Term
| Blood pressure is the product of what two physiological factors? |
|
Definition
1. Cardiac Output
2. Resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cardiac Output x Resistance |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cardiac Output is the product of... |
|
Definition
| Stroke Volume and Heart Rate |
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Term
|
Definition
| The volume pumped out of each ventricle with each beat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The number of beats or contractions per minute |
|
|
Term
| Cardiac Output (C.O.) (L/min) = |
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Definition
| Stroke Volume (L/beat) x Heart Rate (beats/min) |
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Term
| Cardiac output at rest is equal to about 1. ; can increase up to 2. L/min during exercise. |
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Definition
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Term
| Heart Rate is controlled by 1. and 2. in the blood. |
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Definition
1. Cardiac Nerves
2. Epinephrine |
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Term
| What is a major branch of the parasympathetic N.S.? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The Vagus Nerve releases 1. , which 2. the rate of 3. at the 4. and increases 5. at the 6. . This in turn 7. . The vagus nerves activity is 8. . |
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Definition
1. ACh
2. decreases
3. depolarization
4. S-A node
5. the delay
6. A-V node
7. Slow heart rate
8. tonic |
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Term
| What does BSCVC stand for? |
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Definition
| Brainstem Cardiovascular Center |
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Term
| The BSCVC increases the activity of the of the 1. , 2. , and 3. . |
|
Definition
1. Cardioaccelerator Nerves
2. Sympathetic Nerves to arteries and arterioles
3. Adrenal Gland Medulla |
|
|
Term
| What effect does the BSCVC's influence on the Cardioaccelerator nerves have on the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does the BSCVC hae on the sympathetic nerves of the arteries and arteroles? |
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Definition
| Increases vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| What effect does the BSCVC have on the Adrenal Gland Medulla? |
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Definition
| Increased secretion of epinephrine |
|
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Term
| Cardioaccelerator motor nerves of the sympathetic n.s. release 1. , which 2. the rate of 3. of the 4. and decreases delay at the 5. . Also, it 6. heart rate. |
|
Definition
1.Norepinephrine
2. increases
3. depolarization
4. S-A node
5. A-V node
6. increases |
|
|
Term
| Cardioaccelerator nerves release NE, which has a 1. effect on heart rate and an 2. effect on stroke volume. |
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Definition
1. Chronotropic
2. Inotropic |
|
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Term
| What does it mean if something has a chronotropic effect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does it mean if something has an inotropic effect? |
|
Definition
| The contractility of the heart is increased, which increases stroke volume |
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Term
| When the BSCVC stimulates the Adrenal gland medulla, what occurs? |
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Definition
| Epinephrine (adrenaline) causes the same effects as norepinephrine and increases heart rate (chronotropic effect) |
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Term
| The BSCVC is controlled by what receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are baroreceptor sensory nerves located? |
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Definition
| In the carotid sinus' and the wallls of the aorta |
|
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Term
| As pressure increases on the baroreceptors, what happens to the rate of AP's? |
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Definition
| As the pressure increases on the baroreceptors, the rate of AP's increases. |
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Term
| The barorecptor AP's 1. the 2. , leading to 3. cardioaccelerator nerve activity and 4. release of 5. . This all leads to a decrease in 6. , 7. , and 8. . |
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Definition
1. Inhibit
2. BSCVC
3. decreased
4. decreased
5. norepinephrine
6. heart rate
7. stroke volume
8. vasoconstriction |
|
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Term
