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Human Phys Exam 1
Human Phys Exam 1
163
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
09/14/2011

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Term
physiology
Definition
science of functions of living organisms and their parts
Term
anatomy
Definition
science of bodily structure of organism
Term
homeostasis
Definition
tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium maintained by physiological process
Term
set point
Definition
target value of a control variable that is maintained physiological through bodily control mechanisms for homeostasis
Term
receptor
Definition
an organ or cell able to respond to stimulus and send signal to a sensory nerve
Term
effector
Definition
an organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus
Term
integrating center or control center
Definition
a cell, tissue, or organ that receives and interprets information about changes in the internal or external environment and generates homeostatic control signal information and stimulus
Term
error signal
Definition
degree of tolerance or temporary set point
Term
muscle cells
Definition
elongated contractile cell that forms muscles
Term
nerves
Definition
a whitish fiber or bundle of fibers that transmits impulses of sensation to the brain or spinal cord and impulses from these to the muscles and organs
Term
epithelial tissue
Definition
membranous tissue covering internal organs and other internal surfaces of the body
Term
connective tissue
Definition
tissue of mesodermal origin consisting of collagen fibroplasts and fatty cells; supports organs and fills spaces between them and forms tendons and ligaments
Term
What four elements make up 99% of the body?
How many trace elements?
Definition
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen
There are other 13 essential trace elements such as phosphorous, iron, and chromium
Term
covalent bonds
Definition
chemical bond that involves sharing of electrons between atoms in a molecule
Term
non polar bond
Definition
uniform distribution of electron, hydrophobic
Term
polar bond
Definition
non-uniform distribution of electrons, hydrophilic
Term
ampipathis molecules
Definition
molecule that has both a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic region
Term
ionic bond
Definition
bond in which one atom loses an electron to become a positive ion (cation) and the other atom gains an electron to become a negative ion (anion); these are weaker than covalent bonds
Term
carboxyl group
Definition
(an example of an ionic group)
-COOH
present in and characteristic of organic acids
Term
amino group
Definition
(an example of an ionic group) organic compound containing the NH2 group; substances that contain these are called amines
Term
hydrogen bond
Definition
an electrical attraction between H atom in a polar bond with a strongly electronegative atom (O,N,Cl) in polar bond of another molecule (or same molecule)
Term
intracellular fluid
Definition
liquid contained inside the cell membranes; 2/3 of total body H2O
Term
extracellular fluid
Definition
fluid outside of the cell; 1/3 of TBW (interstitial fluid = 80% and plasma = 20%)
Term
% water in the body
Definition
60%
most common molecule in the body
Term
Body Fluid Composition
Definition
Intracellular Fluid = 2/3 of total body H20
Extracellular Fluid = 1/3 of TBW
>> Interstitial = 80%
>> Plasma = 20%
Term
organic molecules
Definition
hydrocarbon molecules
> carbohydrates
> lipids
> proteins
> nucleic acids
Term
monosaccarhides
Definition
one sugar; most basic unit of carbohydrates
ex: glucose
Term
disaccharides
Definition
two sugars; formed by dehydration synthesis
ex: sucrose = glucose + fructose
Term
dehydration synthesis
Definition
a dehydration reaction is usually defined as a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule
Term
polysaccharides
Definition
complex carbohydrates, made up of multiple sugar molecules
ex: cellulose, starch, and dextrin
Term
lipids
Definition
organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
Term
proteins
Definition
(also known as polypeptides) are organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and folded into a globular form. The amino acids in a polymer are joined together by the peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues
Term
nucleic acids
Definition
complex organic substance present in living cells, esp. DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain
Term
hydrocarbon molecules
Definition
an organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
Any of a large group of compounds (including sugars, starch, and cellulose) which contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and can be broken down to release energy in the body.
Term
fatty acids
Definition
carboxylic acid with a long unbranched aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have a chain of four to 28 carbons.
Term
starch
Definition
carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined together by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by all green plants as an energy store.
