscles are non-spontaneously contracting? |
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Definition
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth: multi-unit smooth muscle |
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Term
| Skeletal Muscles require stimulation from a 1. motor nerve via 2. . |
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Definition
1. ACh-secreting
2. Motor nerve plate |
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Term
| What type of muscle can be aerobically or anaerobically powered? |
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Definition
| Skeletal Muscle... think of the types (Red/Slow...) |
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Term
| Describe the subtype Pale/Fast twitch in 6 terms: |
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Definition
1. Pale
2. Large
3. High Force
4. Primary Glycolytic
5. Low endurance
6. High anaerobic capacity |
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Term
| Describe the subtype Red/Fast twitch in 5 terms: |
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Definition
1. Pink
2. Intermediate size
3. Intermediate force
4. Primary oxidative
5. High Endurance |
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Term
| Describe the subtype Red/Slow twitch in 5 terms: |
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Definition
1. Red
2. Low-force
3. Small size
4. Primary Oxidative
5. High Endurance |
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Term
| What are some examples of Fast skeletal muscle fibers (Pale/Fast twitch)? |
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Definition
| Forearm muscles of fingers, stapedius muscle of middle ear, extraocular muscles of eyeball. |
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Term
| What are some examples of Intermediate skeletal muscle fibers (Red/Fast twitch)? |
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Definition
| All major skeletal muscles |
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Term
| What are some examples of Slow skeletal muscle fibers (Red/Slow twitch)? |
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Definition
| Muscles of spinal column and lower back |
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Term
| What is the "trigger" for contraction in Cardiac muscle? |
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Definition
| Actin-associated Ca2+activated troponin C |
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Term
| In the cardiac muscle, contraction force and frequency are modified by? |
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Definition
| The Autonomic Motor Nerves |
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Term
| Cardioaccelerator nerves for the Cardiac muscle come from what system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do cardioaccelerator nerves from the sympathetic nervous system do... |
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Definition
| Release NE at varicosites on muscle cells, which increase spontaneous contractions |
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Term
| Branches of the vagus nerve are with what nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the branches of the vagus nerves from the parasympathetic system do... |
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Definition
| Release ACh at variocosites on muscle cell, which decrease spontaneous contractions |
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Term
| Which two types of muscles have muscle cells that are electrically couples by gap junctions. |
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Definition
1. Cardiac Muscle
2. Visceral ("single-unit") smooth muscle |
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Term
Membrane channels of the heart are leaky to what ions? What does this cause? |
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Definition
Na+ and Ca2+ ions Continuous, slow depolarization to threshold (known as the "pacemaker potential"). |
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Term
| Action potentials have very long repolarizations, and therefore... |
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Definition
| No tetanus contraction is possible |
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Term
| What two muscle types have well-developed SRs? |
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Definition
1. Skeletal Muscle
2. Cardiac Muscle |
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Term
| What are some examples of Cardiac muscle? |
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Definition
| Venous sinus, atric, and the ventricles of the heart |
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Term
| Smooth muscle is striated/non-striated? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How do the actin and myosin filaments work in the Smooth Muscle? |
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Definition
| They run longitudinally, but are not in register |
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Term
| What do smooth muscles have instead of Z lines to hold actin filaments in place on the cell membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| Nerve connections in the Smooth muscle are by 1. from either the 2. . |
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Definition
1. serial varicosities
2. the sympathetic or parasympathetic motor nerves |
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Term
| Describe the mechanism of contraction for smooth muscles... |
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Definition
| Ca2+-calmodulin (=troponin C)-activated myosin light-chains kinase enzyme (MLCK) modifies myosin tails to initiate contraction. |
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Term
| What are the two basic configurations of smooth muscle? |
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Definition
1. Visceral ("single unit") smooth muscle
2. Multi-unit smooth muscle |
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Term
| Where is visceral (single-unit) smooth muscle found? |
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Definition
| In all hollow visceral organs |
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Term
