Term
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Definition
| Structural changes identified by gross or microscopic examination |
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Term
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Definition
| Subjective manifestations |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Not associated with symptoms or discomfort |
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Term
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Definition
| Associated with symptoms and abnormal physical findings |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Manner in which disease develops |
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Term
| Congenital and hereditary disease |
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Definition
| Caused by genetic or chromosomal abnormality, intrauterine injury, or interaction of genetic and environmental factors. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Associated with degeneration of tissue or organs |
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Term
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Definition
| Associated with disturbed metabolic processes |
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Term
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Definition
| Caracterized by various benign and malignant tumors |
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Term
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Definition
| Information obtained from patient |
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Term
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Definition
| Objective findings obtained by clinician |
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Term
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Definition
| Consideration of possible diseases that could be responsible for clinical manifestations |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Alleviates symptoms but does not alter course of disease |
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Term
| Requirements for effective screening |
|
Definition
- Significant population at risk
- Inexpensive noninvasive test available
- Early ID and treatment yields favorable outcome
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Term
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Definition
| Invades patient body to obtain diagnostic information |
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Term
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Definition
| Not associated with significant risk or discomfort |
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Term
| Clinical laboratory tests |
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Definition
| Chemical, serologic, microbiology on blood and body fluids |
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Term
| Tests measuring electrical activity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Determines uptake and excretion of radioactive materials |
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Term
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Definition
| Examines interior of body with specially designed instruments |
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Term
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Definition
| High frequency sound waves directed into the body creating echoes based on differening densities of body organs. Used to evaluate body structure and functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| X-rays absorbed in proportion to density of tissues |
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Term
| X-rays using contrast media |
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Definition
| Outline structures that cannot be visualized on standard films |
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Term
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Definition
| X-rays transmitted to the computer produce cross-section views through various levels of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| detects same type of abnormalities as CT, but based on movement of protons in magentic field; has advantages over CT in special situations |
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Term
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Definition
| measure metabolism of biochemical compounds labeled with positron-emitting isotopes as measure of organ function (VERY Expensive and not widely available) |
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Term
| Cytologic and histologic examinations |
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Definition
| smears and biopsy samples taken from patients's body have characteristic patterns that permit recognition |
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Term
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Definition
| External coverings, nervous system, eyes, ears |
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Term
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Definition
| Lining of body and associated organs |
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Term
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Definition
| supporting tissue, muscle, circulatory system, urogenital system |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of solute from concertated to dilute solution |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of water from dilute to more concentrated solution |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of concentration. Depends on number of dissolved particles. Toinicity = osmolarity |
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Term
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Definition
| Expends Energy. Transfer of materials against a concentration gradiet. Necessary to maintain proper concentration of interacellular and extracellular ions |
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Term
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Definition
| ingestion of particulate material |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| reduction in size in response to unfavorable conditions |
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Term
|
Definition
| increase in cell size for more efficient function |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in number of cells to increase functional capabilities |
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Term
|
Definition
| change from one type of cell to a more resistant type of cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| Disturbed development, may proceed to neoplasia |
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Term
| Increased Enzyme Synthesis |
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Definition
| Adaptation in order to inactivate or detoxify materials more efficiently |
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Term
|
Definition
| mechanism for transporting sodium out of cell begins to fail when cell is injured. Sodium diffuses into cell along with water, causing cell to swell |
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Term
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Definition
| fat metabolism impaired; fat accumulated in cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes shorten, nuclear membrane breaks down, and spindle forms |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes line up in middle of cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
No reduction in chromosomes, daughter cells identical with parent cell. Characteristic of somatic cells.
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
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Term
|
Definition
X inactivated and attached to nuclear membrane (female)
Y chromosome appears as bright flurescent spot in intact cell (male) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chromosomes reduced by half and modified by crossover. Characteristc of germ cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| homologous chromosomes synapse and exchange segments. Homologus chromosomes separate, and saughter cells reform, each containing one member of homologus pair. Chromosomes reduced by half |
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Term
|
Definition
| Like mitosis, but each cell has only 23 chromosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| 46 Chromosomes. Form primary spermatocytes. Primary spermatocytes form 2 secondary spermatocytes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Formed from primary spermatocytes and has 23 chromosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Two are formed from one secondary spermatocyte. These mature into sperm. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 46 chromosomes. Forms primary oocytes in fetal ovaries. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Forms primary follicle and begins prophase of meiosis but does not carry it through. Completes first meiotic division to form secondary oocyte and polar body. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hormones required to mature follicles. One follicle is ovulated each cycle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Has 23 chromosomes and completes second meiotic division and if fertilized it forms mature ovum. Pairs with polar body which has other 23 chromosomes. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| alleles differ and expression of genes vary |
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Term
|
Definition
| gene expressed in homozygous state |
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Term
|
Definition
| gene experssed in heterozygous state |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Carried on X chromosome.
