Term
| 2 properties of a molecule that influence its movement across a cell membrane? |
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Definition
| size, and lipid solubility |
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Term
| diffusion is caused by what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| t/f the rate of diffusion increases as temp increases |
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Definition
|
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Term
| fick's law of diffusion says that rate of diffusion is equal to... |
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Definition
| SA*[] gradient*membrane perm./membrane thickness |
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Term
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Definition
| []gradient*membrane perm. |
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Term
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Definition
| is passive, and moves molecules down concentration gradient until equal concentrations on both sides |
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Term
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Definition
| create water-filled passageways that directly link ICF and ECF |
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Term
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Definition
| bind substrates and transport them across membrane but the ICF and ECF are not in dirrect contatct |
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Term
| compare channel vs. carrier proteins |
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Definition
| channel proteins are faster at transport but less selective. Carriers can also move larger molecules than channels |
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Term
| What determines the selectivity of a channel? |
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Definition
| the diameter of the pore and the electrical charge of the pore residues |
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Term
| 3 types of gating are ... |
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Definition
| mechanical, voltage, chemical gating |
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Term
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Definition
| glucoses and other hexoses in most tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
| glucose and hexoses in liver and epithelium of intestine and kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| glucose and hexoses in neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| glucose in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| Fructose in intestinal epithelium |
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Term
| name a saturable transporter |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| name the 3 kinds of tranport proteins in the transport of glucose |
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Definition
Na+-glucose symporter
GLUT transporter
Na+K+ ATPase |
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Term
| equilibirum potential Eion= |
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Definition
| 61/z log [ion]out/[ion]in |
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Term
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Definition
| bring sensory info to the CNS |
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Term
| Efferent neuronsd are divided into 2 classes... |
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Definition
| somatic and autonomic neurons |
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Term
| the autonomic nerurons or visceral neurons are divided into |
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Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic branches |
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Term
| Neurons are classified as ... |
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Definition
| sensory (afferent), interneurons, and efferent(somatic and autonomic) |
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Term
| long axons budled together with connective tissue in the peripheral NS are known as |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the area where an axon begins is known as a |
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Definition
|
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Term
| two ways that proteins are moved to the axon terminal from the call body |
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Definition
| slowaxonal transport (diffusion), and fast axonal transport (microtubles transport) |
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Term
| PNS glial cell that secretes myelin |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| CNS glial cell that secretes myelin |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How do schwann cells create myelin |
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Definition
| they wrap around the axon many times forming multiple insulating layers of cell membrane |
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Term
| difference b/t oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells |
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Definition
| oligo's can form myelin around portions of several axons while Schwann is 1:1 |
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Term
| Goldman Hodgkin Katz (GHK) eqn. |
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Definition
| Vm=61log the combined effects of each ions permeabilty and conc. gradient |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Na+ activation and innactivation |
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Term
| why cant action potentials travel backwards? |
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Definition
| refractory periods prevent it |
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Term
| why is a stronger than normal graded potential needed to create a new action potential during the relative refractory period? |
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Definition
| because the K+ channels are still open and any movement of Na+ into the cell is offset by the loss of K+ |
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Term
| 2 factors that influence the rate of conduction of neurons |
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Definition
| 1)diameter of axon 2) resistance of the axon memb rane to ion leaekage |
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Term
| Why is saltatory conduction of action potentials faster? |
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Definition
| opening of channels slos conduction slightly |
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|
Term
name two demylenating diseases?
what is the affect? |
|
Definition
Guillain-Barre, and MS
The action potentials may be subthreshold due to ion leak |
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Term
| Some neurotoxins and local anesthetics like procaine work by.... |
|
Definition
| altering the conduction of ions by binding to Na, K, and Ca channels |
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Term
| What happens in the Na channel is made unfunctional |
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Definition
| Na can't enter cell, so the depolarization loses strength down the axon like a graded potential and may be subthreshold |
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Term
|
Definition
| hjigher than normal extracellular [K], shifts the resting mem potential closer to threshold and subthreshold AP's are fired |
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Term
|
Definition
| lower than normal extracellular [K] and moves resting potential away from threshold' potentials that should be suprathreshold may become subthreshold, muscle weakness |
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Term
| two toxins that block excytosis of neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| botulinum and tetanus toxins |
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Term
| initiates the release of NT into synapse when axon terminal depolarized |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 types of acetylcholine receptors |
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Definition
| cholinergic, nicotinic, muscarinic |
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Term
| muscarinic ACh is what kind of receptor? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| NIcotinic ACh recep. is what kind? |
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Definition
| Ion channel receptor (Na, K) |
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|
Term
| What are the receptors for Norepinephrine? what kind of receptors? |
|
Definition
| (alpha, beta) adrenergic GPCR |
