Term
| What is pulmonary physiology? |
|
Definition
| The study of the factors that affect the exchage of gasses across the alveoli of the lungs |
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|
Term
| What is the mechanical exchange of air into and out of the lungs called? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Where does the diffusion of gasses between the lungs and blood occur across? |
|
Definition
| The alveolar-capillary membrane |
|
|
Term
| What are the accessories to respiration? |
|
Definition
Nose
Pharynx & esophagus
Epiglottis
Larynx & vocal cords
Trachea |
|
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Term
| What is the respiratory tree? |
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Definition
| Trachea (with ciliated epithelial walls) -> bronchii -> bronchioles -> alveoli (with type I and type II alveolar cells) |
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Term
| 1. forces that tend to collapse alveoli are relieved with 2. (contains 3. ) from 4. cells. High 5. hormone from the fetal adrenal gland late in pregnancy promotes #2's synthesis. |
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Definition
1. Surface Tension
2. Surfactant
3. phospholipids
4. alveolar type II
5. cortisol |
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Term
| Alveolar endothelial cells and alveolar type 1. cells have very thin 2. , promoting.... |
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Definition
1. I
2. basement membranes
Efficient gas exchange with the red blood cells |
|
|
Term
1. line the outside of the lungs and inside of the rib cage.
2. lubricates and binds lungs to ribcage by 3. and is partly responsible for maintaining 4. pressure in the thorax. |
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Definition
1. Pleural Membranes
2. Pleural fluid
3. surface tension
4. negative |
|
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Term
| The vocal cords in the 1. seal off the 2. , which is held open by 3. through the smaller branches of the 4. . |
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Definition
1. Larynx
2. trachea
3. "c" rings of cartilage
4. bronchi |
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Term
| The 1. , the smalled airways, are invested with 2. and can constrict significantly. |
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Definition
1. Bronchioles
2. Vascular Smooth Muscle |
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Term
| The bronchioles are therefore called the 1. . The trachea and bronchi are lines with 2. which sweep fluid (and debris) backwards from the bronchioles up through the trachea. |
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Definition
1. "resistance" airways
2. ciliated epithelial cells |
|
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Term
| The bronchiles terminate in the fragile, bubble-like cluster of chambers, 1. , which are surrounded by baskets of 2. and whose shape is maintained by a 3. mixture, and 4. , secreted by 5. cells. |
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Definition
1. alveoli
2. capillaries
3. phospholipid
4. surfactant
5. alveolar type II |
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Term
| Know the respiratory tree on page 16 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The thoracic cavity is... |
|
Definition
| hermetically sealed (air-tight) |
|
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Term
| What is hermetically sealed (air-tight)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are mesentary which cover each lung and line the rub cage? |
|
Definition
| The pleura of the lungs and ribcage |
|
|
Term
| What does the pleura secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does intra-pleural fluid do? |
|
Definition
| It lubricates and causes lungs to adhere to rib cage by surface tension |
|
|
Term
| What is inflammation of the pleura? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the muscles of breathing? |
|
Definition
Diaphragm
Intercostals
Abdominals |
|
|
Term
| The diaphragm contracts when you are ........ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When you are inhaling, you diaphragm contracts, doing what to thorax volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the external intercostals do? |
|
Definition
| Lift the rib case, increasing thorax volume when contracted -> inhale |
|
|
Term
| What do the internal intercostals do? |
|
Definition
| Lower the rib cage, when contracted -> exhale |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| decrease thorax volume when contracted -> exhale |
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|
Term
Elastic recoil of the lungs is in what direction?