Female 2 X's
Male only 1 X and 1 Y and can inherit hereditary disease if received on X chromosome |
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Term
|
Definition
| gene introduced into cell with denetic defect to compensate for missing for dysfunctional gene. Procedure has great potential but many limitations |
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Term
| Characteristics of Inflammatory Reaction |
|
Definition
Dilation of blood vessels
Migration of leukocytes through vessel walls to the site of inflammation
Increased Capillary Permiability
Extravasation of fluids |
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|
Term
| Clinical Manifestations of Inflammation |
|
Definition
Heat and redness: dilated blood vessels
Swelling: accumulation of fluid and exudate
Tenderness and pain: irritation of nerve endings |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| chielfy inflammatory cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| Exudate rich in protein, which coagulates |
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Term
|
Definition
| many capillaries ruptured, allowing escape of red cells |
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|
Term
| Systemic Effects of Inflammation |
|
Definition
Patient Feels ill
Elevated Temperature
Leukocytosis |
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|
Term
| Resolution of Inflammation |
|
Definition
| Inflammation subsides and tissues return to normal |
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Term
|
Definition
| Replacement of damaged cells and tissues. Large areas of destruction replaced by scar tissue. |
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Term
| Mediators of Inflammation |
|
Definition
| Intensify inflammatory process and generate more mediators. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Discharge granules containing mediators |
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Term
|
Definition
| Form from blood proteins leaking into inflamed areas. Activation of complement generates mediators |
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Term
|
Definition
| Released from leukocytes causing tissue injury |
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Term
|
Definition
| May be needed to suppress inflammatory reaction to reduce tissue damage. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An inflammation caused by a pathogenic organism |
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Term
|
Definition
| Acute spreading infection |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tissue breakdown forming pus pockets |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of draining lymph nodes |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Factors influencing Outcome |
|
Definition
Virulence of organism
Dosage
Resistance of host's body |
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Term
|
Definition
Organisms and host evenly balanced
Lymphocytes and plasma cells predominate |
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Term
|
Definition
| The determination of the nature and cause of a patiient's illness |
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Term
|
Definition
| The probable outcome of a disease or a disorder; the outlook for recovery |
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Term
|
Definition
| Swelling and Fatty Change are the two most common changes exhibited by this type of cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A nonspecific response to any agent that causes cell injury |
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Term
|
Definition
| The fluid, leukocytes, and debris that accumulates as a result of an inflammation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The type of immune cell that responds to foreign antigens by releasing chemical messengers called lymohokines. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Immunity associated with formation of antibodies produced by plasma cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| Immunity associated with population of sensitized lymphocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
| A state of abnormal reactivity to a foreign material |
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Term
|
Definition
| An antibody formed against one's own cells or tissue components |
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Term
|
Definition
| A disease associated with formation of cell-mediated or humoral immunity against the subjects own cells or tissue components |
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Term
|
Definition
| A general term for any protein secreted by cells that functions as an intercellular messenger and influences cells of the immune system. |
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Term
|
Definition
- T (thymus) lymphocytes
- B (bone marrow) lymphocytes
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|
|
Term
| Percentage of the types of lymphocytes |
|
Definition
2/3 are T lymphocytes
10-15% are Natural Killer Cells or NK cells
The remainder are B lymphocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Functions along with the immune system to destroy or inactivate all types of foreign antigens, including invading microorganisms. Generates an attack complex to target the abnormal cells |
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|
Term
| Two Ways The Complement System Can Be Activated |
|
Definition
Classical Pathway: triggered by antigen-antibody interactions (C1, C4, C2)
Alternative Pathway: Activated by bacterial cell wall material or products of the inflammatory process (B, D, P) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Globulins produced by plasma cells and are called immunoglobulins. There are 5 types: IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE |
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Term
|
Definition
| Most prevalent Immunoglobulin. Produced rapidly in large amounts. Crosses placenta to protect fetus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Found in bloodstream, mucous membranes of the GI and respiratory tract and in breast milk |
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Term
|
Definition
| A benign or malignant overgrowth of tissues that serves no normal function |
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Term
|
Definition
| overgrowth of cells that serves no useful purpose and appear to not be subject to the control mechanisms that normally regulate cell growth and differentiation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tumor that has a slow growth rates, remains localized, has well differentiated cells and expands rather than infiltrates. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tumor that has a rapid growth rates, spreads to the bloodstream and lymphatics, does not contain many differentiated cells and infiltrates other tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
| A descriptive term for a benign tumor projecting from an epithelial surface |
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Term
|
Definition
| Adding the suffix of -oma to the prefix that designates the cell of origin |
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Term
|
Definition
| Three types: carcinomas, sarcomas and leukemias |
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Term
|
Definition
| A malignant tumor derived from epithelial cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| A malignant tumor arising from connective and supporting tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| A neoplastic proliferation of leukocytes. Refers to any neoplasm of blood-forming tissues. |
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Term
|
Definition
| All neoplasms of lymphoid tissue and are almost always malignant. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The normal formation of blood cells in the body which starts in the bone marrow |
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Term
|
Definition
| Three phases that can be triggered either intrinsiclly or extrinsiclly. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Involves platelets, plasma factors and triggered by tissue injury forming thromboplastin |
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Term
|
Definition
| Prothrombin is turned into thrombin by action of plasma factors |
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|
Term
| Phase Three of Coagulation |
|
Definition
| Fibrinogen is turned into fibrin by action of plasma factors |
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Term
|
Definition
| A component formed during blood coagulation from interaction of platelets and plasma components (intrinsic system) or liberated from injured tissues (extrinsic system) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Components of blood plasma that contain several different proteins that are designed to interact to form a blood clot. Examples are Fibrinogen, Prothrombin, ect. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Four main categories of disturbances of blood coagulation: small blood vessels, platelet function, deficiency of plasma coagulation factor, liberation of thromboplastic material into the circulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| A deficiency of platelets |
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Term
|
Definition
| Often caused by a deficiency of plasma coagulation factors |
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|
Term
| Partial Thromboplastin Time |
|
Definition
| Whole blood clotting time |
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Term
|
Definition
| Measures phase 2 and phase 3 time for blood coagulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Measures phase 3 time for blood coagulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| A blood clot formed within the vascular system |
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Term
|
Definition
| A condition in which a plug composed of a detached clot, mass of bacteria, or other foreign material occludes a blood vessel |
