Term
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Definition
| science of functions of living organisms and their parts |
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| science of bodily structure of organism |
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Definition
| tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium maintained by physiological process |
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| target value of a control variable that is maintained physiological through bodily control mechanisms for homeostasis |
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Definition
| an organ or cell able to respond to stimulus and send signal to a sensory nerve |
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Definition
| an organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus |
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Term
| integrating center or control center |
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Definition
| a cell, tissue, or organ that receives and interprets information about changes in the internal or external environment and generates homeostatic control signal information and stimulus |
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Definition
| degree of tolerance or temporary set point |
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Definition
| elongated contractile cell that forms muscles |
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| a whitish fiber or bundle of fibers that transmits impulses of sensation to the brain or spinal cord and impulses from these to the muscles and organs |
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Definition
| membranous tissue covering internal organs and other internal surfaces of the body |
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| tissue of mesodermal origin consisting of collagen fibroplasts and fatty cells; supports organs and fills spaces between them and forms tendons and ligaments |
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Term
What four elements make up 99% of the body?
How many trace elements? |
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Definition
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen
There are other 13 essential trace elements such as phosphorous, iron, and chromium |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical bond that involves sharing of electrons between atoms in a molecule |
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Definition
| uniform distribution of electron, hydrophobic |
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Definition
| non-uniform distribution of electrons, hydrophilic |
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Term
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Definition
| molecule that has both a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic region |
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Term
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Definition
| bond in which one atom loses an electron to become a positive ion (cation) and the other atom gains an electron to become a negative ion (anion); these are weaker than covalent bonds |
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Definition
(an example of an ionic group)
-COOH
present in and characteristic of organic acids |
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Term
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Definition
| (an example of an ionic group) organic compound containing the NH2 group; substances that contain these are called amines |
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Term
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Definition
| an electrical attraction between H atom in a polar bond with a strongly electronegative atom (O,N,Cl) in polar bond of another molecule (or same molecule) |
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Term
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Definition
| liquid contained inside the cell membranes; 2/3 of total body H2O |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid outside of the cell; 1/3 of TBW (interstitial fluid = 80% and plasma = 20%) |
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Definition
60%
most common molecule in the body |
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Term
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Definition
Intracellular Fluid = 2/3 of total body H20
Extracellular Fluid = 1/3 of TBW
>> Interstitial = 80%
>> Plasma = 20% |
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Term
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Definition
hydrocarbon molecules
> carbohydrates
> lipids
> proteins
> nucleic acids |
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Definition
one sugar; most basic unit of carbohydrates
ex: glucose |
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Definition
two sugars; formed by dehydration synthesis
ex: sucrose = glucose + fructose |
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Term
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Definition
| a dehydration reaction is usually defined as a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule |
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Term
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Definition
complex carbohydrates, made up of multiple sugar molecules
ex: cellulose, starch, and dextrin |
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Term
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Definition
| organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents |
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Term
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Definition
| (also known as polypeptides) are organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and folded into a globular form. The amino acids in a polymer are joined together by the peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues |
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Definition
| complex organic substance present in living cells, esp. DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain |
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Definition
| an organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| Any of a large group of compounds (including sugars, starch, and cellulose) which contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and can be broken down to release energy in the body. |
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Definition
| carboxylic acid with a long unbranched aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have a chain of four to 28 carbons. |
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Definition
| carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined together by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by all green plants as an energy store. |
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Definition
| A substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates; a polysaccharide that yields glucose on hydrolysis |
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Definition
| consists of three individual fatty acids bound together in a single large molecule; an important energy source forming much of the fat stored by the body |
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Definition
| organic compound that has three hydrophilic hydroxyl groups; organic alcohol composed of a three-carbon chain which can serve as the backbone for a triglyceride |
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Term
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Definition
| Compounds that contains phosphoric acid, fatty acids and a nitrogenous base; a class of lipids and are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers |
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Term
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Definition
| thin membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes are flat sheets that form a continuous barrier around cells. . |
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Definition
| glyceride consisting of one fatty acid chain covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through an ester linkage |
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Term
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Definition
