Term
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Definition
| The ability to store an electrical charge |
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Term
| Oligodendrcytes support what nervous system with myelin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Schwann cells support what nervous system with myelin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Electrical signals of neurons depend on what 2 properties of a neuron? |
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Definition
| Excitability and membrane potential |
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Term
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Definition
| Adding positive charge to the inside of the neuron reduces the charge difference |
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Term
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Definition
| Adding negative charge to the inside of the neuron increases the charge difference |
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Term
| Typical ion gradients (in and out) |
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Definition
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Term
| Reduction in depolarization is due to _______ |
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Definition
| Series resistance --> decrement |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| E = 58 log (Pk[K+]0 + Pna[Na+]0)/(Pk[K+]i + Pna |
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Term
| What ions determine resting potential? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do membrane potentials depend on? |
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Definition
| the selective permeability to ions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increase resistance, decreases capacitance, reduces costs of ion pumping with fewer channels |
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Term
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Definition
| aciton potential 'jumps' from node of ranvier |
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Term
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Definition
| large pores that permit flow of many ions with little resistance, which permits synchronous activation of many cells |
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Term
| how many subunits of connexin does connexon have? |
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Definition
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Term
| how to Electrical synapses travel from cell to cell? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| if multiple aciton potentials arrive from a single input |
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Term
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Definition
| if multiple inputs occur simultaneously |
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Term
| How many muscle fibers are innervated by a ionotropic synapse? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 mechanisms of synaptic plasticity |
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Definition
| change in neurotransmitter release, change in receptor number or responses, change in neuronal connectivity, combinations of all 3 |
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Term
| learning and memory may be based on what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ability of sensory system to detct an input |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which inputs must be of a specific type |
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Term
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Definition
| the conversion of an input into electrical signals |
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Term
| 3 traits of sensory system |
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Definition
| sensitivity, specificity, transduction |
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Term
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Definition
| parts of the nervous system that are capable of detecting inputs and transmitting that information to integrating centers |
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Term
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Definition
| senses that detect changes in the external environment |
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Term
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Definition
| receptors that respond to internal stimuli, such as PH of blood |
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Term
| Dorsal root ganglion cells |
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Definition
| mammalian sensory touch receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| slowly adapting, has a train of impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| impulse train ceases during a prolonged stimulus |
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Term
| Receptor potentials generate action potentials that are then delivered to the ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Sensory neurons are afferent or efferent? |
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Definition
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Term
| motor neurons are afferent or efferent? |
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Definition
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Term
| where are interneurons found? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| consists of the axons of multiple neurons bundled together into a structure resempling a cable of telephone wires |
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Term
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Definition
| bundles of axons in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| a swelling positioned along a nerve or connective |
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Term
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Definition
| part of PNS that controls the skeletal muscles that generally produce voluntary movements |
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Term
| The appearance of CNS is marked by: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the axonal tracts and commisures (myelin appears white) |
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Term
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Definition
| cell bodies and other un-myelinated structures |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the PNS that controls autonomic effectors, defined to include all neuron-controlled effectors other than the striated muscles, such as cardiac muscle, smooth muscles, and glands |
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Term
| What part of the brain control basic functions? |
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Definition
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Term
| From where does the brain receive input? |
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Definition
| cranial nerves and ascending inputs from the spinal column |
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Term
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Definition
| Nerve swellings containing nerve cell bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| cell bodies outside of the CNS projecting inwards |
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Term
| parasympathetic pre/post-ganglionic neurotransmitter |
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Definition
| acetylcholine, acetylcholine |
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Term
| sympathetic pre/post-ganglionic neurotransmitter |
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Definition
| Acetylcholine, norepinephrine |
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Term
| 3 parts of autonomic nervous system |
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Definition
| sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric |
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Term
| in parasympathetic systems, where is the ganglia located |
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Definition
| msotly at or near the effectors |
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Term
| in the sympathetic system, where are the ganglia located? |
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Definition
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Term
| where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons exit the CNS form? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do the sympathetic preganglionic neurons exit the CNS from |
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Definition
| in nerves of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine (chain) |
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Term
| what does the enteric system do? |
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Definition
| a nerve net in the gut wall that regulates smooth muscle motility and passage of food through the gut. regulates digestive secretions and interacts with the CNS. |
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Term
| What does the sympathetic system do? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the parasympathetic system do? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| proteins/peptides dreived from |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 types of hormone receptors |
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Definition
cell surface: hormone in extracellular fluid binds and activates a response, usually 2nd messenger system
Nuclear: hormone must enter cell or nucleus. Receptor complex binds DNA and increases gene transcription |
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Term
| what type of hormone is insulin |
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Definition
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Term
| HPA axis reaction to stress and cirdcadian clock |
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Definition
| hypothalamic neurosecretory cells secrete CRH --> AP secretes ACTH --> Adrenal cortex zona fasciculata secretes glucocorticoids --> targets many tissues |