Elastic recoil of the rib cage is in what direction? |
|
Definition
Inward
Outward, creating tension in the thorax leading to negative itnrathoracic pressure |
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Term
|
Definition
| The measure of elastic recoil of lungs |
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|
Term
| Air pressure in the lungs follows... |
|
Definition
| air pressure in the thorax |
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|
Term
| Intrapleural pressure is almost always ... |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Air in the thorax (usually from injury which perforates the thorax, diaphragm, or lungs) |
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|
Term
| How was movment and volume of air during breathing measured a while ago? What method can we use now? |
|
Definition
Spirometer
Heated Pneumotach |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is TLV, and how do you calculate the residual volume? |
|
Definition
Total lung volume
Total lung volume- vital capacity
TLV- VC = RV |
|
|
Term
| What is anatomic dead space? |
|
Definition
| non-exchangeable volume in airways |
|
|
Term
| What is the rule of thumb regarding ADS? |
|
Definition
| You have 1 ml of ADS for every pound of body weight |
|
|
Term
| What is functional dead space? |
|
Definition
| non-exchangeable volume due to issue damage (scarring) or other abnormal factors |
|
|
Term
| What is respiration rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Volume per min
Vent= avg Tidal volume x Resp. Rate
6L/min |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Maximum volume that can be forced out in 1 sec
4 L |
|
|
Term
| What cannot be measured from a spirometer? |
|
Definition
TLV Total Lung Volume
RV Residual Volume
ADS Anatomic Dead Space |
|
|
Term
| What is the most abundant component of air to the least (top 4) |
|
Definition
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Argon
Carbon Dioxide |
|
|
Term
| Hemoglobin carries 1. more oygen than can be dissolved in the plasma. This means that 2. |
|
Definition
1. 70x
2. The hemoglobin molecule changes shapes with changin O2 concentration and pH |
|
|
Term
| When you have increased O2, what two things occur? |
|
Definition
1. Increased O2 dumping at low O2 concentrations
2. Increased O2 dumping at high acidity (high [H+]) known as the Bohr Effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Acidity is contributed by CO2 from cell respiration in tissues, combining with H2O
2. Acidity in contributed by lactic acid (from muscles) generated during anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CO2+ H2O -> H2CO3 (carbonic acid) then: |
|
Definition
| H2CO3 breaks down spontaneously -> free H+ (acid) + HCO3- (bicarbonate ion) |
|
|
Term
| Anareobic metabolism is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucose is broken down into |
|
Definition
Pyruvic Acid -> Lactic Acid
&
2 ATP's |
|
|
Term
| As [O2] increases, the % of O2 bonded to Hb.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The higher the acidity, the ... |
|
Definition
| lower the percent of hemoglobin oxygenated |
|
|
Term
| Gas concentrations are expressed as 1. . The normal O2 pressure in air is 2. ( 3. ). |
|
Definition
1. Partial Pressures
2. 150 mmHg
3. 21% of the total 760 mm Hg atmospheric pressure |
|
|
Term
| In the lungs, PO2 is 1. (about 2. ); in tissues the PO2 is as low as 3. (about 4. ) |
|
Definition
1. 105 mm Hg
2. 16% O2
3. 40 mm Hg
4. 5% O2 |
|
|
Term
| Carbonic anhydrase converts 1. time the CO2 into bicarbonate than the blood than can dissolve in plasma without it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Know the flow on the top of page 20 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The CO2 + H2O combination is catalyzed by 1. protein found abundantly in 2. . |
|
Definition
1. Carbonic Anhydrase Enzyme
2. Red Blood Cells |
|
|
Term
| In the tissues where CO2 is high: |
|
Definition
| CO2 dissoles through cell membrane into RBC, where it comes in contact with carbonic anhydrase enzyme |
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|
Term
| H2CO3 can lease the RBC through the 1. . HCO3- must be transported via the 2. . |
|
Definition
1. Membrane
2. Chloride-bicarbonate exchanger |
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|
Term
| Biocarbonate ion is carried in the 1. to the lungs. In the lungs, where CO2 is 2. , bicarbonate ion in plasma is reunited with 3. to form 4. in the 5. , which is enzymatically returned to 6. and 7. . |
|
Definition
1. plasma
2. low
3. H+
4. carbonic acid
5. Red Blood Cell
6. Water
7. Carbon Dioxide |
|
|
Term
| The H2CO3 easily passes through the RBC membrane in the lungs, where it is broken down again in the presence of the 1. . |
|
Definition
| 1. Carbonic Anhydrase Enzyme |
|
|
Term
| CO2 passes through RBC membrane -> |
|
Definition
-> through alveolar membrane
-> into alveolar gasses, where it's excreted with the next expiration |
|
|
Term
| What does BSRC stand for? |
|
Definition
| Brainstem Respiratory Center |
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|
Term
The output of the BSRC controls the respiratory muscles and the:
1.
2.
