HEART,BLOOD VESSELS, BLOOD

TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS TO ALL CELLS OF THE BODY THROUGH THE BLOOD

STOMACH, INTESTINES, LIVER, PANCREAS
CONVERSION OF FOOD TO HELPFUL MATERIALS AND TRANSPORT THROUGH BODY

REMOVAL OF WASTE

THYROID AND ADRENAL GLAND

SYNTHESIS AND RELEASE OF REGULATORY MOLECULES

THYMUS, SPLEEN, LYMPH NODES

DEFENSE AGAINST FOREIGN INVADERS IN THE BODY

SKIN

PROTECTION FROM EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

MUSCLES, SKELETAL, BONES

SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

brain and spinal chord

cordination of body function with electric signals

testes and ovaries

continuation of species

lungs

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

kidneys and bladder

waste removal and maintanence of liquid

ENZYMES

BREAKDOWN OF LARGE MOLECULES

PRODUCE NRG

USE NRG

SYNTESIZES LARGE MOECULES

uses oxygen and glucose to produce ATP

30-32 atp produced

turn pyruvate to lactate to make ATP

2 atp produced

stored as fat and glycogen

converted to glucose and fatty acid then broken down to make ATP

amino acids form proteins could be used as well.

molecules that are created from one cell and impacts another

(target or target cells)

gap junction

contact-dependent signals

local communication(chemical)

long distance communication(chemical/electrical)

protein channels that span across cell membranes

cytoplasm to cytoplasm transfer of signals

communication between cells via paracrines and autocrines

ex: cytokines and eicosanoids

Long distance cell communication

performed by the enodcrine system with the use of hormones

and

performed by the nervous system with the use of nerves

signal pathways

Lipophillic signal molecules

hydrophobic

diffuse through the cell membrane

hydrophilic

bind to receptors on the surface of cel membranes

cannot naturally diffuse

signal molecule binds to G-Protein

which turns on adenylyn cyclase

then converts ATP to cAMP

which activates protien kinase A

which phosphorylates into many molecules which trigger a cellular response

are specific

can saturate

can bind similar ligand molecules

ligand that turns off a receptor

will block receptor activity

regulates physiological parameters in an up/down fashion

if the signal rate increases the blood vessel constricts(shrink)

if the signal rate decrease the vessel dialates(grows)

the response counteracts the stimulus

shutting off the response loop

the response reinforces the stimulus

plasma(within bllod vessels)

and

interstitial fluid(outside of circulatory system)

active transport

endocytosis

exocytosis

phagocytosis

requires the input of nrg with ATP

vessels and carrier proteins are used

physical isolation

regulation of exchange with the environment

communication between the cell and its environment

structural support

connect the membrane and the cytoskeleton

create cell junctions

serve as anchors

carrier proteins and channel proteins

structural proteins

enzymes

receptors

transporters

are usually closed

open in response to a signal

the carriers are filled and working at their maximum rate

further increase in substrate will not increase rate of transport

pumps Na out of cell

and

pumos K into of cell

the cell membrane engulfs a large molecule into a large vessicle 

the vessicle gets into the cell and fuses with the lysosome and uses it for digestion

depends on the osmolarity and the nature of the sloutes in the solution

describes how the size of cell would change in a given solution

the body is in a state of...

gray matter consists of..

unmyellaited nerve cell bodies

dendrites

axons

sensory and motor nuclei

myilenaited axons

very few cell bodies

AXONS CARRYING INFO TO AND FROM THE BRAIN

spinal chord runs through this

spine

lie between bone and tissue

cushion and protect delicate neural tissue

passes freely along blood brain barrier

brain recieves 15% of blood passed through the heart

brain responsible for 1/2 of the bodys consumption

transporters move from plasma into brain interstitial fluid

activates nervous system

maintains temperature

maintains osmolarity

controls reproductive functions

controls food intake

influence behavior and emotion

influences cardiovascular controls

controls release of hormones

sensory areas (perception)

motor areas (skeletal muscle movement)

association areas (directs voluntary beahviors as well as integrate information from the other areas

 coordinates from other association areas

controls some behaviors

left had

speech

writing

auditory

interpretation

right hand

analysis by touch

auditory

spatial visualization and interpretation

touch

temp

pain

itch

body position

skeletal muscle movement

nueroendocrine signals

viscereal responses

voluntary movement