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Term
|
Definition
| Necrosis of tissue caused by interruption of its blood supply |
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Term
|
Definition
| Also called chronic heart failure. The heart is no longer able to pump adequate amounts of blood to the tissues. The pumping capability of both ventricles slowly declines. |
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|
Term
| Primary/ Essential Hypertension |
|
Definition
| Resulting from excessive vasoconstriction of the small arterioles which raises diastolic pressure. A rise in systolic pressure is caused by the compensatory effect of the vasoconstriction |
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Term
|
Definition
| When hypertension is caused as a result from a known disease such as CKD, endocrine gland dysfunction or hyperactive thyroid gland |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lipid deposits of fat and cholesterol accumulate in the arteries by diffusion from the bloodstream causing a narrowing of the arteries. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of a vein that is associated with a blood clot. It is treated by elevation of the leg, heat, and anticoagulant drugs |
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|
Term
| Risk Factors for Heart Disease |
|
Definition
Elevated Lipid Levels
Elevated Blood Pressure
Cigarette Smoking
Diabetes
Obesity |
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Term
|
Definition
| Can be causes by either forward failure or backward failure depending on the mechanisms responsible for the decline in blood flow |
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Term
|
Definition
| Initial effect is considered to be insufficient blood flow to the tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inadequate output of blood is considered to cause back up of blood within the veins draining back to the heart leading to things such as edema. |
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Term
|
Definition
| condition in which the sac-like covering around the heart (pericardium) becomes inflamed. Often the result of infection or prior disease or disorder. Chest pain, SOB, and/or leg swelling |
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Term
|
Definition
| Usually viral, occasionally other pathogens or hypersensitivity state. Onset usually abrupt with eventual complete recovery |
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Term
|
Definition
| Rheumatic fever is a complication of beta-streptococcal infection and causes valvular damage. Healing leads to valve scarring |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used synonymously with coronary heart disease. Designates heart disease as a result of inadequate blood flow through the coronary arteries |
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Term
|
Definition
| Caused by low blood volume, leading to a corresponding drop in blood pressure. Most of the time caused by large hemmorrhage that reduces circulating blood volume. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Caused by inadequate or impaired cardiac pumping/cardiac output. Usually a complication of myocardial infarction |
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Term
|
Definition
| Results from excessive dilation of the body's blood vessels, in which the volume of circulating blood is insufficient to fill adequately the greatly expanded capacity of the blood vessels.. Usually the result of |
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Term
|
Definition
| Results from excessive vasodilation caused by the widespread release of mediators of inflammation from mast cells and basophils, which is often followed by circulatory collapse. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the lungs characterized by the same type of vascular changes and exudation of fluid and cells that happen in other parts of the body.. Can be classified by either etiology, anatomic distribution of the inflammation or predisposing factors |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Spasmodic contraction of bronchial smooth muscle narrowing air passages. Many times caused by allergies |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2 Types: Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema. Characterized by dyspnea, cyanosis and reduced hemoglobin. Anatomic derangements are inflammation and narrowing of the terminal bronchioles, dilation and coalescence of pulmonary air spaces. and loss of lung elasticity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Accumulation of air in the pleural cavity |
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Term
|
Definition
| Collapse of the lung, either caused by bronchial obstruction or external compression |
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Term
|
Definition
| fine alveolar structures of the lung are destroyed and large cystic air spaces form throughout the lung. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Results from digestion of the mucosa by acid gastric juices. Persons who secrete large amounts of acid are at risk and may be caused by H. pylori infection |
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Term
|
Definition
| One type of irritable bowel syndrome. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Another type of irritable bowel syndrome that is normally not affecting the colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Persons affected have a false perception of being too fat when they are actually much too thing and they continue to lose weight by restricting food intake and exercising excessively. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| hemorrhage, perforation, and obstruction |
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Term
|
Definition
| Characterized by the repeated episodes of binge eating followed by purging. Body weight may fluctuate in relation to their binge-purge behavior but they do not become emaciated like in anorexia. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Viral hepatitis, Fatty liver, alcoholic liver and cirrhosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| Only infects people already infected with hepatitis B virus. Small defective RNA virus. This type is mostly seen in drug users using contaminated needles |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Pancreatitis can either be acute or chronic. Acute causes pancreas to be digested when pancreatic juices escape from ducts. Mild inflammation is the cause of chronic pancreatitis and the pancreatic tissue is slowly destroyed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a RNA containing virus that has a short incubation period of 2-6 weeks. Virus secreted from nose and throat secretions and in the stool for 2 weeks after onset of symptoms. Spread through person-to-person contact or fecal oral route. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A DNA containing virus that has an inner and outer coat to the molecule. Long incubation period of 6 weeks to 4 months. Transferred through blood or body fluids. |
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Term
|
Definition
| RNA containing virus with incubation of 3-12 weeks. Transmitted through blood or body fluids. No vaccine available like the other forms of hepatitis |
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Term
|
Definition
| RNA virus transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Mostly seen in third world countries and is associated with contaminated water sources. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Enlargement of the thyroid gland is caused by inadequate secretion of thyroid hormone, iodine deficiency, enzyme deficiency, impaired enzyme function or increased hormone requirements. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Caused by damage to pancreatic islet cells. Insulin secretion reduced or absent. Mostly found in children and young adults. Ketosis prone |
|
|
Term
| Type II Diabetes Mellitus |
|
Definition
| More common type and insulin secretion normal or increased. Insulin insensitivity and not associated with ketosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excess production of adrenal corticosteroids leading to increased glucose levels, impaired protein synthesis, muscle weakness and bone weakness, along with trunk obesity with thin extremeties. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Under production of adrenal hormones caused by atrophy or destruction of adrenal glands causing a deficiency in steroid hormones. Leads to low glucose levels, inability to regulate electrolytes, and decreased blood pressure and blood volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enlargement of the thyroid gland is caused by inadequate secretion of thyroid hormone, iodine deficiency, enzyme deficiency, impaired enzyme function or increased hormone requirements. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Caused by damage to pancreatic islet cells. Insulin secretion reduced or absent. Mostly found in children and young adults. Ketosis prone |
|
|
Term
| Type II Diabetes Mellitus |
|
Definition
| More common type and insulin secretion normal or increased. Insulin insensitivity and not associated with ketosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excess production of adrenal corticosteroids leading to increased glucose levels, impaired protein synthesis, muscle weakness and bone weakness, along with trunk obesity with thin extremeties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Under production of adrenal hormones caused by atrophy or destruction of adrenal glands causing a deficiency in steroid hormones. Leads to low glucose levels, inability to regulate electrolytes, and decreased blood pressure and blood volume |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Urinary Calculi |
|
Definition
| Most are formed of either uric acid or calcium salts and can be formed anywhere in the urinary tract. Three dispositions to stone formation: increased concentration of salts, infection of the urinary tract, urinary tract obstruction |