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|
Term
| what is the name/ type of receptor for dopamine? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Serotoneric Ion channel receptors (Na, K) and GPCR |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AMPA ion channel (Na, K) and NMDA ICR (NA,K,Ca) |
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|
Term
| Glutamate is inhib or excit? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| GABA receptors? inhib/excit? |
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Definition
| GABA ICR (Cl) and GPCR. It is inhibitory |
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|
Term
| Is glycine inhib or excit? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an autoimmune disease that destorys ACh receptor and produces skeletal muscle weakness |
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|
Term
| Receptors that alter ion channel function are called |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Receptors that exert action through a second messenger system is called |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| excitatory depolarization |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inhibitory hyperpolarization |
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Term
|
Definition
| are ligand gated channels similar to nicotinic ACh channels; glutamate binds, Na influx, depolarization |
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Term
|
Definition
| channel opening requires gulutamate binding and a change in membrane potential to move Mg out of the way |
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|
Term
| creates a fast synaptic potential |
|
Definition
| opening of an ion channel to allow the movement of ions thus changing the mebrane potential |
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|
Term
| create a slow synaptic membrane potential |
|
Definition
| GPCR acting thru scond messengers to effect a change in mem pot. |
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Term
| 3 ways neurotransmitter activity is terminated |
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Definition
| diffusion,inactivation by enzymes, or reuptake of NT to presynaptic axon |
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Term
| Name two enzymes that destroy NT |
|
Definition
| acetylcholinestarase (AChE) acts on ACh and MAO destroys norepinephrine |
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|
Term
| what is a divergent pathway? |
|
Definition
| one presynaptic neuron branches to affect many post synatpic neurons |
|
|
Term
| what is a convergent pathway? |
|
Definition
| many presynaptic neurons converge to influence a smaller number of post synaptic neurons |
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|
Term
| what is spatial summation |
|
Definition
| the initiation of an action potential from several simultaneous subthrshold graded potentials |
|
|
Term
| what is temporal summation? |
|
Definition
| SUMMATION THAT OCCURS FROM GRADED POTENTIALS OVERLAPPING IN TIME TO CREATE A SINGLE ACTION POTENTIAL |
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Term
|
Definition
| process in which activity at a synapse induceces sustained changes in the quality or quantity of synaptic connections |
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|
Term
| What is a key compnent of long term potentiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does Glutamate cause LTP? |
|
Definition
| because the NMDA causes intake of Ca which activates a second messenger to produce paracrine signal which enhances NT release from presyn, and greater synsitivity to NT in post synapt. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the ability to change circuit connections and functions un repsonse to sensory input |
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Term
| These reflexes do not require integration in the brain but can occur in the ganglion |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are ventricles? where are they located? |
|
Definition
| hollow areas of the brain, there are four, two lateral and two descending |
|
|
Term
| what is diff bt white and grey matter? |
|
Definition
| white matter has myelinated axons, and grey isnt |
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|
Term
clusters of cell bodies
clustes of axons? |
|
Definition
nuclei (CNS), galglia (PNS)
Nerves (PNS) and tract (CNS) |
|
|
Term
| 3 layers of meninges moving from brain to cranium |
|
Definition
| pia mater, arachnoid membrane, dura mater |
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|
Term
| specialized region on the walls of ventricles that secrete CSF |
|
Definition
| choroid plexus, helps regulate the material entering the CSF |
|
|
Term
| What is the blood brain barrier |
|
Definition
| AStrocytes foot processes help create tight junctions between the capillary cells to make a highly selective endothelial layer |
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|
Term
| Specialized part of spinal nerve to bring incoming sensory info |
|
Definition
| dorsal root (has dorsal root ganglia) |
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|
Term
| carries info from CNS to muscles and glands |
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Definition
|
|
Term
ascending tract
descending tracts
propiospinal tracts |
|
Definition
info from cord to CNS
info from CNS to cord
tracts that remain within the cord |
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|
Term
| parts of the brain stem and functions |
|
Definition
medulla= white matte has somatosensory tracts and corticospinal tracts
greymatter controls involuntary functions like BP, breating, swallowing, vomitting
Pons=relay station between cerebellum and cerebrum
Midbrain= controls eye movements and auditory and visual reflexes |
|
|
Term
| what is the cerebellums function? |
|
Definition
| coordinate movement and balance |
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|
Term
| the 4 parts of the diencephalation and their fxns |
|
Definition
thalamus=relay station bt lower brain to cerebrum
hypothalamus=center for homeostasis and behaviors like sex, hunger, and thirst
pituitary gland= secrete endocrine hormones
pineal gland=secretes melatonin |
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|
Term
| part of cerebrum that connects the two hemispheres |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the three major regions of the cerebrum |
|
Definition
| cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and the limbic system |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grey matter controls the control of movement |
|
|
Term
| parts/fxn of limbic system |
|
Definition
Cingulate gyrus=plays role in emotion
Hippocampus=is involved in learning and memory
Amygdala=involved in emotion and memory |
|
|
Term
| lobes of cerbral cortex and fxns. |
|
Definition
frontal= coordinates info from other areas, behavior, taste
parietal=sensory association
Ociipital=vision
Temporal= Hearing and smell |
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|
Term
| A role of the reticular formation |
|
Definition
| keeping the conscious brain awake |
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|
Term
| Damage to Wernicke's area causes |
|
Definition
| a person is unable to understand spoken or visual info, speech from person is nonsense (receptive anaphasia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| person is unable to speak or write in normal syntax; speech consists of appropriate words strung together in random order; patients are aware of their mistakes but anable to fix them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the awareness of body movement and position in space |
|
|
Term
TOnic Recpetor
Phasic Receptor |
|
Definition
are slowly adapting receptors that respond rapidly for the druation of the stimulus ex-pain
rapidly adapt to a constant stimulus then turn off ex-smell |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| are receptors that respond to stimuli that could harm or destroy tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is mediated by free nerve endings that repond to chem, mech, and thermal stimulil with the help of membrane ion channels |
|
|
Term
| 2 ways that nociceptors may act |
|
Definition
1) a reflexive protective response integrated at spinal cord
2) a consious sensation through ascending pathways to the cerebral cortex (pain and itch) |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of primary sensory fibers that carry afferent signals to CNS |
|
Definition
| alpha beta, alpha delta, and C fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sharp and localized; transmitted on alpha delta fibers
dull and diffuse; transmitted on slower C fibers |
|
|
Term
Where are nicotinic ACh receptors located?