| a glyceride consisting of two fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through ester linkages |
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Term
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Definition
| any of several fat-soluble organic compounds having as a basis 17 carbon atoms in four rings; many have important physiological effects |
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Term
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Definition
| organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group; proteins are composed of various proportions of about 20 common amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| amino acids joined via peptide bonds; Any such polymer that is not folded into a secondary structure of a protein; A small protein containing up to 100 amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
deoxyribonucleic acid
a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix |
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Term
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Definition
Ribonucleic acid
a biologically important type of molecule that consists of a long chain of nucleotide units. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| A compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| A compound that is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with thymine in double-stranded DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| A compound that is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A pyrimidine derivative, it is paired with adenine in double-stranded DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with cytosine in double-stranded DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| A compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of nucleic acids. It is paired with guanine in double-stranded DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| A compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of RNA. In DNA its place is taken by thymine |
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Term
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Definition
| the bases adenine and guanine present in DNA and RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| the bases thymine and cytosine present in DNA |
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Term
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Definition
Adenosine triphosphate
a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue; the major source of energy for cellular reactions |
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Term
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Definition
Adenosine diphosphate
A compound of adenosine containing two phosphoric acid groups. It is used to synthesize ATP with the energy released in cell respiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes. The defining membrane-bound structure that sets eukaryotic cells apart from prokaryotic cells is the nucleus, or nuclear envelope, within which the genetic material is carried. |
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Definition
| are a group of organisms that lack a cell nucleus (= karyon), or any other membrane-bound organelles. They differ from the eukaryotes, which have a cell nucleus |
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Definition
| A structure by which two adjacent cells are attached, formed from protein plaques in the cell membranes linked by filaments |
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Definition
| A specialized connection of two adjacent animal cell membranes such that the space usually lying between them is absent |
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Term
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Definition
| a specialized intercellular connection between a multitude of animal cell-types. It directly connects the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules and ions to pass freely between cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process in which there is movement of a substance from an area of high concentration of that substance to an area of lower concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| Osmolarity is the measure of solute concentration, defined as the number of osmoles (Osm) of solute per liter (L) of solution (osmol/L or Osm/L). |
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Term
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Definition
| Having the same osmotic pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| Containing a higher concentration of solutes (in comparison with some other solution). |
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Term
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Definition
| Containing a lower concentration of solutes (in comparison with some other solution). |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that transport a specific substance or group of substances through intracellular compartments or in extracellular fluids (e.g. in the blood) or else across the cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change |
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Term
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Definition
| substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions involving the substrate(s). In the case of a single substrate, the substrate binds with the enzyme active site, and an enzyme-substrate complex is formed |
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Term
| law of complimentary base pairing |
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Definition
| The law that refers to the pairing of nitrogenous bases in a specific manner: purines pair with pyrimidines. More specifically, adenine must always pair with thymine, and guanine must always pair with cytosine |
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Term
| What is positive feedback? |
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Definition
| a change away from a set-point value triggers mechanisms that move something even further from threshold; small changes lead to bigger changes; does NOT cause short-term homeostasis, but leads to long-term homeostasis |
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Term
| What is negative feedback? |
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Definition
| a change away from a set-point value triggers mechanisms that move something back towards the set-point value; causes short-term and long-term homeostasis |
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Term
| What is the organization of body components? (small to large) |
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Definition
| cells- tissues- organs- organ systems- body |
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Term
| What are the 4 elements that make up 99% of the human body? |
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Definition
| Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen |
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Term
| What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids? |
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Definition
(Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon chains)
unsaturated refers to the presence of one or more double bonds between carbons. A saturated fatty acid has all bonding positions between carbons occupied by hydrogens. |
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Term
| What are organic molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 major classes of organic molecules? |
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Definition
| carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
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Term
| How to calculate possible proteins from the the number of amino acids in the chain |
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Definition
20^n where “n” is the # of amino acids in the chain
Ex: 3 amino acids in the chain= 8000 varieties of protein possible (20 x 20 x 20) |
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Term
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Definition
1. primary- # and sequence of amino acids
2. secondary- alpha helix vs beta sheet (coil vs fold)
3. tertiary- 3-D shape of the protein caused by hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and van der waals forces