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Term
|
Definition
| An inflammation of the glomeruli caused by either antigen-antibody complexes trapped in the glomeruli, or by anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies |
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Term
|
Definition
| Most of the time secondary to spread of infection from the bladder (ascending) but can be caused by organisms carried to the kidneys through the blood stream (hematogenous). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Most common disturbance of water balance. Caused by inadequate water intake or excessive water loss (diarrhea or vomiting) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Can result from administering too much fluid intravenously or when a person with impaired renal function drinks large amounts of fluid which the kidneys are unable to excrete. Can also be caused by a normal person drinking too much water and causing hyponatremia |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Antidiuretic hormone. Posterior lobe pituitary hormone that regulates urine concentration by altering the permeability of the renal collecting tubules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inefficient excretion of carbon dioxide by lungs. Compensation by kidneys forms additional bicarbonate ions. Usually caused by chronic pulmonary disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leads to hyperventilation that causes lower PCO2 levels. The body compensates by increasing excretion of bicarbonate in the kidneys. Caused by severe anxiety with hyperventilation, stimulation of respiratory center by drugs and/or central nervous disease. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Excess endogenous acid depletes bicarbonate causing hyperventilation to lower PCO2 and the kidneys excrete more hydrogen ions and forms more bicarbonate. Causes renal failure, ketosis, and overproduction of lactic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leads to excess plasma bicarbonate and the body does not have any compensation. Caused by lack of gastric juices, chloride depletion, excess corticosteroid hormones, or ingestion of excessive bicarbonate or antacids |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Impaired calcification of bone in a growing child caused by Vitamin D deficiency, which leads to bowing of the leg bones when weight bearing is attempted. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Impaired calcification of bone in an adult caused by vitamin D deficiency, which also contributes to bone loss caused by osteoporosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Generalized thinning and demineralization of bone that tends to occur in postmenopausal women. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A systemic disease primarily affecting the synovium with major manifestations in the small joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A "wear and tear" degeneration of the major weight bearing joints. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Presence of endometrial tissue in abnormal locations, such as in the ovaries or pelvis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of cancer that can progress from mild-severe dysplasia of cells in the cervix. Can be caused by HPV. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Cerebral Vascular Accident. An Injury to the brain resulting in a disturbance of cerebral blood flow caused by a cerebral thrombosis, cerebral embolism, or cerebral hemorrhage. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Temporary cerebral dysfunction as a result of transient obstruction of a cerebral vessel by a bit of atheromatous debris or blood clot usually embolized from an arteriosclerotic plaque in the carotid artery. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hemorrhages in the subarachnoid space or from an intracerebral vessel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formation of blood clots in brain arteries or from emboli that travel to the brain and lodge in an artery, shutting off the blood supply |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A stroke caused by a thrombosis of an arteriosclerotic cerebral artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A stroke caused by a blockage of a cerebral artery by a blood clot that had formed elsewhere in the circulatory system and was transported in the blood stream to the brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A stroke caused by rupture of a cerebral artery, usually in a person with hypertension, which allows blood to escape under high pressure into the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chronic disease of the central nervous system characterized by rigidity and tremor, caused by decreased concentration of dopamine in the central nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chronic disease characterized by focal areas of demyelination in the central nervous system, followed by glial scarring. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that can involve brain and nervous system functions, such as movement, learning, hearing, seeing, and thinking.There are several different types of cerebral palsy, including spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, hypotonic, and mixed. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A progressive disease that affects primarily middle-aged and older people. Characterized by failure of recent memory followed by difficulties in thinking, reasoning, and judgment. Often associated with emotional disturbances such as depression, anxiety and irritability. |
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Term
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Definition
the ability to feel pain, caused by stimulation of a nociceptor. Physiologically, it is composed of four processes: transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception. Called also pain sense, algesia, and algesthesia.
The four processes that make up nociception: transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception.
Nociception triggers a variety of autonomic responses and may also result in a subjective experience of pain in sentient beings.[3] |
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Term
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Definition
| Referred pain (also reflective pain) is pain perceived at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| perceptions that an individual experiences relating to a limb or an organ that is not physically part of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Acute pain might be mild and last just a moment, or it might be severe and last for weeks or months. In most cases, acute pain does not last longer than six months, and it disappears when the underlying cause of pain has been treated or has healed |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic pain persists despite the fact that the injury has healed. Pain signals remain active in the nervous system for weeks, months, or years. Physical effects include tense muscles, limited mobility, a lack of energy, and changes in appetite. Emotional effects include depression, anger, anxiety, and fear of re-injury |
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Term
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Definition
| Injury to the brain may be manifested by loss of consciousness and various neurologic disturbances. Brain may become swollen and show evidence of pinpoint hemorrhages as a result of a severe blow or other trauma. |
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Term
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Definition
| Between the dura and arachnoid |
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Term
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Definition
| Between the outer layer of dura and the cranial bones |
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Term
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Definition
| Between the arachnoid and the pia |
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Term
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Definition
| The increase in blood glucose levels over the baseline level during a 2-hr period for a defined amount of carbohydrates compared with the same amount of carbohydrate in a reference food. |
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Term
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Definition
| A weighted average of the glycemic indexes of all foods eaten throughout the day |
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Term
| Influence of food composition and food prep on GI/GL |
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Definition
| Food ripeness, cooking temperature and processing can all affect the glycemic response of a food, therefore making glycemic index an unreliable source alone for glucose control |
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Term
| High Glycemic Index Foods |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| peanuts,beansprouts, grapefruit |
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Term
| Causes of Insulin Resistance |
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Definition
| Thought to be caused by an abnormality in the sequence of events that follows the binding of insulin to its receptor and leads the cell's normal response to that signal. Thought to be a problem with the synthesis or mobilization of the cell's glucose transporters. |
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Term
| Health Consequences of Insulin Resistance |
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Definition
| The decrease in GLUT 4 transporters and mRNA caused by insulin resistance seems to have a direct link to adiposity |
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Term
| Nomenclature of Eicosanoid Precursors |
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Definition