| What muscles are spontaneously contracting? |
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Definition
Visceral (single unit) smooth muscle
Cardiac Muscle |
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Term
| What causes Visceral (single unit) smooth muscle to be spontaneous? |
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Definition
| Leaky sodium channels, leading to slow depolarizations ("pacemaker potentials"). |
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Term
| The contraction frequency of visceral smooth muscles is modified by... |
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Definition
| the autonomic motor nerves (automatic) |
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Term
| What system is NE from, and what does it do to the contractions in smooth visceral muscle? |
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Definition
| The sympathetic, slows down spontaneous contractions |
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Term
| What system releases ACh, and what nerve releases it, and what does ACh do to the spontaneous contractions of visceral smooth muscles? |
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Definition
| The parasympathetic, vagus nerve, sppeds up spontaneous contractions |
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Term
| Visceral smooth muscle of the GI tract has.... |
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Definition
| a built-in nerve network (plexus) |
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Term
| What are some examples of Visceral smooth muscle/ |
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Definition
| All hollow visceral organs (stomach, large and small intestines, ureters, urinary bladder, part of esophagus, uterin myometrium, vas deferens |
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Term
| Is multi-unit smooth muscle spontaneous? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Look at the bottom of page 28 and the diagram on 29 |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Cells in the cardiac muscle fuse at the |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Look at the diagram on page 30-31 |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does the Central Nervous System contain? (7) |
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Definition
1. Cortex
2. Basal Ganglia
3. Limbic System
4. Cerebellum
5. Brainstem
6. Spinal Cords
7. Meninges |
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Term
| What occurs in the cortex? |
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Definition
| Higher level of motor control, [pyramidal tract], sensory analysis |
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Term
| What occurs in the basal ganglia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the limbic system contain, and what does it control? |
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Definition
| Amygdala, hypothalamus; emotions |
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Term
| What occurs in the cerebellum? |
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Definition
| coordination of motor control and sensory input |
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Term
| What occurs in the brainstem, and what are the 3 parts? |
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Definition
Vegetative functions like respiration and blood pressure control
1. Midbrain
2. Pons
3. Medulla |
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Term
| What are the parts of the meninges in order from outside to inside? |
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Definition
1. Dura
2. Arachnoid
3. Pia |
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Term
| What are the two main divisons of the PNS? |
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Definition
1. Motor Division
2. Sensory Division |
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Term
| What does the motor division of the PNS do? |
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Definition
| it's "efferent," stimulates or modifies muscle activity |
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Term
| What does the sensory division of the PNS do? |
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Definition
| "afferent" brings in information from periphery |
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Term
| What are the two divisions within the motor division of the PNS? |
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Definition
Somatic Motor System
Autonomic Motor Nervous System |
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Term
| What does the Somatic Motor System of the Motor Division of the PNS do? |
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Definition
| It's the skeletal muscle controller |
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Term
| Where does the Cranial Nerves of the somatic motor system go? |
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Definition
| Skeletal muscles of head and neck |
|
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Term
| Where do the spinal nerves of the somatic motor system go? |
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Definition
| to skeletal muscles of the neck and body (leave via the ventral roots of the spinal cord) |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the Autonomic Nervous system? |
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Definition
| Supplies the motor nerve to heart and smooth muscle organs |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 divisions of the Autonomic Nervous system |
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Definition
Parasympathetic (tonic) Division
Sympathetic (phasic) division |
|
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Term
| Where does the Parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system originate and exit? |
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Definition
| in the basal ganglia and exits as branches of the vagus nerve |
|
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Term
| What is the Vagus nerve also known as? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does the Parasympathetic Division release? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where does the sympathetic division of the Autonomic nervous sytem originate |