quaternary-association of multiple polypeptide subunits to form a functional protein |
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Term
| What are the bases of DNA and RNA? |
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Definition
| adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. in RNA, uracil replaces the thymine that is in DNA |
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Term
| What are the systems of the human body? |
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Definition
| nervous, endocrine, muscular, cardiovascular, immune, respiratory, urinary, digestive, metabolic, reproductive |
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Term
| Why are the strands in a double helix connected by hydrogen bonds rather than covalent bonds? |
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Definition
| Hydrogen bonds are easy to break and therefore allow for DNA replication. If the bonds were covalent, this would not be possible |
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Term
| What are the organelles in a cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Singer-Nicolson Fluid Mosaic Model |
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Definition
the biological membranes can be considered as a two-dimensional liquid where all lipid and protein molecules diffuse more or less easily
[image] |
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Term
| What is the structure of a membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of integral proteins? |
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Definition
1. Transport of materials into or out of the cell
2. Cell adhesion (attaching cells to other cells or their surroundings)
3. Receptors (bind molecules and trigger responses within the cell)
4. Enzymes (catalyze certain reactions) |
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Term
| Name types of membrane junctions |
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Definition
desmosomes- a structure by which two adjacent cells are attached, formed from protein plaques in the cell membranes linked by filaments
tight junction- regions where there is no space in between cells. That is, part of the membrane is in close contact with another part of the membrane. However, no molecules or ions can pass between them from one cell to the next
gap junction- directly connects the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules and ions to pass freely between cells |
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Term
| What is protein synthesis? |
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Definition
The process in which cells build proteins
transcription: making mRNA copy of DNA
translation: building protein at ribosome |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of molecular transport? |
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Definition
Diffusion- Movement of molecules from where they are in high concentration to where they are in low concentration solely as result of random movement of molecules
Osmosis- Diffusion of water across membrane that is impermeable to most other compounds (high -> low concentration)
Carrier mediated transport- substance requires a protein carrier to be transported across a membrane
-->Facilitated diffusion occurs when a substance is transported down a concentration gradient
-->Active transport occurs when a substance is transported up a concentration gradient and requires energy
Bulk transport- endocytosis and exocytosis |
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Term
| What is the difference between primary and secondary active transport? |
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Definition
Primary active transport: occurs when the hydrolysis of ATP is directly required for the function of the protein carrier
ex: Na+/K+ pump
Secondary active transport uses energy of ion moving DOWN its electrochemical gradient to drive transport of a different molecule UP its electrochemical gradient
-->Cotransport (symport): both move in the same direction
-->Countertransport (antiport): move in opposite directions |
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Term
| What affects rate of diffusion? |
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Definition
Magnitude of the concentration gradient across the membrane
The permeability of the membrane to the diffusing substance
The surface area of the membrane through which the substance is diffusing |
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Term
| Which direction will water flow across a selectively permeable barrier between solutions of different osmolalities? |
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Definition
| Water will flow from high osmolality to low |
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Term
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Definition
maintain the ratio of sodium and potassium ions on either side of the cell membrane. The pumps constantly flip forwards and backwards, allowing 3 sodium ions to leave the cell every time 2 potassium ions enter.
Primary active transport |
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Term
| Cotransport vs Countertransport |
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Definition
Both are types of secondary uses energy of ion moving DOWN its electrochemical gradient to drive transport of a different molecule UP its electrochemical gradient
Cotransport (symport): both move in the same direction
Countertransport (antiport): move in opposite directions
[image] |
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Term
| What are the properties of enzymes? |
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Definition
Specificity: to how many different substrates can an enzyme bind
Affinity: how tightly an enzyme is bound to a substrate
Saturation: how much of the enzyme is in use
Competition: occurs when more than one type of ligand can bind to the enzymes functional site |
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Term
| What are two regulators of enzyme activity? |
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Definition
Allosteric modulation - shape of enzyme’s functional site is altered by binding of a molecule to enzyme’s regulatory site
Covalent modulation - shape of enzyme’s functional site is altered by covalent bonding of charged chemical group to enzyme |
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Term
| Difference between hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis |
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Definition
| Dehydration (condensation) is when two molecules come together to produce a water (by bonding OH and H so you have H2O.) Hydrolysis is doing that in reverse. Breaking the H2O into H and OH and therefore breaking the bond. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate (PO4) group to a protein or other organic molecule. Phosphorylation activates or deactivates many protein enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| capacity of an excited neuron to reduce the activity of its neighbors. |
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Term
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Definition
| basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| a neuron, cell that is specialized to conduct nerve impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for the brain's neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| A junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of forming a myelin sheath around a nerve to allow nerve impulses to move more quickly |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the many gaps in the myelin sheath - this is where the action potential occurs during saltatory conduction along the axon |
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Term
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Definition
| A flow of electricity which results from the ordered directional movement of electrically charged particles |
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Term
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Definition
Membrane potential: expressed in terms of voltage (E) (usually millivolts in biological systems)
Movement of electrical charge is called a current (I).