| Eicosanoid precursors are the essential fatty acids linoleic and linolenic acids. These fatty acids have 2 types of naming systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Salmon, Fish Oil, Flaxseed and walnuts |
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Term
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Definition
| Safflower, Grapeseed and Sunflower Oils |
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Term
| Health Implications of Fatty Acids/Eicosanoids |
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Definition
| Omega 3 fatty acids are known for their hypolipidemic and antithrombotic effects, while omega 6 fatty acids have been linked to increasing inflammation in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| For naming fatty acids this system denotes the chain length of the fatty acid and the number and position of any double bonds that may be present. |
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Term
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Definition
| For naming fatty acids this system by noting the position of the double bonds on the carbon atom counted from the methyl or omega end of the carbon chain. |
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Term
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Definition
| An atom or molecule that has one or more unpaired electrons, The unpaired electrons are found alone in the outer orbital and is usually denoted by a superscript dot next to the element. The imbalance in electrons in the orbitals results in most cases in the high reactivity of the free radicals. |
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Term
| Generation of Reactive Species |
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Definition
| Formed on exposure to substances such as smog, ozone, chemicals, drugs, radiation and high oxygen. Radicals also breed more radicals. |
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Term
| Damage due to Reactive Species |
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Definition
| Free radicals attack by taking electrons from cell constituents as well as from proteins and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Oxidative damage to these elements may cause changes in the structure of the cell and lead to degradation. |
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Term
| Antioxidant Nutrient Functions |
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Definition
| Vitamins, along with several other antioxidant compounds, function to help control or eliminate free radicals |
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Term
| Regeneration of Antioxidants |
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Definition
| Important for further defense against free radicals since antioxidants are oxidized in the process of removing free radicals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Overproduction of reactive species is thought to contribute to aging and the development of several disease including cancer, heart disease, DM and cataracts. Antioxidant supplementation may help to reduce ROS related issues. |
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Term
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Definition
| Free radicals that contain oxygen |
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Term
| Some Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species |
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Definition
| Superoxide, Hydroxyl, Hydroperoxyl, Alkoxyl, Peroxyl, Ozone, Singlet Oxygen, Hypochlorous Acid, Hydrogen Peroxide, Nitric Oxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, Nitrous Acid, Peroxynitrite, Alkyl Peroxynitritie |
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Term
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Definition
| (O2-) oxygen centered radical, made when oxygen molecules interact with different compounds such as catecholamines or produced by the electron transport chain or in white blood cells. Removed by Vitamin C, Zinc, Copper, and Manganese. |
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Term
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Definition
| (H2O2) NOT a radical because it has no unpaired electrons but can easily diffuse cells and cause damage. Generated through Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) which is responsible for removing superoxide radicals. Removed by Vitamin C, Glutathione Peroxidase, and Catalase. |
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Term
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Definition
| (.OH) Oxygen centered radical. Produced when the body is exposed to gamma rays and electromagnetic radiation. or in Haber-Weiss reactions between hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radicals. Removed by Vitamin C, uric acid, glutathione and metallothionein. |
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Term
| Peroxyls, Hydroperoxyl Radicals and Lipid Peroxides |
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Definition
| Oxygen Centered, Formed when superoxide radicals react with additional electrons and hydrogen. Removed by Vitamin E, carotenoids, manganese, ubiquinol, vitamin C, and glutathione, along with selenium-dependent enzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
| (1O2) Higher energy and more reactive than ground-state oxygen, Generated through lipid peroxidation, enzymatic reactions or photochemical reactions. Removed by carotenoids, vitamin C, and lipoic acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Needs ascorbate or glutathione or ubiquinol and happens on the cell surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| DHLA is needed TRX with selenium depended FAD |
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Term
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Definition
| Needs glutathione reductase and FAD. Also requires NADPH and niacin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Niacin, DHLA, glutathione, and thiordoxin are needed. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of compounds that possess the biological activity of all trans retinols. Provitamin A carotenoids are compounds that are precursors to vitamin A and there are over 600 of them, although only 10% have vitamin A activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mostly found in foods from animal origin such as liver and dairy products. Fish such as tuna and sardines. and fortified margarine. Fruits and vegetables can also be a good source for carotenoids such as beta carotene. |
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Term
| Vitamin A Absorption/Digestion |
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Definition
| Typically bound to other food components so it requires breakdown before absorption. Carried on micelles through the intestines and absorbed by the microvilli in the duodenum or jejunum. Pancreatic lipase and pancreatic cholesterol ester hydrolase facilitate digestions. |
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Term
| Vitamin A Functions and Mechanisms of Action |
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Definition
| Essential for vision, cellular differentiation, growth, reproduction, bone development, and immune system functions. |
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Term
| Vitamin A Interactions with other nutrients |
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Definition
| Interacts with vitamins E and K. Excessive vitamin A interferes with vitamin K absorption. High beta carotene mayy decrease plasma vitamin E concentrations. Protein and Zinc are related to vitamin A because of its role in protein binding. Lack of vitamin A has an impact on iron status because of its role in hematopoiesis. |
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Term
| Vitamin A Metabolism and Excretion |
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Definition
| Carotenoids and vitamin A reaching the liver typically undergo further metabolism via 3 routes: cleavage to form tetinol, incorporation into and release as part of a VLDL, or storage in the liver or adipose tissue. 60% of vitamin A that gets excreted is done so through the urinary system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Expressed in retinol activity equivalents (RAE). 1 RAE = 1 microgram retinol or 12 micrograms of beta carotene. Men= 625 RAE or Women = 500 RAE |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypervitaminosis A causing vomiting, nausea, double vision, headache, dizziness acutely. Chronic toxicity may be dry itchy skin, alopecia, ataxia, bone and muscle pain, and ocular pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| xerophthalmia (dry eyes and night blindness), anorexia, retarded growth, increased susceptibility to infections, obstruction and enlargement of hair follicles, keratinization of epithelial cells, |
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Term
| Vitamin A Transport and Storage |
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Definition
| After absorption the micelle is incorporated into the chylomicrons to circulate through the lymphatic system and the blood. Requires two proteins, retinol binding protein (RBP) and transthyretin (TTR) |
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Term
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Definition
| Derived from a steriod and is conidered a seco-steroid because one of its four rings is broken. The break is located between carbon 9 and 10 on B ring, |
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Term
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Definition
| Found primarily in foods of animal origin such as liver, beef, veal, eggs, milk, cheese, butter, herring, salmon, tuna and sardines. Some foods are fortified with this vitamin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Absorbed from a micells and needs fat and bile salts to aid this process to be absorbed by passive diffusion in the intestinal cell. Absorbed most rapidly in duodenum but most of this vitamin is absorped in the distal intestine. |