Term
glycogen
Definition
A substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates; a polysaccharide that yields glucose on hydrolysis
Term
triglyceride
Definition
consists of three individual fatty acids bound together in a single large molecule; an important energy source forming much of the fat stored by the body
Term
glycerol
Definition
organic compound that has three hydrophilic hydroxyl groups; organic alcohol composed of a three-carbon chain which can serve as the backbone for a triglyceride
Term
phospholipid
Definition
Compounds that contains phosphoric acid, fatty acids and a nitrogenous base; a class of lipids and are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers
Term
phospholipid bilayer
Definition
thin membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes are flat sheets that form a continuous barrier around cells. .
Term
monoglyceride
Definition
glyceride consisting of one fatty acid chain covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through an ester linkage
Term
diglyceride
Definition
a glyceride consisting of two fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through ester linkages
Term
steroid
Definition
any of several fat-soluble organic compounds having as a basis 17 carbon atoms in four rings; many have important physiological effects
Term
amino acid
Definition
organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group; proteins are composed of various proportions of about 20 common amino acids
Term
polypeptide
Definition
amino acids joined via peptide bonds; Any such polymer that is not folded into a secondary structure of a protein; A small protein containing up to 100 amino acids
Term
DNA
Definition
deoxyribonucleic acid
a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix
Term
RNA
Definition
Ribonucleic acid
a biologically important type of molecule that consists of a long chain of nucleotide units. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate
Term
nucleotide
Definition
A compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA
Term
adenine
Definition
A compound that is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with thymine in double-stranded DNA
Term
thymine
Definition
A compound that is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A pyrimidine derivative, it is paired with adenine in double-stranded DNA
Term
guanine
Definition
one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with cytosine in double-stranded DNA
Term
cytosine
Definition
A compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of nucleic acids. It is paired with guanine in double-stranded DNA
Term
uracil
Definition
A compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of RNA. In DNA its place is taken by thymine
Term
purine
Definition
the bases adenine and guanine present in DNA and RNA
Term
pyrimidine
Definition
the bases thymine and cytosine present in DNA
Term
ATP
Definition
Adenosine triphosphate
a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue; the major source of energy for cellular reactions
Term
ADP
Definition
Adenosine diphosphate
A compound of adenosine containing two phosphoric acid groups. It is used to synthesize ATP with the energy released in cell respiration.
Term
eukaryotic cell
Definition
an organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes. The defining membrane-bound structure that sets eukaryotic cells apart from prokaryotic cells is the nucleus, or nuclear envelope, within which the genetic material is carried.
Term
prokaryotic
Definition
are a group of organisms that lack a cell nucleus (= karyon), or any other membrane-bound organelles. They differ from the eukaryotes, which have a cell nucleus
Term
desmosome
Definition
A structure by which two adjacent cells are attached, formed from protein plaques in the cell membranes linked by filaments
Term
tight junction
Definition
A specialized connection of two adjacent animal cell membranes such that the space usually lying between them is absent
Term
gap junction
Definition
a specialized intercellular connection between a multitude of animal cell-types. It directly connects the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules and ions to pass freely between cells.
Term
diffusion
Definition
the process in which there is movement of a substance from an area of high concentration of that substance to an area of lower concentration
Term
osmolarity
Definition
Osmolarity is the measure of solute concentration, defined as the number of osmoles (Osm) of solute per liter (L) of solution (osmol/L or Osm/L).
Term
isosmotic
Definition
Having the same osmotic pressure
Term
hyperosmotic
Definition
Containing a higher concentration of solutes (in comparison with some other solution).
Term
hyposmotic
Definition
Containing a lower concentration of solutes (in comparison with some other solution).
Term
transporter proteins
Definition
proteins that transport a specific substance or group of substances through intracellular compartments or in extracellular fluids (e.g. in the blood) or else across the cell membrane
Term
enzymes
Definition
A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction
Term
catalyst
Definition
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change
Term
substrate
Definition
substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions involving the substrate(s). In the case of a single substrate, the substrate binds with the enzyme active site, and an enzyme-substrate complex is formed
Term
law of complimentary base pairing
Definition
The law that refers to the pairing of nitrogenous bases in a specific manner: purines pair with pyrimidines. More specifically, adenine must always pair with thymine, and guanine must always pair with cytosine
Term
What is positive feedback?