Hindrance of charge is called resistance (R).
These features of electricity related by: Ohm’s Law: I = E/R |
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Term
| Absolute refractory period vs relative refractory period |
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Definition
absolute refractory period - cannot get second AP going no matter how strong second stimulus is because all sodium channels are inactivated
relative refractory period - can get second AP going but need stronger stimulus because some Na+ channels are still inactive, and increased number of K+ channels are open.
Result: action potentials move in one direction: away from the cell body |
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Term
| What are the functional classes of neurons? |
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Definition
efferent-transmit information out of the CNS to effector cells; particularly muscles, glands, or other neurons
afferent- transmit information from sensory receptors into the CNS
interneurons- a. function as integrators and signal changers
b. integrate groups of afferent and efferent neurons into reflex circuits
c. lie entirely within the CNS
d. account for 99% of all neurons |
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Term
| Types of glial cells and their functions |
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Definition
Astrocytes: critical to the formation of the BBB, stimulate endothelial cells to form tight junctions, sustain neurons metabolically, regulate composition of extracellular fluid by removing potassium ions and NTs from around synapses, guide neurons as they migrate during development, promote growth by secretion of growth factors, CNS
Ependymal: line the cerebral ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord, CNS
Microglia: perform immune functions in CNS
Oligodendrocytes: form myelin around axons in the central nervous system
Schwann Cells: form myelin around axons in the peripheral nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Functions of parts of the neuron |
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Definition
Cell body or “perikaryon”: enlarged portion of the cell that contains the nucleus and produce macromolecules
Dendrites: thin branched processes that extend from the cytoplasm of the cell body and serve as a receptive area that transmits electrical impulses to the cell body
Axon: process that carries information away from the cell body |
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Term
| Transmission of electrical signal through a neuron |
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Definition
Signals are sent across neurons in the form of an electrical signal called an “action potential”
Signals are sent between neurons in the form of a chemical signal called a neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| unequal distribution of different ions inside and outside the cell with higher concentrations of sodium ions outside the cell and higher concentrations of potassium ions inside the cell which causes a charge difference between the inside and outside of the cells called a “Membrane Potential” |
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Term
Resting membrane potential
Why is is not zero? |
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Definition
relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells
It is not equal to zero because of the sodium potassium pump and the selective permeability of the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| There are protein channels that allows 3K+ to go out and 2Na+ to enter in. Since there are more K+ flowing out than Na+ flowing in, therefore the equilibrium changes is negative. |
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Term
| What is do the Nernst and Goldman equations measure? |
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Definition
nernst- Equilibrium potential for any one ion is calculated by the Nernst equation
goldman- measure of the membrane potential when all the ions are taken into consideration (not just one like in the Nernst equation) |
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Term
| What is the role of the sodium potassium pump in maintaining resting membrane potential? |
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Definition
| It pumps out 3 Sodium and pumps in 2 Potassium per ATP equivalent used by the pump. The exporting of 3 positive charged atoms and the importing of 2 positive charges creates the separation of charge that is known as a RMP (-70 in humans) |
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Term
| Graded potential vs action potential |
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Definition
They are changes in membrane potential
Graded potential: the magnitude of the potential varies directly with the intensity of the stimulus; used for local signaling within neuron
Action potential: rapid, large changes in membrane potential that are “all-or-none” no matter the size of the stimulus |
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Term
| Three phases of an action potential |
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Definition
Depolarization: membrane potential becomes less negative
Repolarization: membrane potential becomes more negative (goes back to rest)
After-hyperpolarization: membrane potential becomes even more negative (overshoots) and slowly moves back to rest |
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Term
| Absolute vs relative refractory period |
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Definition
absolute refractory period - cannot get second AP going no matter how strong second stimulus is because all sodium channels are inactivated
relative refractory period - can get second AP going but need stronger stimulus because some Na+ channels are still inactive, and increased number of K+ channels are open.
Result: action potentials move in one direction: away from the cell body |
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Term
| Chemical Synaptic Transmission |
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Definition
1. The process begins with a wave of electrochemical excitation called an action potential traveling along the membrane of the presynaptic cell, until it reaches the synapse.
2. The electrical depolarization of the membrane at the synapse causes channels to open that are permeable to calcium ions.