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Definition
| Originates from the hypothalamus, goes through spinal tracts, gives rise to sympathetic chais of ganglis outside spinal cord. |
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Term
| What does the sympathetic Division release? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which Division of the Autonomic Nervous System is paired with the fight or flight response? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the two types of nerves within the sensory division of the PNS? |
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Definition
Cranial nerves, which carry information from head and neck receptors (inner ear, eyes, tongue)
Spinal Nerves, which carry information for peripheral receptors. |
|
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Term
| How do spinal nerves of the Sensory Division of the PNS enter the spinal cord |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the saying that helps you remember the segments of spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| CERtain THOughts LUM SACred + Cauda Equina |
|
|
Term
| Memorize the picture on page 33!!!! |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Dorsal Roots at each segment carry 1. into the 2. . Ventral Roots at each segment carry 3. out of the cord to 4. . |
|
Definition
1. sensory axons
2. CNS
3. myelinated motor axons
4. Skeletal muscles |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| mostly nerve cell bodies (motor + interneurons) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mostly myelinated axon bundles or tracts |
|
|
Term
| Where do interneurons lie and what do they do? |
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Definition
| Completely within the cord, and carry information up and down across the spinal cord. |
|
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Term
| Afferent nerves going to the spinal cord are... |
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Definition
Sensory nerves
located dorsally |
|
|
Term
| Efferent Nerves going away from the spinal cord are |
|
Definition
motor nerves
located ventrally |
|
|
Term
| Memorize the diagrams on page 34!!! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The autonomic nervous systems are the... |
|
Definition
| nerves that control non-skeletal muscle activity like cardiac uscle and smooth muscle organs, as well as the secretory activity of some glands |
|
|
Term
| What are the origins of the sympathetic NS? |
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Definition
| Originate in 15 thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord, segments T1-T12, L1-L3 |
|
|
Term
| Where do sympathetic motor nerves get their stimulation |
|
Definition
| from other parts of the spinal cord, from the medulla or hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| The effects of the sympathetic NS are breif and change quickly, therefore it is called a ... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Almost every sympathetic motor nerve from the spinal cord make a synapse to the second nerve in the chain.... |
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Definition
| immediatly after leaving the spinal cord in the vertebra, forming a swelling next to the vertebral column called a sympathetic ganglion. |
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Term
| Because the sympathetic motor nerves makes a synapst to the second nerve immediatly after leaving the spinal cord... |
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Definition
| the motor nerve may travel some distance from the ganglion to reach its target smooth muscle or cardiac muscle or gland. |
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Term
| The pre-ganglion nerve from the spinal cord in the sympathetic NS releases 1. ; the post-ganglionic nerve then released 2. on the target cell along a multiple small synapses (aka. 3. ) it makes with the target cell. |
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Definition
1. ACh
2. NE
3. Serial varicosities |
|
|
Term
| What is the exception of the post-ganglionic cells of sympathetic nervous systems release of NE? |
|
Definition
| Post-ganglionic cells of the adrenal gland release EPI |
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|
Term
| What are the origins of the parasympathetic NS? |
|
Definition
| The parasympathetic motor nerve originate in cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X (vagus nerve) and in segments S3, S4, and S5 of the sacral (lower) segment of the spinal cord. |
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|
Term
| What motor nerve of the Parasympathetic nervous system affect the pupil and salivary gland secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What motor nerve of the Parasympathetic nervous system affect the motor nerves to the heart, lungs, stomach, upper intestine, and ureter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the sacral motor nerves (S3-5) attach to...... which innervates what> |
|
Definition
large networks (plexuses)
lower intestine, rectum, bladder, and reproductive organs. |
|
|
Term
| The parasympathetic motor nerves form the CNS go out to their target smooth or cardiac muscle or glands, and synapse to a second, very short motor nerve that synapses to the muscle or gland cell itself. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ganglia in the digestive system can be.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pre-ganglionic nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system released 1. on the 2. . |
|
Definition
1. ACh
2. Post-ganglionic nerve |
|
|
Term
| The post-ganglionic nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system releases 1. along multiple contacts called 2. with 3. . |
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Definition
1.ACh
2. serial varicosities
3. target cells |
|
|
Term
| Look at the chart at the bottom of page 35 and 36. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Look at the diagram on page 39 to understand the schematic organization of both autonomic nervous systems. |
|
Definition
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