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| What is human paleontology |
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| Is biological/ Physical Anthro( The study of human cultural and biological variation and evolution) |
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| US, FINDING FOSSIL SPECIES MORE CLOSELY RELATED TO US THAN CHIMPS |
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| HOMININS AND THE OTHER GREAT APES( CHIMPS, GORRILLAS, ORANGUTANS) |
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| ALL APES ( GREAT APES AND GIBBONS) |
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| Main tenants of natural selection |
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| There are 3 main tenants of natural selection( VARIATION- HERITBILITY-DIFFERENTIAL REPRODUCTION) |
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| Early concepts of heredity |
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| homunculus and blending inheritance |
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| MEANING (1694) TINY MAN IN SPERM CELL |
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| PARENTAL CONTRIBUTION IS AVERAGED OUT, OR BLENDED, IN OFFSPRING (SKIN= DARK+LIGHT= TAN SKIN) |
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| Mendel’s major contributions |
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Definition
| OBSERVED HOW CHARACTERISTICS WHERE PASSED THROUGH GENERATIONS, INFERRED HOW GENES OPERATE, PARTICULATE DISCRETE UNIT |
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| What is the Modern Synthesis and why is it important to this class |
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| 1930-1940 AKA NEO DARWINISM, PRODUCED A COMPREHENSIVE THEORY OF EVOLUTION FROM THE GENETIC SPECIES TO LEVEL |
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| is the changes in allele frequencies that occur over time within a population |
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studies focus on change that occurs at or above the level of
species EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE |
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| Know the 5 evolutionary forces |
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Definition
NATURAL SELECTION-
NON-RANDOM MATING(SEXUAL SELECTION)-
GENE FLOW-
GENETIC DRIFT-
MUTATION- |
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| FOUNDER EFFECT- The founder effect is generically a loss of genetic diversity. But specifically, it refers to limited genetic diversity that occurs when a small group of individuals from a genetically diverse population of some species migrates away and forms a new colony. Because the new colony will be composed only of genes from those few individuals, its genetic diversity will be reduced compared to the parent population. Usually, this is associated with reduced genetic fitness and perhaps increased incidence of disease or other physiological maladaptations. |
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population
bottleneck is a significant reduction in the size of a population that causes the extinction of many genetic lineages within that population, thus decreasing genetic diversity. Population bottlenecks have occurred in the evolutionary history of many species, including humans. Present-day bottlenecks are seen in endangered species such as the Yangtze River dolphin, whose numbers have dwindled to less than 100. Endangered species that do not become extinct may expand their numbers later on, but with a limited amount of genetic diversity with which to adapt to changing conditions. The genomes of future populations will reflect the narrowing of genetic possibility for thousands of years. NEW POPULATION HS LIMITED DIVERSITY, DIVERSITY INCREASES OVER TIME |
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| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
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Definition
MODEL/MEASUREMENT OF EVOLUTION, OCCURS IF EVOLUTIONARY FACTORS ARE STABLE IF NOT A POPULATION IS EVOLVING, CALCULATION BY COMPARING OBSERVED WITH EXPECTED FREQUENCIES (H-W FORMULA) P2+2PQ+Q2=1
P=FREQUENCY OF ALLELE 1
Q=FREQENCY OF ALLELE 2 |
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| Biological species concept |
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| Organisms are classified in the same species if they are potentially capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring (LIGER) How to apply it to the fossil record |
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| Different types of speciation |
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Definition
Alloopatric
Parapatric
Sympatric
Instantaneous |
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| geographic seperation leads to the formation of new species 0/0 physical barrier |
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| populations further away from each other evolve into new species 00 |
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| populations evolves into new species while in proximity to parent papoulations (rare) |
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| chromosomal mutation results in reproductive barrier (plants) |
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| small changes the process will that process will eventually lead up to a new species. |
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| dramatic change after a long period of rest |
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Higher taxa
KINGDOM- ANIMLIA
PHYLUM- CHORDATA
CLASS-MAMMALIA
ORDER-PRIMATES
FAMILY-HOMINIDAE
Scientific name
GENUS-HOMO
SPECIES-SAPIENS
King phillip came over for a great spaghetti |
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| SIMILRITY DUE TO COMMON ANCESTRY |
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| SHARED FEATURES DUE TO REMOTE COMMON ANCESTOR(ex LIZARD/BABY/LION ALL HAVE 4 LIMBS) |
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| SHARED FEATURES BETWEEN TWO OR MORE DESCENDENR SPECIES (MOST USEFULL CHARACTERISTICS IN CLADISTICS LIZARD/BABY/LION= BABY/LION= MILK, HAIR |
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| SIMILARITY NOT DUE TO COMMON ANCESTRY (ANALOGY) PHYSICAL SIMILARITIES(ex BIRD/BUTTERFLY= WINGS, FISH/GASOL=EYES) |
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| ancestor and all descendents |
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| ancestor and some desceendents |
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| next to or close leaving out some groups |
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| many descendents but many missing common ancestors |
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| one group which is related to each other |
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| A preserved remains or traces of an animial/plant that existed in the past. |
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| ichnofossils or trace fossils |
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| layers of soil or layers of rock |
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| the smallest map able units |
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| older layers are at the bottom while younger layers are at the top. |
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| how old something is relative to something else |
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| fossils and which lineages are most useful for Africa |
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| What is Fluorine Analysis and how does it work |
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| Flourine analysis- measures amount of fluorine from groundwater that is collected from the bone |
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| 100 to 40/60,000 years (bone, shell, plants, wood, charcoal) Positive(small error estimates)(negative works only at young sites) |
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| Volcano (lava, ash, tuffs, igneous rocks, Meteroites) 100ka-billions(positive accurate) (negative must have a volcano) |
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| 100ka-billion same as potassium argon(volcano) (postive less potential for contamination) (Negative potential to date intrusive crystals by mistake) |
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| - Cave speleothoms, flow stone, shells 500-500,000 years ( positive period between radio carbon and potassium argon non volcanic areas) (Negative a newer technique a greater error rate) |
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Argon/argon
potasium/argon
radio carbon
uranium (U) series |
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| material with a crustaline structure( potter, flint, quartz, stone tools that has been heated or burned by fire. A few thousand to 500,000 years( good for a period between rc and K/ar can used at a variety of sites and environments. (negative large error estimates (5-15%) |
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| Optically-stimulated luminescence |
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Definition
quartz sand grains
A few thousand to 500,000 years( good for a period between rc and K/ar can used at a variety of sites and environments. (negative large error estimates (5-15%) |
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| Tooth enamel <2ma ( Positive common material) (Negative destroys the tooth) |
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The earth's magnetic field as it existed in the past.
Works on >780ka thousand years (positive easy to get samples narrows down time range) (negative cant get a date younger than 780ka
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