3. Calcium ions flow through the presynaptic membrane, rapidly increasing the calcium concentration in the interior.
4. The high calcium concentration activates a set of calcium-sensitive proteins attached to vesicles that contain a neurotransmitter chemical.
5. These proteins change shape, causing the membranes of some "docked" vesicles to fuse with the membrane of the presynaptic cell, thereby opening the vesicles and dumping their neurotransmitter contents into the synaptic cleft, the narrow space between the membranes of the pre- and postsynaptic cells.
6. The neurotransmitter diffuses within the cleft. Some of it escapes, but some of it binds to chemical receptor molecules located on the membrane of the postsynaptic cell.
7. The binding of neurotransmitter causes the receptor molecule to be activated in some way. Several types of activation are possible, as described in more detail below. In any case, this is the key step by which the synaptic process affects the behavior of the postsynaptic cell.
8. Due to thermal shaking, neurotransmitter molecules eventually break loose from the receptors and drift away.
9. The neurotransmitter is either reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell, and then repackaged for future release, or else it is broken down metabolically. |
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Term
| What are the two types of synapses? |
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Definition
Excitatory: respond to neurotransmitter by depolarization (membrane potential moves closer to threshold) EPSP - excitatory post-synaptic potential
Inhibitory: respond to neurotransmitter by hyperpolarization (membrane potential moves further from threshold) or by stablization (membrane potential resists change) IPSP - inhibitory post-synaptic potential |
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Term
| What happens to neurotransmitters after they are used? |
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Definition
| degradation, reuptake, or diffusion |
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Term
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Definition
Type of nearotransmitter
amine
Excitatory NT for the CNS and somatic motor neurons at the neuromuscular junction
Can be excitatory or inhibitory at autonomic nerve endings
ACh is made from acetyl CoA and choline (same acetyl CoA as in metabolism)
Acetylcholinesterase is the enzyme that degrades ACh
Choline is transported back into pre-synaptic terminal for reuse
Acetyl group is converted into acetate and excreted or used to make other molecules |
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Term
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Definition
Serotonin: derived from tryptophan; involved in mood and vasoconstriction
Epinephrine: catecholamine; derived from tyrosine; typically excitatory
Norepinephrine: catecholamine; derived from tyrosine; behavioral arousal
Dopamine: catecholamine; derived from tyrosine; coordination of skeletal movement; mood
Epinephrine: catecholamine; derived from tyrosine; typically excitatory
Norepinephrine: catecholamine; derived from tyrosine; behavioral arousal
Dopamine: catecholamine; derived from tyrosine; coordination of skeletal movement; mood |
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Term
| important amino acid neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| glutamic acid and aspartic acid function as excitatory NTs in CNS; glycine and GABA are inhibitory |
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Term
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Definition
type of neurotransmitter
(beta endorphins; enkephalins; dynorphin; block pain; implicated in runner’s high |
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Term
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Definition
| can regulate blood vessel dilation and smooth muscle relaxation; learning and memory |
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Term
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Definition
| group of many axons (nerve fibers) traveling together e.g., optic nerve from eye to brain |
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Term
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Definition
| groups of neuron cell bodies in central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| groups of neuron cell bodies in peripheral nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
dura mater- the outermost (and toughest) of the 3 meninges, thick, durable membrane, closest to the skull.
arachnoid- middle, thin, transparent, web like
pia mater- very thin, meningeal envelope which firmly adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| a space in the meninges beneath the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater that contains the cerebrospinal fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| BBB- A filtering mechanism of the capillaries that blocks the passage of certain substances. |
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Term
| Grey matter and white matter |
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Definition
Grey matter: cell bodies and nerve fibers lacking myelin; interior of cord
White matter: myelinated axons of interneurons, run along length of cord; outer portion of cord |
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Term
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Definition
| A particular form of sensory perception |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of graded potential, is the transmembrane potential difference of a sensory receptor. |
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Term
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Definition
region of space in which the presence of a stimulus will alter the firing of that neuron.