Definition
a change away from a set-point value triggers mechanisms that move something even further from threshold; small changes lead to bigger changes; does NOT cause short-term homeostasis, but leads to long-term homeostasis
Term
What is negative feedback?
Definition
a change away from a set-point value triggers mechanisms that move something back towards the set-point value; causes short-term and long-term homeostasis
Term
What is the organization of body components? (small to large)
Definition
cells- tissues- organs- organ systems- body
Term
What are the 4 elements that make up 99% of the human body?
Definition
Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen
Term
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
Definition
(Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon chains)
unsaturated refers to the presence of one or more double bonds between carbons. A saturated fatty acid has all bonding positions between carbons occupied by hydrogens.
Term
What are organic molecules?
Definition
hydrocarbons
Term
What are the 4 major classes of organic molecules?
Definition
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Term
How to calculate possible proteins from the the number of amino acids in the chain
Definition
20^n where “n” is the # of amino acids in the chain
Ex: 3 amino acids in the chain= 8000 varieties of protein possible (20 x 20 x 20)
Term
Protein structure
Definition
1. primary- # and sequence of amino acids
2. secondary- alpha helix vs beta sheet (coil vs fold)
3. tertiary- 3-D shape of the protein caused by hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and van der waals forces
quaternary-association of multiple polypeptide subunits to form a functional protein
Term
What are the bases of DNA and RNA?
Definition
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. in RNA, uracil replaces the thymine that is in DNA
Term
What are the systems of the human body?
Definition
nervous, endocrine, muscular, cardiovascular, immune, respiratory, urinary, digestive, metabolic, reproductive
Term
Why are the strands in a double helix connected by hydrogen bonds rather than covalent bonds?
Definition
Hydrogen bonds are easy to break and therefore allow for DNA replication. If the bonds were covalent, this would not be possible
Term
What are the organelles in a cell?
Definition
[image]
Term
Singer-Nicolson Fluid Mosaic Model
Definition
the biological membranes can be considered as a two-dimensional liquid where all lipid and protein molecules diffuse more or less easily
[image]
Term
What is the structure of a membrane?
Definition
[image]
Term
What are the functions of integral proteins?
Definition
1. Transport of materials into or out of the cell
2. Cell adhesion (attaching cells to other cells or their surroundings)
3. Receptors (bind molecules and trigger responses within the cell)
4. Enzymes (catalyze certain reactions)
Term
Name types of membrane junctions
Definition
desmosomes- a structure by which two adjacent cells are attached, formed from protein plaques in the cell membranes linked by filaments
tight junction- regions where there is no space in between cells. That is, part of the membrane is in close contact with another part of the membrane. However, no molecules or ions can pass between them from one cell to the next
gap junction- directly connects the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules and ions to pass freely between cells
Term
What is protein synthesis?
Definition
The process in which cells build proteins
transcription: making mRNA copy of DNA
translation: building protein at ribosome
Term
What are the 4 types of molecular transport?
Definition
Diffusion- Movement of molecules from where they are in high concentration to where they are in low concentration solely as result of random movement of molecules
Osmosis- Diffusion of water across membrane that is impermeable to most other compounds (high -> low concentration)
Carrier mediated transport- substance requires a protein carrier to be transported across a membrane
-->Facilitated diffusion occurs when a substance is transported down a concentration gradient
-->Active transport occurs when a substance is transported up a concentration gradient and requires energy
Bulk transport- endocytosis and exocytosis
Term
What is the difference between primary and secondary active transport?
Definition
Primary active transport: occurs when the hydrolysis of ATP is directly required for the function of the protein carrier
ex: Na+/K+ pump
Secondary active transport uses energy of ion moving DOWN its electrochemical gradient to drive transport of a different molecule UP its electrochemical gradient
-->Cotransport (symport): both move in the same direction
-->Countertransport (antiport): move in opposite directions
Term
What affects rate of diffusion?