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Term
| Vitamin D Transport and Storage |
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Definition
| First diffused from the skin and transported in the blood by DBP and is then carried to the liver. May also be picked up by muscle or adipose tissues. Can also be carried to the liver via chylomicron. Stored in blood and muscle in the form of 25-OH D3 and in the adipose tissue as cholecalciferol. |
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Term
| Vitamin D Functions and Mechanisms of Action |
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Definition
| Functions like a steroid hormone when in the form of calcitriol (1,25- (OH)2 D3) in the intestine, kidney, bone, cardiac, muscle, pancreatic beta cells, brain, skin, blood and immune system. Affects the ATP dependent calcium uptake in the SR in muscle and insulin secretion in beta cells. Functions through signal trasduction |
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Term
| Vitamin D Interactions with other Nutrients |
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Definition
| Interrelationship with calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin K. Also thought to see a decrease in this vitamin with iron deficiency. |
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Term
| Vitamin D Metabolism and Excretion |
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Definition
| Excreted primarily in the bile and then 70% of them are excreted through the feces. |
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Term
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Definition
| requirement unknown but adequate intake has been set. 5 micrograms or 200 IU daily for infants-age 50. This amount is obtainable through sunlight exposure. For ages 51-70 AI is 10 micrograms or 400 IU daily. 71 and up need 15 micrograms or 600 IU daily. |
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Term
|
Definition
| In infants and children rickets is the deficiency. In adults, it may be seen as osteomalacia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Overexposure to sun provides no risk of toxicity.Blood levels of 25-OH D3 greater that 160 ng/mL are normally associated with toxicity. Symptoms in infants intaking 2000-3000 IU daily were anorexia, nausea, vomiting, HTN, renal insufficiency, and failure to thrive. For adults dosages greater than 10,000 IU daily for several months aused hypercalcemia and calcification of soft tissues. |
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Term
| Vitamin D Assessment of Nutriture |
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Definition
| 25-OH D3 most reliable of nutritional status. |
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Term
| Vitamin A Assessment of Nutriture |
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Definition
| Assessment of night blindness or dark adaptation threshold, Plasma retinol concentrations but only if the person does not have infection or inflammation. Stores in the liver can be tested by the relative dose response test. |
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Term
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Definition
| Encompasses 8 different vitamers. Contains a phenolic functional group and a chromanol/chromane ring and then attached to a phyyl tail. Broken into two groups tocopherols and tocotrienols. Only alpha tocopherol is biologically active. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in both plant and animal sources. Richest source is from plan foods, especially oils from plants. Examples: canola, olive, sunflower, safflower, and cottonseed oils. May also be seen in mayo, margarine, anf peanut butter. Fatty tissues of meat have some but inferior to plant sources. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tocotrienols must be hydrolyzed prior to absorption but tocopherols do not. Tocopherols still must be digested before absorption. Absorption happens mainly in the jejunum by nonsaturable, passive diffusion. Bile salts are required for micelle formation. |
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Term
| Vitamin E Transport and Storage |
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Definition
| Transported via chylmicorn to the lymph system and the blood. Also transported via HDL/ LDL and then they are delivered to the liver. No single storage organ for the vitamin and can be found in unesterified form in adipose tissue, liver, lung, heart, muscle, adrenal glands, spleen and brain. |
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Term
| Vitamin E Functions and Mechanisms of Action |
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Definition
| maintenance of membrane integrity. Protects membranes from destruction through its ability to prevent oxidation. Referred to as an antioxidant. Singlet Oxygen Destruction |
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Term
| Vitamin E Interactions with other nutrients |
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Definition
| closely tied to selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase because of its antioxidant role. High intake can decrease beta carotene absorption and impair vitamin K absorption. |
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Term
| Vitamin E Metabolism and Excretion |
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Definition
| Through the bile excreted in the feces. Normally conjugated with glucuronic acid prior to excretion. |
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Term
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Definition
| RDA 15 mg/day for adult men and women including during pregnancy. Lactation requires more and is 19 mg/day. Smaller children need between 6-7 mg/day. Based on intake of alpha-tocopherol. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficiency is quite rare and mostly seen in malabsorptive disorders. Causes skeletal muscle pain and weakness, hemolytic anemia, cerebellar ataxia, loss of coordination. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the least toxic of the vitamins. Tolerable upper limit set at 1,000 mg.day due to increased tendency for bleeding. Can also cause GI distress, nausea, diarrhea, gas, impaired blood coagulation and double vision. |
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Term
| Vitamin E Assessment of Nutritiure |
|
Definition
| erythrocyte hemolysis, serum levels (not always the most accurate) |
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Term
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Definition
| Has 2-methyl 1,4-naphtoquinone ring. Naturally occuring as phylloquinone, and menaquinone (MK) MK mostly synthesized from bacteria. Menadione, a form of menaquinone, is found in vitamin supplements. |
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Term
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Definition
| Provided mostly as phylloquinone in plant foods. Menaquinones found in animal products. Menaquinones are also synthesized by bacteria in the colon and provide some of the requirements of the body. Foods: olive oil, sunflower, safflower, walnut, and sesame oils. |
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Term
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Definition
| Absorbed from micelles in the small intestine/jejunum and is enhanced by dietary fats, bile salts, and pancreatic juices. Absorbed by passive diffusion in the ileum and colon. |
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Term
| Vitamin K transport and storage |
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Definition
| Incorporated into a chylomicron and enters lymphatic and circulatory system where is it delivered to the liver. Incorporated into VLDL, HDL and LDL. Mostly in the liver but can also be found in the heart. |
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Term
| Vitamin K functions an mechanisms of action |
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Definition
| Needed for carboxylation of specific glutamic acid residues in proteins. This enables the protein to bind to calcium and interact with phospholipids. Essential for blood clotting/coagulation, and bone mineralization. |
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Term
| Vitamin K interactions with other nutrients |
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Definition
| Vitamin K can be antagonized by vitamin A and E. Vitamin D also can interfere because of both vitamins role in calcium metabolism |
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Term
| Vitamin K metabolism and excretion |
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Definition
| Conjugated with glucuronides for excretion in the feces via bile salts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adequate Intake established but no RDA. adult men 120 micrograms and 90 micrograms for women, including pregnant and lactating women. 30-75 micrograms for children depending on the age. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Deficiency unlikely in healthy adults. Seen in newborn infants and individuals with severe GI malabsorptive issues or people treated with chronic antibiotics. Supplementation required for all newborns. |
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Term
|
Definition
| No known symptoms of toxicity and no tolerable upper limit has been set. Menadione can cause liver damage if ingested in large amounts. Not recommended to supplement infants with menadione but instead use phylloquinone. |
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Term
| Vitamin K Assessment of Nutriture |
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Definition