Region in which neuron can respond to stimulus
Fields overlap
One afferent neuron with many interneurons
Given interneuron can receive synapses from many different receptors |
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Term
| Rapidly and slowly adapting receptors |
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Definition
Duration: coded by duration of AP’s in sensory neuron; ex: Longer stimulus longer series of AP’s
ex: Rapidly-adapting receptors: fire at onset and offset of stimulus
ex: Slowly-adapting receptors: fire for as long as stimulus exists |
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Term
| What are the divisions of the nervous system |
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Definition
1. Central Nervous System
2. Peripheral Nervous System
- afferent division
- efferent division
> somatic (voluntary)
> autonomic (involuntary)
* enteric
*sympathetic
* parasympathetic |
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Term
| Anatomy of the Spinal Cord |
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Definition
| grey matter on the inside, white matter on the outside, dorsal root toward the back of the body (afferent fibers enter here) and ventral root toward the front of the body (efferent fibers enter here) |
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Term
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Definition
| spaces in the brain that are filled with cerebral spinal fluid |
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Term
| What is the cerebrum and what are the 5 lobes of the brain? |
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Definition
the cerebrum comprises the majority, 80%, of brain mass. the right and left hemispheres are connected via the "corpus collosum"
the outer layer is called the cerebral cortex and is comprised of 5 lobes
there are 5 lobes in the brain: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula |
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Term
| What are the functions of the 5 lobes of the brain? |
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Definition
frontal lobe- personality, voluntary control of muscles, higher intellectual processes, verbal communication
parietal- somatesthetic interpretation; understanding speech and formulating words to express thoughts and emotions; interpretation of textures and shapes
occipital- integrates movements in focusing the eye; correlating visual images with previous visual experiences and other sensory stimuli; conscious perception of vision
temporal- interpretation of auditory sensations; storage (memory) of auditory and visual experiences
insula- memory; integration of other cerebral activities |
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Term
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Definition
| masses of gray matter composed of neuron cell bodies; function in control of voluntary movement |
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Term
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Definition
the right hemisphere is important in pattern recognition, musical composition, recognition of faces
the left hemisphere is important in language and analytical ability |
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Term
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Definition
| along with the hypothalamus is the center for many emotions |
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Term
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Definition
| important in converting short term memory into long term memory |
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Term
| what is diencephalon comprised of? |
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Definition
also called the "interbrain"
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and the pituitary gland |
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Term
| What are the two major divisions of the forebrain? |
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Definition
| Cerebrum and the Diencephalon |
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Term
| Describe the 4 parts of the diencephalon |
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Definition
Thalamus- relay center for sensory information
Hypothalamus- forms the floor of the third ventricle, is above and controls the pituitary gland, controls thirst, eating, emotions, body temperature
Epithalumus- contains a choroid complex for the formation of cerebral spinal fluid and the pineal gland
Pituitary gland- called the master gland because it produces hormones that control other glands and many body functions including growth |
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Term
| What comprises the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain? |
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Definition
Forbrain- cerebrum and diencephalon
Midbrain- superior and inferior colliculi
Hindbrain- metencephalon and myelencephalon, |
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Term
| describe the parts of the hindbrain |
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Definition
metencephalon- comprised of pons (site of the origination of some cranial nerves) and cerebellum (skeletal muscle control)
myelencephalon- medulla oblongata, regulation of breathing and cardiovascular control |
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Term
| Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System |
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Definition
Efferent Nervous System
somatic- efferents to skeletal muscles, cell body in CNS, synapse directly on muscle, excitatory, uses acetylcholine
autonomic- efferents to cardiac or smooth muscle, can be excitatory or inhibitory, takes two neurons to get from CNS to effector (pre-effector synapse) |
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Term
| Describe the 3 parts of the autonomic nervous system |
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Definition
Enteric- gastrointestinal tract
Sympathetic- "fight or flight", ex: divert blood flow from digestive tract to skeletal muscles
Parasympathetic- opposes sympathetic |
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Term
| How is information about a signal encoded and interpreted? (4) |
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Definition
modality- form of sensation, coded 1:1 receptor to sensation
location- coded by which neurons active a. Sensory region of cerebrum: topographic organization b. Timing of receptor activation: ex: sound, olfaction c. Lateral inhibition: neurons further from stimulus inhibited by closest neuron
intensity- number of receptors activated and frequency of action potentials
duration- coded by duration of action potentials a. rapidly adapting receptors fire at start and finish of stimulus b. slowly adapting receptors fire entire time of stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
Chemical / thermal / light / mechanical stimulus ---> into useful (neural) information
process by which an extracellular signaling molecule activates a membrane receptor, that in turn alters intracellular molecules creating a response.[1] There are two stages in this process: 1) a signalling molecule activates a certain receptor on the cell membrane 2) causing a second messenger to continue the signal into the cell and elicit a physiological response. In either step, the signal can be amplified, meaning that one signalling molecule can cause many responses. |
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