Definition
Magnitude of the concentration gradient across the membrane
The permeability of the membrane to the diffusing substance
The surface area of the membrane through which the substance is diffusing
Term
Which direction will water flow across a selectively permeable barrier between solutions of different osmolalities?
Definition
Water will flow from high osmolality to low
Term
Sodium potassium pump
Definition
maintain the ratio of sodium and potassium ions on either side of the cell membrane. The pumps constantly flip forwards and backwards, allowing 3 sodium ions to leave the cell every time 2 potassium ions enter.
Primary active transport
Term
Cotransport vs Countertransport
Definition
Both are types of secondary uses energy of ion moving DOWN its electrochemical gradient to drive transport of a different molecule UP its electrochemical gradient
Cotransport (symport): both move in the same direction
Countertransport (antiport): move in opposite directions

[image]
Term
What are the properties of enzymes?
Definition
Specificity: to how many different substrates can an enzyme bind
Affinity: how tightly an enzyme is bound to a substrate
Saturation: how much of the enzyme is in use
Competition: occurs when more than one type of ligand can bind to the enzymes functional site
Term
What are two regulators of enzyme activity?
Definition
Allosteric modulation - shape of enzyme’s functional site is altered by binding of a molecule to enzyme’s regulatory site
Covalent modulation - shape of enzyme’s functional site is altered by covalent bonding of charged chemical group to enzyme
Term
Difference between hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis
Definition
Dehydration (condensation) is when two molecules come together to produce a water (by bonding OH and H so you have H2O.) Hydrolysis is doing that in reverse. Breaking the H2O into H and OH and therefore breaking the bond.
Term
Phosphorylation?
Definition
Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate (PO4) group to a protein or other organic molecule. Phosphorylation activates or deactivates many protein enzymes
Term
Lateral inhibition
Definition
capacity of an excited neuron to reduce the activity of its neighbors.
Term
Neuron
Definition
basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system
Term
Nerve cell
Definition
a neuron, cell that is specialized to conduct nerve impulses
Term
Glial cell
Definition
are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for the brain's neurons
Term
Synapse
Definition
A junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter
Term
Myelination
Definition
the process of forming a myelin sheath around a nerve to allow nerve impulses to move more quickly
Term
Nodes of Ranvier
Definition
one of the many gaps in the myelin sheath - this is where the action potential occurs during saltatory conduction along the axon
Term
Current
Definition
A flow of electricity which results from the ordered directional movement of electrically charged particles
Term
Ohm's Law
Definition
Membrane potential: expressed in terms of voltage (E) (usually millivolts in biological systems)
Movement of electrical charge is called a current (I).
Hindrance of charge is called resistance (R).
These features of electricity related by: Ohm’s Law: I = E/R
Term
Absolute refractory period vs relative refractory period
Definition
absolute refractory period - cannot get second AP going no matter how strong second stimulus is because all sodium channels are inactivated
relative refractory period - can get second AP going but need stronger stimulus because some Na+ channels are still inactive, and increased number of K+ channels are open.
Result: action potentials move in one direction: away from the cell body
Term
What are the functional classes of neurons?