Where are muscarinic ACh receptors located? |
|
Definition
Skeletal Muscle, CNS
Smoot and cardiac muscle, glands, CNS |
|
|
Term
| Region of the brain where glutamate signaling has been studyied? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fine touch, proprioception, and vibration cross midline where?
Nociception, temperature, and course touch cross where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lateral spinothalamic tract of spinal cord does what?? |
|
Definition
| temperature and pain sensations from body |
|
|
Term
| what does basal ganglia do? |
|
Definition
| muscle coordination, movement |
|
|
Term
| lateral horns of spinal cord do what? |
|
Definition
| anatomic regulation of internal organs and vessels |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is COMT? how does it work? |
|
Definition
| It degrades a NT by methylating it |
|
|
Term
| is adenosine inhib/or exhit? |
|
Definition
| inhib in CNS and vasodialator |
|
|
Term
| muscarinic ACh is EPSP and IPSP where |
|
Definition
| IPSP in heart and EPSP in smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| gives a clinical assesment of the enviroment of the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this type of afferent fiber is what causes fast pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what accounts for rubbing an injury to make the pain go away? |
|
Definition
| the gate control theoy: mechanical stimuli carried on alpha beta fibers can accivate an inhibitory neron that diminshes the pain signal carried on c-fibers (slow, dull pain) |
|
|
Term
| these afferent neurons are conducted contralaterally to the dorsoventral horns |
|
Definition
| fine pain, temperature, coarse touch;;;; dull pain, virbration, and proprioception are ipsilatertal |
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|
Term
Parasympathetic nervous system is for...
Sympathetic for.... |
|
Definition
| PSNS=Rest and digest,,, SNS=for f's fight flight fright fuck |
|
|
Term
| these neurons have long pre-ganglionic fibers and short post-gang. fibers (ganglia lie close to organ) |
|
Definition
| parasympathetic autonomic neurons |
|
|
Term
| positions of para and sympathetic innervations along spinal cord |
|
Definition
| para=cranio-sacral sympathetic=thoracolumbar |
|
|
Term
| main NT of each autonomic division |
|
Definition
| para= ACh onto muscarinic receptors and symp= norepinephrin onto adrenergic receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulatory, activate PLC and IP3 opens Ca channels leading to contraction |
|
|
Term
| alpha 2 sympatecic receptor |
|
Definition
| inhibitory, decrease cAMP to cause smooth muscle relaxation in GI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulatory, increase cAMP cause smooth muscle and cardiac contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibitory, decrease cAMP to cause vasodilation and bronchodilation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase cAMP in adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
| alpha sympathetic receptors respond strongly to which NT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| embedded between skeletal muscle fibers to detect stretch on a muslce |
|
|
Term
| what aare the roles of various fibers in the muscle spindle |
|
Definition
| alpha fibers synapse onto extrafusal skeletla muscle and the gamma fibers synapse on contractile portion of intrafusal fibers |
|
|
Term
| how do muslce fibers work |
|
Definition
| these are tonically active sensory neurons that connect to spinal cord. When length in muscle stretches the spindle increasing the frequency of AP's to cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sense stretching in tnedon and prevent muscle from damage caused by excessive contraction |
|
|
Term
| how do golgi tendon organs work? |
|
Definition
| stretching of colllagen fibers compress nerves which excite inhibitory neruons that synapse on alpha motor neurons to decrease contraction or cause it to stop altogether |
|
|
Term
| two types of lipid soluble hormones and where they are made |
|
Definition
| steroids=adrenal cortex and thyroid=thyroid gland |
|
|
Term
| what is the level of hormone neede to cause an effect? |
|
Definition
| small levels of hormone are needed to create an effect |
|
|
Term
| which hormones have the shortest/longest action? |
|
Definition
| steroids=longest and peptides=shortest |
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