| Therefore, when arterial blood pressure rises, 1. falls; when 2. falls, 3. rises. |
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Definition
1. heart rate
2. arterial pressure
3. heart rate |
|
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Term
| What are the four factors that control stroke volume? |
|
Definition
1. Blood volume
2. Frank-Starling law of the heart
3. BSCVC
4. Venous Return
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|
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Term
| How does Blood Volume control Stroke Volume? |
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Definition
| As blood volume increases, stroke volume increases |
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Term
| BV is affected by 1. or the state of hydration. This leads to a 2. , which is the 3. . |
|
Definition
1. fluid intake
2. capillary fluid shift
3. shifting of fluid between tissues and capillaries |
|
|
Term
| BV is affected by three factors... |
|
Definition
1. Fluid Intake
2. Kidney excretion and conservation of water
3. Perspiration |
|
|
Term
| BV effected by kidney excretion and conservation of water change with 1. such as 2. from the 3. or 4. from the 5. . Also, BV kidney excretion and conservation of water can be affected by 6. . |
|
Definition
1. hormones that stimulate water conservation
2. aldosterone
3. adrenal
4. ADH
5. Brain
6. Diseases (esp diabetes) |
|
|
Term
| Up to how many liters per hour of BV can you lose due to persperation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Frank-Starling law of the heart... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The BSCVC activity 1. stroke volume. This is because the BSCVC excites the 2. & 3. to release 4. and 5. . |
|
Definition
1. increases
2. cardioaccelerator nerves
3. adrenal medulla
4. NE
5. E |
|
|
Term
| The excitement of the cardioaccelerator nerves and adrenal medulla to release NE and E by the BSCVC leads to 1. of the atrial and ventricular muscle (an 2. effect). This effect leads to increased 3. . Thus, with 4. arterial blood pressure, BSCVC causes 5. stroke volume. |
|
Definition
1. increased contractility
2. inotropic
3. stroke volume
4. decreasing
5. increased |
|
|
Term
| Venous return stroke volume. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 1. of veins increases venous return, leading to increased stroke volume. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Image on the bottom of page 6 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The effect of the BSCVC is to increase 1. nervous system stimulation, thereby 2. heart rate and increasing 3. , both of which will increase blood pressure. |
|
Definition
1. sympathetic
2. increasing
3. arteriolar vasoconstriction
|
|
|
Term
| The effect of the baroreceptor nerves from the carotid sinuses and aortic arch is to 1. the action potentials from the BSCVC. Thus, when baroreceptor nerves fire more rapidly, meaning that arterial blood pressure is 2 , the BSCVC nerves are 3. and heart rate 4. , arterioles 5. and blood pressure 6. . |
|
Definition
1.inhibit
2. increasing
3. inhibited
4. slows down
5. relax (dilate)
6. falls |
|
|
Term
| What is used to measure blood pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arterial Blood Pressure = |
|
Definition
Cardiac Output x Blood-Vessel Resistance
BP = C.O. x R |
|
|
Term
| Any factor that raises C.O. will do what to B.P.? Additionally, if 1. or 2. increases, blood pressure increases. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three factors that change "R" |
|
Definition
1. Blood viscosity
2. Length of Blood Vessels
3. Total Cross-sectional area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It's a slow chang that is caused by dehydration, burns, blood thinners (coumarins) etc...
R increases as viscosity increases |
|
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Term
| Describe the effect the length of blood vessels has on R |
|
Definition
A very slow change that is caused by new blood vessel growth (angiogenesis), increases with new tissue (including fat)
R increases as length increases |
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|
Term
| Describe the effect that CSA has on R |
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Definition
Can be a very fast change caused by vasoconstriction or vasodilation; can also be a slow change caused by blood vessel disease: atherosclerosis
R increases as the square of the total CSA decreases |
|
|
Term
| Know the relationship between CSA and R |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In practical terms, blood flow is more difficult through... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vessels are the most important in controlling "total CSA" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When arterioles constrict...