Definition
efferent-transmit information out of the CNS to effector cells; particularly muscles, glands, or other neurons
afferent- transmit information from sensory receptors into the CNS
interneurons- a. function as integrators and signal changers
b. integrate groups of afferent and efferent neurons into reflex circuits
c. lie entirely within the CNS
d. account for 99% of all neurons
Term
Types of glial cells and their functions
Definition
Astrocytes: critical to the formation of the BBB, stimulate endothelial cells to form tight junctions, sustain neurons metabolically, regulate composition of extracellular fluid by removing potassium ions and NTs from around synapses, guide neurons as they migrate during development, promote growth by secretion of growth factors, CNS
Ependymal: line the cerebral ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord, CNS
Microglia: perform immune functions in CNS
Oligodendrocytes: form myelin around axons in the central nervous system
Schwann Cells: form myelin around axons in the peripheral nervous system
Term
Anatomy of a neuron
Definition
[image]
Term
Functions of parts of the neuron
Definition
Cell body or “perikaryon”: enlarged portion of the cell that contains the nucleus and produce macromolecules
Dendrites: thin branched processes that extend from the cytoplasm of the cell body and serve as a receptive area that transmits electrical impulses to the cell body
Axon: process that carries information away from the cell body
Term
Transmission of electrical signal through a neuron
Definition
Signals are sent across neurons in the form of an electrical signal called an “action potential”
Signals are sent between neurons in the form of a chemical signal called a neurotransmitter
Term
Membrane potential
Definition
unequal distribution of different ions inside and outside the cell with higher concentrations of sodium ions outside the cell and higher concentrations of potassium ions inside the cell which causes a charge difference between the inside and outside of the cells called a “Membrane Potential”
Term
Resting membrane potential
Why is is not zero?
Definition
relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells
It is not equal to zero because of the sodium potassium pump and the selective permeability of the membrane
Term
K+ equilibrium potential
Definition
There are protein channels that allows 3K+ to go out and 2Na+ to enter in. Since there are more K+ flowing out than Na+ flowing in, therefore the equilibrium changes is negative.
Term
What is do the Nernst and Goldman equations measure?
Definition
nernst- Equilibrium potential for any one ion is calculated by the Nernst equation
goldman- measure of the membrane potential when all the ions are taken into consideration (not just one like in the Nernst equation)
Term
What is the role of the sodium potassium pump in maintaining resting membrane potential?
Definition
It pumps out 3 Sodium and pumps in 2 Potassium per ATP equivalent used by the pump. The exporting of 3 positive charged atoms and the importing of 2 positive charges creates the separation of charge that is known as a RMP (-70 in humans)
Term
Graded potential vs action potential
Definition
They are changes in membrane potential
Graded potential: the magnitude of the potential varies directly with the intensity of the stimulus; used for local signaling within neuron
Action potential: rapid, large changes in membrane potential that are “all-or-none” no matter the size of the stimulus
Term
Three phases of an action potential
Definition
Depolarization: membrane potential becomes less negative
Repolarization: membrane potential becomes more negative (goes back to rest)
After-hyperpolarization: membrane potential becomes even more negative (overshoots) and slowly moves back to rest
Term
Absolute vs relative refractory period
Definition
absolute refractory period - cannot get second AP going no matter how strong second stimulus is because all sodium channels are inactivated
relative refractory period - can get second AP going but need stronger stimulus because some Na+ channels are still inactive, and increased number of K+ channels are open.
Result: action potentials move in one direction: away from the cell body
Term
Chemical Synaptic Transmission
Definition
1. The process begins with a wave of electrochemical excitation called an action potential traveling along the membrane of the presynaptic cell, until it reaches the synapse.
2. The electrical depolarization of the membrane at the synapse causes channels to open that are permeable to calcium ions.
3. Calcium ions flow through the presynaptic membrane, rapidly increasing the calcium concentration in the interior.
4. The high calcium concentration activates a set of calcium-sensitive proteins attached to vesicles that contain a neurotransmitter chemical.
5. These proteins change shape, causing the membranes of some "docked" vesicles to fuse with the membrane of the presynaptic cell, thereby opening the vesicles and dumping their neurotransmitter contents into the synaptic cleft, the narrow space between the membranes of the pre- and postsynaptic cells.
6. The neurotransmitter diffuses within the cleft. Some of it escapes, but some of it binds to chemical receptor molecules located on the membrane of the postsynaptic cell.
7. The binding of neurotransmitter causes the receptor molecule to be activated in some way. Several types of activation are possible, as described in more detail below. In any case, this is the key step by which the synaptic process affects the behavior of the postsynaptic cell.
8. Due to thermal shaking, neurotransmitter molecules eventually break loose from the receptors and drift away.
9. The neurotransmitter is either reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell, and then repackaged for future release, or else it is broken down metabolically.