3. |
|
Definition
Diaphragm, Intercostals, and Abdominals
1. Inspiratory Center
2. Expiratory Center
3. "Rhythmicity Center" |
|
|
Term
| Inputs to the BSRC from sensory nerves... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are chemoreceptor nerves found in the body? |
|
Definition
1. Aortic Bodies
2. Carotid Bodies
3. Chemosensitive Area in brainstem |
|
|
Term
| Chemoreceptor nerves respond to 1. resulting from high 2. , 3. , or 4. . C.N.'s also respond to 5. . |
|
Definition
1. high [H+] = low pH
2. blood CO2
3. Lactic Acid
4. other metabolic acid
5. very low O2. |
|
|
Term
| The chemosensitive area in the brainstem responds to 1. only. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some other nerve controllers? |
|
Definition
Nerve from lung stretch receptors -> stimulate expiratory center
Nerves from Skin Patch Receptors -> stimulate inhalation center
Nerves from Joint Receptors -> stimulates BSCRC -> increase in respiration rate
Sympathetic NS stimulation -> stimulates BSRC -> increase in respiration rate |
|
|
Term
Know the diagram on page 21
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a restrictive airway disease? |
|
Definition
| Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
|
|
Term
| What does obstructive pulmonary disease lead to? |
|
Definition
| Increased airway resistance |
|
|
Term
| Asthma is due to.... which can be the result of what three things? |
|
Definition
decreased bronhiolar diameter
allergic reaction
inflammation
hypersecretion of mucous |
|
|
Term
| Explain what happens during an allergic reaction and what the treatment is? |
|
Definition
Bronchiospams
NE-like brochiodilators |
|
|
Term
| Explain what happens when asthma is caused by inflammation and what the treatment is? |
|
Definition
swelling of the bronchioles
cortisol-like anti-inflammatory drugs |
|
|
Term
| Explain what happens when asthma is caused by hypersecretion of mucous? |
|
Definition
| Cystic fibrosis and defective chloride transporter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alveolar destruction by physical or chemical insult |
|
|
Term
| Once there is alveolar destruction... |
|
Definition
| tissue is replaced with scar tissue |
|
|
Term
Black lung disease pertains to....
White lung disease pertains to...
Brown lung disease pertains to... |
|
Definition
Coal dust
Flour dust
Textile dust |
|
|
Term
| What is the first step in the sequelae of emphysema? |
|
Definition
| 1. Loss of lung elasticity leads to increased lung compliance (ease of stretching) -> decreased elastic recoil of lungs -> barrel chest |
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|
Term
| What is the second step in the sequelae of emphysema? |
|
Definition
| 2. Loss of alveoli leads to: decreased air perfusion -> decreased oxygenation of blood (hypoxia). |
|
|
Term
| Decreased lung perfusion also leads up to 1. known as 2. . This all leads to 3. , stimulation of the 4. , and finally to 5. . |
|
Definition
1. CO2 buildup
2. hypercapnea
3. respiratory acidosis
4. BSRC
5. increase respiratory rate
|
|
|
Term
| Destruction of alveoli is measured as 1. , the amount of air in each breath that does not come in contact with capillaries of the lungs. |
|
Definition
| 1. Increased functional dead space |
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|
Term
| What is the third step in the sequelae of emphysema |
|
Definition
| Loss of pulmonary capillaries leads to increasede pulmonary vascular resistance, leading to right congestive heart failure, leading to systemic venous backflow, leading to pitting edema of the extremities |
|
|
Term
| Make sure you know the sequelae of emphysema!!! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the dangers of Carbon Monoxide? |
|
Definition
- CO has a very high affinity for hemoglobin
- Chemoreceptor nerves only monitor dissolved O2 in the plasma, but do not respond to level of HbO2, even if it is zero inside the RBC
- At even modest levels, treatment of CO poisoning requires pure O2 under pressure
|
|
|
Term
| The affinity of hemoglobin for CO is how many times greater than for O2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of CO poisoning? |
|
Definition
| Hyperbaric O2 and early detection |
|
|
Term
| Look at the graphs on page 23 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a 150 lb subject, the total extracellular body fluid is how many liters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The total extracellular body fluid of 15 L is composed of: |
|
Definition
Interstitial Fluid
Plasma Volume |
|
|
Term
| Interstitial Fluid involves all the fluid... |
|
Definition
| Outside the circulatory system, between cells |
|
|
Term
| Plasma Volume involves all the fluid... |
|
Definition
| Inside the circulatory system |
|
|
Term
Interstitial fluid consists of how many liters?
Plasma volume consists of how many liters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the dilution principle? |
|
Definition
| Volume of Compartment= total amount of labelled substance injected/ concentration of label after mixing |
|
|
Term
What would you use to measure Total ECF?
What would you use to measure Plasma Volume? |
|
Definition
1. Radioisotope of Na+
2. Evan's Blue dye-labeled albumin |
|
|
Term
| What is the capillary-fluid shift? |
|
Definition
| Colloid Osmotic pressure vs. filtration by hydrostatic pressure |
|
|
Term
| What is the problem with the capillary-fluid shift? |
|
Definition
| More water leaves the capillaries/hour by pressure filtration than returns to the capillaries by osmosis |
|
|
Term
About how many L/hour of water move in from Osmosis?