CSA:
Resistance:
BP: |
|
Definition
CSA: decreases
Resistance: increases
BP: increases |
|
|
Term
| What are the factors that affect arteriole vasoconstriction? |
|
Definition
Vasoconstriction by sympathetic nerves from the BSCVC
Vasoconstriction by autoregulation |
|
|
Term
| How do the sympathetic nerves from the BSCVC cause arteriole vasoconstriction? |
|
Definition
| Cause arterioles to constrict, leading to an increase R, BSCVC also speeds up HR, leading to increased CO |
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|
Term
| How does vasodilation by autoregulation affect arterioles? |
|
Definition
A local effect in each organ or tissue
low oxygen in the tissues causes endothelial cells to release bradykinens, leading to arterioles to dilate. This effect will overpower the BSCVC action potentials that cuase vasoconstriction |
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|
Term
| How does the BSCVC cause the shut-down of non-essential circulations during exercise? |
|
Definition
During exercise, the BSCVC causes vasoconstriction of all "non-essential" circulations -> decreased blood flow to those areas
During exercise, muscle work lowers muscle oxygen -> autoregulation in the muscle -> CSA increases -> blood flow to muscles increase |
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|
Term
| As Cardiac Output goes up and down, what type of blood pressure goes up and down with it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As Vascular Resistance goes up and down, what type of BP goes up and down with it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As Stroke Volume goes up and down, what goes up or down with it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The difference between systolic and diastolic BP |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A resting systolic pressure consistently greater than about 1. is considered abnormally high= 2. . |
|
Definition
1. 130 mm HG
2. Hypertension |
|
|
Term
| In a young person, a resting diastolic pressure in the 1. is considered abnormal because it indicates 2. , usually due to obstructed arteries (3. ). |
|
Definition
1. 90 mmHgs
2. high resistance
3.atherosclerosis |
|
|
Term
| The parasympathetic nervous system's nerves are 1. , and they secrete 2. which affects Heart Rate by 4. it. |
|
Definition
1. Vagus nerves
2. Acetylcholine
3. Decreasing it |
|
|
Term
| The sympathetic nervous system's nerves are the 1. , which release 2. and causes Heart rate to 3. . |
|
Definition
1. Cardioaccelerator nerves
2. Norepinephrine
3. increase |
|
|
Term
| Heart Rate is also affected by the release of epinephrine from the... |
|
Definition
| Adrenal Gland Medulla, which is part of the sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| What effect does the PNS have on volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does the SNS have on Volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does Frank-Starling's "Law of the Heart" hae on Volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does Venous Return have on volume? |
|
Definition
+ Muscle pumping
- Venous pooling |
|
|
Term
| What effect does blood volume have on the volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood volume is effected by the 1. . |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
About how many liters of body fluid do you have?
How much of this is in interstitial fluid?
How much of this is in plasma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does fluid intake effect blood volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thirst is controlled by the.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Kidney Excretion of Urine's effect on Blood Volume
|
|
Definition
-ADH from pituitary gland
- Aldosterone from adrenal cortex
+ Disease: Glucose in urine (diabeted)
|
|
|
Term
| How does perspiration effect blood volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the length of the blood vessels effect resistance? |
|
Definition
| +, as length increases so does resistance |
|
|
Term
| How does viscosity of the blood effect resistance? |
|
Definition
| +, as viscosity of blood increases so does resistance |
|
|
Term
| How does the CSA of blood vessels affect resistance? |
|
Definition
| -, as the CSA increases the resistance decreases |
|
|
Term
| How does the sympathetic n.s. BSCVC affect CSA? |
|
Definition
| -, as the BSCVC is activated CSA decreases |
|
|
Term
| How is cardiovascular shock defined? |
|
Definition
| As extremely low arterial blood pressure. |
|
|
Term
| What is cardiovascular shock characterized by? |
|
Definition
| A weak and rapid pulse (thready) |
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of shock? |
|
Definition
1. Compensated (reversible)
2. Progressive (requires intervention to be reversible)
3. Irreversible (fatal even with intervention) |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of irreversible shock? |
|
Definition
Loss of selective permeability in the capillaries -> loss of osmotically active Albumin -> loss of water from the capillaries
Death of the BSCVC nerves |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of shock? |
|
Definition
1. Hypovolemic
2. Anaphlactic
3. Neurogenic |
|
|
Term
| Hypovolemic shock is caused by 1. , which leads to low 2. . Give four examples of hypovolemic shock and their remedy: |