Term
What are the two types of synapses?
Definition
Excitatory: respond to neurotransmitter by depolarization (membrane potential moves closer to threshold) EPSP - excitatory post-synaptic potential
Inhibitory: respond to neurotransmitter by hyperpolarization (membrane potential moves further from threshold) or by stablization (membrane potential resists change) IPSP - inhibitory post-synaptic potential
Term
What happens to neurotransmitters after they are used?
Definition
degradation, reuptake, or diffusion
Term
Acetylcholine
Definition
Type of nearotransmitter
amine
Excitatory NT for the CNS and somatic motor neurons at the neuromuscular junction
Can be excitatory or inhibitory at autonomic nerve endings
ACh is made from acetyl CoA and choline (same acetyl CoA as in metabolism)
Acetylcholinesterase is the enzyme that degrades ACh
Choline is transported back into pre-synaptic terminal for reuse
Acetyl group is converted into acetate and excreted or used to make other molecules
Term
Biogenic amines
Definition
Serotonin: derived from tryptophan; involved in mood and vasoconstriction
Epinephrine: catecholamine; derived from tyrosine; typically excitatory
Norepinephrine: catecholamine; derived from tyrosine; behavioral arousal
Dopamine: catecholamine; derived from tyrosine; coordination of skeletal movement; mood

Epinephrine: catecholamine; derived from tyrosine; typically excitatory
Norepinephrine: catecholamine; derived from tyrosine; behavioral arousal
Dopamine: catecholamine; derived from tyrosine; coordination of skeletal movement; mood
Term
important amino acid neurotransmitters
Definition
glutamic acid and aspartic acid function as excitatory NTs in CNS; glycine and GABA are inhibitory
Term
endogenous opioids
Definition
type of neurotransmitter
(beta endorphins; enkephalins; dynorphin; block pain; implicated in runner’s high
Term
nitric oxide
Definition
can regulate blood vessel dilation and smooth muscle relaxation; learning and memory
Term
Nerve
Definition
group of many axons (nerve fibers) traveling together e.g., optic nerve from eye to brain
Term
Nuclei
Definition
groups of neuron cell bodies in central nervous system
Term
Ganglia
Definition
groups of neuron cell bodies in peripheral nervous system
Term
Meninges
Definition
tough membranes
Term
Three types of mater
Definition
dura mater- the outermost (and toughest) of the 3 meninges, thick, durable membrane, closest to the skull.
arachnoid- middle, thin, transparent, web like
pia mater- very thin, meningeal envelope which firmly adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
Term
subarachnoid space
Definition
a space in the meninges beneath the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater that contains the cerebrospinal fluid.
Term
Blood Brain Barrier
Definition
BBB- A filtering mechanism of the capillaries that blocks the passage of certain substances.
Term
Grey matter and white matter
Definition
Grey matter: cell bodies and nerve fibers lacking myelin; interior of cord
White matter: myelinated axons of interneurons, run along length of cord; outer portion of cord
Term
Modality
Definition
A particular form of sensory perception
Term
Receptor potential
Definition
a type of graded potential, is the transmembrane potential difference of a sensory receptor.
Term
receptive fields
Definition
region of space in which the presence of a stimulus will alter the firing of that neuron.
Region in which neuron can respond to stimulus
Fields overlap
One afferent neuron with many interneurons
Given interneuron can receive synapses from many different receptors
Term
Rapidly and slowly adapting receptors
Definition
Duration: coded by duration of AP’s in sensory neuron; ex: Longer stimulus  longer series of AP’s
ex: Rapidly-adapting receptors: fire at onset and offset of stimulus
ex: Slowly-adapting receptors: fire for as long as stimulus exists
Term
What are the divisions of the nervous system
Definition
1. Central Nervous System
2. Peripheral Nervous System
- afferent division
- efferent division
> somatic (voluntary)
> autonomic (involuntary)
* enteric
*sympathetic
* parasympathetic
Term
Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
Definition
grey matter on the inside, white matter on the outside, dorsal root toward the back of the body (afferent fibers enter here) and ventral root toward the front of the body (efferent fibers enter here)
Term
ventricles
Definition
spaces in the brain that are filled with cerebral spinal fluid
Term
What is the cerebrum and what are the 5 lobes of the brain?