| Serum concentrations only reflect intake within the past 24 hrs, Measure of blood clotting times can assess nutritional status. Can use osteocalcin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also called ascorbic acid or ascorbate, Humans are unable to synthesize like other mammals due to the lack of gulonolactone oxidase. A six carbon compound, L-isomer that is biologically active in humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Asparagus, papaya, oranges, cantaloupe, cauliflower, broccoli, brussel sprouts, green pepper, grapefruit, kale, lemons, and strawberries. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Occurs in the brush border through the small intestine and ileum by sodium dependent active transport. Simple diffusion in the stomach and small intestine. Prior to absorption vitamin must be oxidized. Can also be absorbed by passive diffusion or via GLUT transporters. |
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Term
| Vitamin C Transport and Storage |
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Definition
| Transport across the basolateral membrane of the intestinal cell occurs by carrier-mediated transport systems, |
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Term
| Vitamin C Function and Mechanism of Action |
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Definition
| Collagen synthesis, carnitine synthesis, tyrosine synthesis and catabolism, and neurotransmitter synthesis. Maintains copper and iron atoms in their reduced states. Acts as an antioxidant to remove ROS but can also act as a pro-oxidant and damage cells through reducing metal ions that can cause cell damage. Can also play a role in colds, cancer, heart health and cataracts. |
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Term
| Vitamin C Interactions with other Nutrients |
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Definition
| Interacts with iron and copper. |
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Term
| Vitamin C Metabolism and Excretion |
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Definition
| May be excreted intact or may be oxidized to dehydroascorbate. Oxidation occurs primarily in the liver and to some extent the kidneys. Excreted in the urine. |
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Term
|
Definition
| RDA men:90mg women:75mg pregnancy:100mg lactation:120mg. Smokers needs increase by 35mg daily. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficiency called scurvy. Causes bleeding gums, small skin discolorations/ petechiae, sublingual hemorrhages, easy bruising, impaired wound healing, and joint pain, along with decaying teeth and hyperkeratosis. Can lead to death if left untreated. Current mostly seen in people with poor diets, along with ETOH/Drug abuse |
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Term
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Definition
| Daily intake of up to 2g are routinely consumed without adverse side effects. GI problems, abdominal pain, diarrhea, kidney stones and iron toxicity. Toxicity rarely seen and TUL set at 2g/day |
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Term
| Vitamin C Assessment of Nutriture |
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Definition
| Plasma and serum concentrations respond to changes in dietary intake and are thus used to assess recent vitamin C intake, White blood cell content reflects body stores. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also called Thiamin. Consists of a pyrimidine ring, thiazole moiety linked by a methylene bridge. |
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Term
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Definition
| In many foods including meat (especially pork), legumes, and whole/fortified grain products such as cereals and breads. |
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Term
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Definition
| Free thiamin is absorbed into the intestinal cells and can happen through either active or passive diffusion based on the amount of the vitamin present in the intestines. When levels are low, absorption is active and sodium dependent. Mostly occurs in the jejunum but can also happen in the ileum and small amounts in the duodenum. |
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Term
| Vitamin B1 Transport and Storage |
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Definition
| Transported across the basolateral membrane by active transport and is sodium and energy dependent. Thiamin in blood is in its free form and bound to albumin. Can be stored in the liver, muscles, heart, kidney, and brain. |
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Term
| Vitamin B1 Functions and Mechanism of Action |
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Definition
| A coenzyme for energy transformation, synthesis of pentoses and NADPH and membrane and nerve conduction. TDP is main coenzyme |
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Term
| Vitamin B1 Metabolism and Excretion |
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Definition
| Excreted intact or metabolized in the urine. Can be excreted in pyrimidine, thiazole, TDP and TMP metabolites. |
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Term
|
Definition
| RDA men: 1.2 mg/day women: 1.1 mg/day Pregnancy: 1.4mg/day and Lactation: 1.5mg/day |
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Term
|
Definition
| Deficiency is called beriberi. Symptoms of loss of appetite and weight loss. As deficiency progresses cardiovascular effects such as hypertrophy and altered heart rate, apathy, confusion, decreased short term memory and irritability |
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Term
|
Definition
| Little danger of toxicity associated with oral intake. Parenterally administered thiamin that is 100x the recommendations can causes headache, convulsions, arrhythmia's, and anaphylactic shock. No TUL has been established. , |
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Term
| Vitamin B1 Assessment of Nutriture |
|
Definition
| Measured by erythrocyte transketolase activity in hemolyzed whole blood. If the transketolase is increased then it is indicative of deficiency. Can also be measured by thiamin in blood or urine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as riboflavin. Has a flavin (isoalloxazine) ring attached to a ribitol (sugar alcohol). Has 2 coenzymes called FMN and FAD |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mostly in products of animal origin. Milk, cheese, eggs, meta, and legumes. Moderate amounts in vegetables but low amounts in fruit and cereal. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Freed from proteins in the stomach by HCL and gastric and intestinal enzymatic hydrolysis. Generally believed that animal origin sources are absorbed better than plant sources. Copper, zinc, iron, and manganese can chelate riboflavin and decrease absorption. Mostly absorbed in the proximal small intestine via saturable, energy dependent carrier. |
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Term
| Vitamin B2 Transport and Storage |
|
Definition
| Transported in the plasma by a variety of proteins including albumin, fibrinogen, and globulins with albumin being the primary transporter. Greatest concentrations of riboflavin are found stored in the liver, kidney and heart. |
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Term
| Vitamin B2 Functions and Mechanisms of Action |
|
Definition
| Flavoproteins involved in electron transport chain, pyruvate oxidation, fatty acid oxidation, formation of hydrogen peroxide, vitamin B6 metabolism, synthesis of folate, choline metabolism, neurotransmitter functions, reduction of glutathione. function as coenzymes FMN and FAD |
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|
Term
| Vitamin B2 Metabolism and Excretion |
|
Definition
| Excreted primarily in the urine and only small amounts in the feces. Most found in the feces may be from metabolites arising from intestinal flora. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| RDA men: 1.3 mg/day women: 1.1 mg/day Pregnancy: 1.4mg/day and lactation:1.6 mg/day. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Also called ariboflavinosis. Rarely occurs in isolation and most often seen with other nutrient deficiencies. Lesions on the outsides of the lips, inflammation of the tongue, redness or bloody and swollen oral cavity, skin conditions, anemia, and neuropathy. Severe deficiency may also affect vitamin B6 and NAD synthesis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| No TUL and no reported toxicity. |
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|
Term
| Vitamin B2 Assessment of Nutriture |
|
Definition
| Activity of erythrocyte glutathione reductase because it requires FAD as a cozenzyme. Cellular riboflavin and urinary riboflavin can also be used to assess status. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Also called niacin which is a generic term for nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. Use to be known as anti-black tongue factor in dogs. A pyridine 3-carboxylic acid. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fish such as tuna and halibut. Meats such as beef, chicken, turkey, and pork. Grains such as cereals, breads, whole grains are fortified with the vitamin. Legumes can also be a good source. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hydrolyzed within the intestinal tract to release nicotinamide. Nicotinamide and nicotinic acid can be absorbed in the stomach, but more readily absorbed in the small intestine. Occurs via sodium dependent system. High amounts of nicotinamide in the system can be absorbed via passive diffusion. |
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Term
| Vitamin B3 Transport and Storage |
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Definition
| 1/3 of nicotinamide in the plasma is bound to plasma proteins and can move across cell membranes via simple diffusion. In the kidneys and red blood cells, a carrier is required. Mainly stored in the liver as NAD or NADP. |
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Term
| Vitamin B3 Functions and Mechanisms |
|
Definition
| Around 200 enzymes require NAD and NADP as a coenzyme to act as a hydrogen donor or electron acceptor. In nonredox roles, it functions as a donor of ADP-ribose. |