|
Definition
1. low blood volume
2. stroke volume
1. Hemorrhage- give fluids I.V.
2. Dehydration, heat exhaustion- give fluids by mouth
3. Severe Burns- loss of plasma -> hemo-concentration; give I.V. fluids
4. Postural Shock- venous pooling in legs-> low venous return; lie down, elevate feet. Prevented by muscle pumping |
|
|
Term
| Anaphylactic shock is caused by 1. , which leads to 2. . It is due to an 3. that causes the massive release of 4. and 5. from 6. . |
|
Definition
1. Systemic Vasodilation
2. Very low vascular resistance
3. Allergic reaction
4. histamine
5. bradykinins
6. Mast Cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the remedy for anaphylactic shock? |
|
Definition
| Immediate I.V. or I.M. vasoconstrictors like epinephrine (avaliable as "epi pen" syringe) and later anti-histamine drugs |
|
|
Term
| Neurogenic shock is cause by 1. due to an 2. such as 3. or 4. , leading to 5 . |
|
Definition
1. Systmeic vasodilation
2. Emotional Reaction
3. Joy
4. Fear
5. Low vascular resistance |
|
|
Term
| What is the remedy for neurogenic shock? |
|
Definition
| Lie the person down with their feet elevated above their head (spontaneous recovery) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 rules for the treatment of shock? |
|
Definition
1. Lie the patient down, feet raised, head below the level of the heart
2. No Alcohol! No Sedatives! These are vasodilators.
3. Cover if cold, but do not overheat
4. In all cases, call a doctor if the patient is unconscious for more than 10 minutes
5. Monitor the pulse |
|
|
Term
| As vessels dilate, what happens to broncioles in allergic reactions? |
|
Definition
| They constrict (why you need a bronchodilator for asthma) |
|
|
Term
| What is congestive heart failure? |
|
Definition
| The failure of the heart to pump out all th blood that reaches it. |
|
|
Term
| CHF is a failure of what law? |
|
Definition
Frank-Starlings Law of the heart
Blood in = blood out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weakened ventricle muscle |
|
|
Term
| CHF is caused by weakened ventricle muscle due to: |
|
Definition
1. Myocardial Infarction
2. Excess Blood Volume |
|
|
Term
| How can a myocardial infarction cause CHF? |
|
Definition
| MI= death of heart muscle, or a heart attack from blocked coronary circulation or work overload (most common cause of CHF) |
|
|
Term
| What causes excess blood volume that can lead to cause CHF? |
|
Definition
| Salt retention, high blood pressure... |
|
|
Term
| What are the consequences (sequalae) of CHF? |
|
Definition
1. C.O. from the left and right ventricles is not balanced
2. Blood "backs up" into venous circulation, the backwards into the capillaries, where water escapes the tissues, causing edema or swelling. |
|
|
Term
Right Ventricle Fails ->
Left Ventricle Failes -> |
|
Definition
-> Back-up into the systemic veins -> Peripheral Edema
-> Back-up into pulmonary veins -> Pulmonary Edema |
|
|
Term
What are signs?
What are symptoms? |
|
Definition
Observable Evidence
Victim's own complaints |
|
|
Term
What is a sign of Right or Left Ventricle failure?
What is a symptom the patient might complain of? |
|
Definition
No increase in CO during any type of exercise (b/c the heart is already working as hard as it can)
"I have shortness of breath" |
|
|
Term
What is a sign of Right Ventricle failure?
What is a symptom of Right Ventricle failure? |
|
Definition
1. "Pitting" edema of the extremities -- esp. ankles, feet
2. "My feet/shoes hurt; I can't stand up long; my ankles swell up" |
|
|
Term
What is a sign of Left Ventricle failure?
What is a symptom of Left Ventricle failure? |
|
Definition
1. Pulmonary edema; rales heard with stethoscope/ 1, 2, 3 pillow edema
2. "I suffocate if I lie down; I need to prop up my head with pillows" |
|
|
Term
| What are the treatments for CHF? |
|
Definition
1. Reduce Blood Viscosity with blood thinners like coumarin or warfarin
2. Increase contractility of heart with inotropic agents: digitalis
3. Decrease blood volume with diuretics: furosemides (lasix, etc) thiazides (diuril)
4. Increase circulation to the heart: short term - vasodilators (nitroglycerin); long term - coronary artery bypass surgery, angioplasty, laser transcardial cardiectomy
5. Electronic pacemaker to maintain adequate heart rate |
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