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Term
| What 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete, what do they do, and what type of hormone are they? |
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Definition
vasopressin: antidiuretic hormone that causes blood vessel contraction, water retention, and maintains blood volume
Oxytocin: stimulates smooth muscle contraction in breast and uterus, stimulates milk secretion and drives labor
both are peptide hormones |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is special about the posterior pituitary? |
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Definition
| it is a typical endocrine gland, with the exception that the hormones are actually made in the hypothalamus |
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Term
| what kind of tissue is the posterior pituitary derived from? |
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Definition
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Term
| what kind of tissue is the anterior pituitary derived from? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the exception to the anterior pituitary when calling it an endocrine gland? |
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Definition
| while hormones are made in the anterior pituitary, their secretion is under control of the hypothalamus |
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Term
| What kind of hormones does the anterior pituitary serete? |
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Definition
| 2 types of peptide hormones: regulators of non-endocrine organs (PRL, GH) and regulatores of endocrine glands (ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH) |
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Term
| TSH - where does it go, what is its purpose |
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Definition
| thyroid --> metabolism and growth |
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Term
| ACTH: where does it go and what is its purpose |
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Definition
| Adrenal cortex --> stress response, metabolic actions |
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Term
| GH: where does it go and what is its purpose |
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Definition
Liver --> trowth of many tissues
or
muscle and fat--> metabolic actions |
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Term
| LH: where does it go and what is its purpose? |
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Definition
| gonads --> sex hormone productiona nd secretion |
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Term
| FSH: where does it go and what does it do? |
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Definition
| sperm production in males; follicle development and seecretion in females |
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Term
| Prolactin: Where does it go and what does it do? |
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Definition
mamary glands of mammals --> growth during pregnancy; milk production
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Term
| The hypothalamus secretes several hormones, all of which act primarily on the ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Autonomic nervous system innervates all _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Sympathetic branch directly innervates ______ |
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Definition
| adrenal gland, stimulating hormone seretion |
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Term
| Pituitary gland is closely associated with and regulated by the ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 types of hypothalamic hormones |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the portal system of the anterior pituitary do? |
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Definition
| prevents dilution of hormones inthe general circulation and permits greater control |
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Term
| pros/cons of hypothalamic - pituitary axis |
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Definition
| slower responses, signal can be amplified, better regulation, more potential for neural integration |
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Term
| Where is the adrenal gland located? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the cortex of the adrenal gland do? |
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Definition
| metabolic regulation and stress response |
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Term
| glucocorticoids in the blood inhibit secretion of (2) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
zone reticularis (secretes sex hormones)
Zona fasciculata (secretes glucocorticoids)
zona glomerulosa (secretes mineralocorticoids)
adrenal medulla (secretes catecholamines) |
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Term
| what do animals other than humans secrete that acts as cortisol |
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Definition
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Term
| purpose of glucocorticoids and give an example |
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Definition
| cortisol. they promote an increase in the blood concentration of glucose |
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Term
| what does stress activate? |
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Definition
| the HPA axis (cortisol) as well as the sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| when one hormone can amplify the effect of another |
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Term
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Definition
| the presence of one hormone is required for the other to exert an effect |
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Term
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Definition
| one hormone opposes the action of another |
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Term
| cortisol effects act to increase _____ |
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Definition
| fuel availability and enhances sympathetic effects; inhibits immune function |
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Term
| short term responses of cortisol |
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Definition
| enhances survival by providing for immediate needs |
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Term
| Long term results of cortisol |
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Definition
| loss of bone and muscle mass, depressed immune funciton, decreased fertility |
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Term
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Definition
thyroid hormone and epinephrine both cause the release of fatty acids from the adipose tissue into the blood
Vasopressin made in the hypothalamus can increase CRH effects on ACTH secretion |
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Term
| example of permissiveness |
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Definition
| epinephrine cannot cause constriction of blood vessels if there is no glucocorticoid present (normally, this is always present) |
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Term
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Definition
| both glucagon and epinephrine cause increase in blood glucose while insulin acts to recue blood flucose |
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Term
| what is the source of energy for secondary active transport |
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Definition
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Term
| 2nd law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| in any system without external outputs, energy transfers lead to increased disorder (entropy) |
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Term
| what types of 2˚ active transport are there? |
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Definition
cotransport (both solutes in same direction)
Countertransport (solutes move in opposite directions) |
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Term
| 3 types of sources for ATP |
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Definition
glycolysis
mitochondrial synthesis
gradients in physiology |
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Term
| 3 categories of hormonal control in homeostatic systems |
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Definition
| endocrine, paracrine, autocrine |
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Term
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Definition
| hormonal signal reaches often-distant targets after transport in blood |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical signal reaches neighboring cells |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical signal affects the cell that synthesized the signal |
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Term
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Definition
∆G = ln ([in]/[out])
OR [A]/[B] |
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Term
| using gibbs free energy, when is a reaction at equilibrium? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ohms law, name the variables |
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Definition
V=IR
V= voltage
I = current
R= resistance
Greater driving force or reduced resistance leads to greater flow |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Fick equation and variables |
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Definition
J = D((C1-C2)/X)
J is the net rate of diffusion
D is a constant specific to the system and solute
C1-C2 is the concentration difference
X is the distance |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of solvent (water) |
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Term
| addition of solutes _______ the water concentration for osmosis |
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Definition
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