Definition
the cerebrum comprises the majority, 80%, of brain mass. the right and left hemispheres are connected via the "corpus collosum"
the outer layer is called the cerebral cortex and is comprised of 5 lobes
there are 5 lobes in the brain: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula
Term
What are the functions of the 5 lobes of the brain?
Definition
frontal lobe- personality, voluntary control of muscles, higher intellectual processes, verbal communication
parietal- somatesthetic interpretation; understanding speech and formulating words to express thoughts and emotions; interpretation of textures and shapes
occipital- integrates movements in focusing the eye; correlating visual images with previous visual experiences and other sensory stimuli; conscious perception of vision
temporal- interpretation of auditory sensations; storage (memory) of auditory and visual experiences
insula- memory; integration of other cerebral activities
Term
basal nuclei
Definition
masses of gray matter composed of neuron cell bodies; function in control of voluntary movement
Term
right vs left hemisphere
Definition
the right hemisphere is important in pattern recognition, musical composition, recognition of faces
the left hemisphere is important in language and analytical ability
Term
limbic system
Definition
along with the hypothalamus is the center for many emotions
Term
medial temporal lobe
Definition
important in converting short term memory into long term memory
Term
what is diencephalon comprised of?
Definition
also called the "interbrain"
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and the pituitary gland
Term
What are the two major divisions of the forebrain?
Definition
Cerebrum and the Diencephalon
Term
Describe the 4 parts of the diencephalon
Definition
Thalamus- relay center for sensory information
Hypothalamus- forms the floor of the third ventricle, is above and controls the pituitary gland, controls thirst, eating, emotions, body temperature
Epithalumus- contains a choroid complex for the formation of cerebral spinal fluid and the pineal gland
Pituitary gland- called the master gland because it produces hormones that control other glands and many body functions including growth
Term
What comprises the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain?
Definition
Forbrain- cerebrum and diencephalon
Midbrain- superior and inferior colliculi
Hindbrain- metencephalon and myelencephalon,
Term
describe the parts of the hindbrain
Definition
metencephalon- comprised of pons (site of the origination of some cranial nerves) and cerebellum (skeletal muscle control)
myelencephalon- medulla oblongata, regulation of breathing and cardiovascular control
Term
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System
Definition
Efferent Nervous System
somatic- efferents to skeletal muscles, cell body in CNS, synapse directly on muscle, excitatory, uses acetylcholine
autonomic- efferents to cardiac or smooth muscle, can be excitatory or inhibitory, takes two neurons to get from CNS to effector (pre-effector synapse)
Term
Describe the 3 parts of the autonomic nervous system
Definition
Enteric- gastrointestinal tract
Sympathetic- "fight or flight", ex: divert blood flow from digestive tract to skeletal muscles
Parasympathetic- opposes sympathetic
Term
How is information about a signal encoded and interpreted? (4)
Definition
modality- form of sensation, coded 1:1 receptor to sensation
location- coded by which neurons active a. Sensory region of cerebrum: topographic organization b. Timing of receptor activation: ex: sound, olfaction c. Lateral inhibition: neurons further from stimulus inhibited by closest neuron
intensity- number of receptors activated and frequency of action potentials
duration- coded by duration of action potentials a. rapidly adapting receptors fire at start and finish of stimulus b. slowly adapting receptors fire entire time of stimulus
Term
Signal transduction
Definition
Chemical / thermal / light / mechanical stimulus ---> into useful (neural) information
process by which an extracellular signaling molecule activates a membrane receptor, that in turn alters intracellular molecules creating a response.[1] There are two stages in this process: 1) a signalling molecule activates a certain receptor on the cell membrane 2) causing a second messenger to continue the signal into the cell and elicit a physiological response. In either step, the signal can be amplified, meaning that one signalling molecule can cause many responses.
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