About how many L/hour of water leave by Capillary Pressure?
What is the difference? |
|
Definition
1 L/hr
3 L/hr
2 L/hr lost (where does it go) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The molecular weight of albumin is about... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does albumin stay and what does it do? |
|
Definition
1. Stays inside the capillaries
2. Acts as osmotically active particle to maintain water concentration in capillaries lower than outside (low albumin = low osmotic movement) (=colloid osmotic pressure) |
|
|
Term
| What is hydrostatic pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does blood pressure do, and what is it greater than? |
|
Definition
| Forces water out through capillary pores (=filtration), and is much greater force on water than osmotic pressure in capillaries |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the uncompensated 2L/hour of water lost from the circulation? |
|
Definition
| The excess water loss is returned to the circulation by the lymphatic system |
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|
Term
| The 1. lymphatic capillareis are 2. : 3. are not tightly sutured with tight junctions, making them 4. to 5. , 6. , 7. , and 8. . There is almost no 9. . |
|
Definition
1. smallest
2. leaky
3. Endothelial cells
4. permeable
5. cells
6. debris
7. water
8. large proteins
9. basement membrane outside them |
|
|
Term
| The larger lymphatic vessels are 1. , have 2. and have 3. . |
|
Definition
1. thin-walled like veins
2. one-way valves
3. rhythmically contracting smooth muscle in their walls that squeeze the lymph from the periphery toward the heart. |
|
|
Term
| Thus, lymphatic flow is 1. , and not a 2. . |
|
Definition
1. One-way
2. Circulation |
|
|
Term
| All large lymphatic vessels converge into one of 1. , which are connected by 2. to the 3. or 4. -- the 5. drains 6. and the 7. drains the 8. . |
|
Definition
1.two major outlets
2. one-way valves
3. right
4. left subclavian vein
5. right lymphatic duct
6. upper right quadrant and head
7. (left) thoracic duct
8. 3 remaining quadrants of body and head |
|
|
Term
| What are the lymphatics interrupted by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All lumph must filer through the 1. before reaching the 2. . |
|
Definition
1. Lymph nodes
2. Lymphatic ducts |
|
|
Term
| Lymph nodes are 1. structures containing tightly-packed 2. and 3. , through which 4. must move in their migration through lymph nodes. |
|
Definition
1. encapsulated
2. T-
3. B-lymphocytes
4. antigen-presenting macrophages |
|
|
Term
| The lymphocytes can 1. enter and leave th node into the circulation via special 2. passing through the node, so the immune response can 3. . |
|
Definition
1. freely
2. capillaries/venules
3. spread to other nodes and other parts of the body |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the lymphatic system? |
|
Definition
1. To return excess tissue water into circulation
2. To remove excess water from the kidneys
3. To return "lost" proteins to the circulation (e.g. albumin, clotting factors/enzymes, transport proteinds and other from the liver to circulation)
4. Transport fats, cholesterol form to the central lacteals of the villi of intestine -> circulation
5. To modulate the immune response, especially antigen presentation, in the lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| Where does the lymphatic system transport fats/cholesterol? |
|
Definition
| From the central lacteals of the villi of intestine to circulation |
|
|
Term
| What are the disorders of the lymphatic system? |
|
Definition
Surgery
Filarial nematode infections
Transport of cnacer cells from a tumor to a new site |
|
|
Term
| Why can surgery be a disorder of the lymphatic system? |
|
Definition
| You may remove the lymph nodes, which may interrupt lymph flow leading to edema in the affected limb |
|
|
Term
| Why can a filarial nematode infection cause a problem in the lymphatic system? |
|
Definition
| Infections may lodge in the lymphatics, blocking lymph flow leading to severe edema. |
|
|
Term
| What is the severe edema due to filarial nematode infections called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the transport of cancer cells from a tumor to a new site called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Look at the graph on page 28 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Look at the graphs on pages 29 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymph percolates through 1. of node, coming into contact with 2. and 3. in the 4. and 5. . Lymphocytes can enter the lymph node from the circulation via specialized 6. within the node. |
|
Definition
1. sinuses
2. T-
3. B-lymphocytes
4. cortex
5. germinal centers
6. high endothelial venules |
|
|
Term
| Know the picture on page 30!!! |
|
Definition
|
|