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|
Term
| Vitamin B3 Metabolism and Excretion |
|
Definition
| Can be produced in the liver from tryptophan. It is excreted in the urine but most of it is reabsorbed in the glomerular filtrate actively. |
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Term
|
Definition
| RDA takes into account what can be produced from tryptophan, estimating that 60 mg of tryptophan generates 1 mg of B3. RDA Men: 16 mg/day and Women: 14 mg/day. Pregnancy: 18 mg/day Lactation: 17 mg/day. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Deficiency is called pellagra. Symptoms are labeled "the four D's": dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, and death. |
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Term
|
Definition
| High dosages of this medication, up to 4g/day, can be used to treat hypercholesterolemia but many undesirable side effects exist. Including: flushing and redness, GI irritation, liver injury, hyperuricemia/gout, increased glucose levels |
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|
Term
| Vitamin B3 Assessment of Nutriture |
|
Definition
| Most frequently measures assessment is urinary metabolites of the vitamin. N' methyl nicotinamide . |
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|
Term
| Pantothenic Acid Nomenclature |
|
Definition
| Consists of beta-alanine and pantoic acid joined by a peptide bond/amide linkage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found widely distributed in nature and is present in virtually all plant and animal foods. Meat, especially liver, egg yolk, legumes, whole grain cereals, potatoes, mushrooms, broccoli, and avocados. |
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|
Term
| Pantothenic Acid Absorption |
|
Definition
| Normally bound to coenzyme A and is mostly absorbed in the jejunum by passive diffusion. Can be absorbed via sodium dependent active carrier when present in low concentrations. |
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|
Term
| Pantothenic Acid Transport and Storage |
|
Definition
| After entering intestinal cells, it enters portal blood for transport to body cells. Can be found in free in blood plasma/serum but is in greater concentrations intracellularly. |
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|
Term
| Pantothenic Acid Functions and Mechanisms of Action |
|
Definition
| Component of coenzyme A and 4'- phosphopanteteine. These two functional pieces participate in nutrient metabolism including degradations reactions resulting in energy production and synthetic reactions for production of many vital compounds. |
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|
Term
| Pantothenic Acid Excretion |
|
Definition
| Excreted primarily in the urine intact and only small amounts through the feces and no metabolites have been identified for this vitamin |
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Term
| Pantothenic Acid Requirements |
|
Definition
| Adequate intake for adults 19+ 5 mg/day. Pregnancy: 6 mg/day Lactation:7 mg/day |
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Term
| Pantothenic Acid Deficiency |
|
Definition
| Called burning feet syndrome. Abnormal skin sensations of the feet and lower legs. Also could include vomiting, fatigue, and weakness. Normally occurs in conjunction with multiple nutrient deficiencies. |
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Term
| Pantothenic Acid Toxicity |
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Definition
| Not been reported to date in humans. Intake of up to 20g/day have caused GI distress and diarrhea. Intake of 100g/day have caused niacin excretion. |
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Term
| Pantothenic Acid Assessment of Nutriture |
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Definition
| Plasma pantothenic acid concentrations do not correlate well with changes in dietary intake and status so urinary pantothenate excretion is considered a better indicator |
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Term
|
Definition
| Consists of 2 rings, a uredio ring joined to a thiophene ring, with an additional valeric acid side chain. Use to be called vitamin H or vitamin B7 |
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Term
|
Definition
| Can be from food sources or made by intestinal bacteria located in the large intestine. Liver, soybeans, egg yolk, cereals, legumes, and nuts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Avidin, a substance in some foods, can bind biotin and prevent its absorption. Avidin is found in raw egg whites. Absorbed after digestion in the small intestine. Mostly taken up in the jejunum and ileum. Synthesized by colonic bacteria but this source cannot completely meet needs. Uptake into tissues is via active, sodium-dependent carriers. |
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Term
| Biotin Transport and Storage |
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Definition
| Mostly found free but can bind to proteins such as albumin and alpha/beta globulins. Stored in small quantities in the muscle, liver and brain. |
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Term
| Biotin Function and Mechanisms of Action |
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Definition
| Functions within cells covalently bonded to enzymes and referred to as a coenzyme. Also thought to function in gene expression and cell cycle. As a coenzyme functions with carboxylases. |
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Term
| Biotin Metabolism and Excretion |
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Definition
| Excreted intact in the urine. Can be reused or degraded. Metabolites from the valeric acid side chain are also seen in the urine. Biotin synthesized in the intestines and unabsorbed is excreted in the feces. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Adequate Intake. Age 19+ 30 micrograms/day Pregnancy: 30 micrograms/day and lactation: 35 micrograms/day |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lethargy, depression, hallucinations, muscle pain, anorexia, nausea, alopecia, dermatitis. Fairly rare but does occur in various populations such as those ingesting raw eggs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| No toxicity reported and no TUL has been set. |
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Term
| Biotin Assessment of Nutriture |
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Definition
| Plasma and urine concentrations can both be used, but plasma concentrations have been found to be less accurate. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Also called folacin. Made up of 3 distinct parts all of which must be present for vitamin activity. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Although mammals can synthesize all three parts of the vitamins, they do not have the enzyme necessary for the coupling of the parts. Mushrooms, green vegetables, peanuts, legumes, citrus fruits, and liver. Raw foods are typically higher source than cooked foods. Grains and cereals may be fortified. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hydrolyzed in the jejunum. Zinc dependent conjugases for folate. Carrier system to move folate across the intestinal cell membrane is saturable, pH, energy and sodium dependent. |
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Term
| Folic Acid Transport and Storage |
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Definition
| Uptake into the liver is carrier mediated by folate receptors. 2/3 of folate in blood is bound to proteins such as albumin. Folate is not taken up by mature red blood cells. The liver stores up to half of the body's folate. |
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Term
| Folic Acid Functions and Mechanisms of Action |
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Definition
| Coenzyme in mitochondria and cytosol for amino acid metabolism, such as purine and pyrimidine synthesis. Amino Acid Metabolism of: histidine, serine, glycine, methionine, purine, pyrimidine, nucleotides. Related to heart health because of role with homocysteine. |
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Term
| Folic Acid Metabolism and Excretion |
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Definition
| Excreted through both the urine and the feces. In urine, can be excreted both intact or metabolized in the liver prior to excretion,. ,Folate metabolites are found in urine. folate can be secreted by liver into bile and then through feces. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| RDA 320 micrograms for men and 400 micrograms for women. Pregnancy: 500 micrograms/day Lactation: 600 micrograms/day |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia. MCV increased, fatigue, weakness, headaches, irritability, difficulty concentrating, shortness of breath, and palpitations. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Toxicity is virtually non-existant. Intake of 15 mg/day may cause insomnia, malaise, irritability, and GI distress. Folate supplementation may mask vitamin B12 deficiency. |
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|
Term
| Folic Acid Assessment of Nutriture |
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Definition
| Plasma, serum, or red blood cells. Serum and plasma indicate recent intake. Red blood cell status is more reflective of folate tissue status. FIGLU excretion may also be measured in urine. |
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Term
| Folic Acid Interactions with other Nutrients |
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Definition
| Methyl-Folate trap causes inverse relationship between folate and vitamin B12 |
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Term
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Definition
| Also called cobalamin, a generic term for a group of compounds called coorinoids. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The only dietary source is via animal products. Meat, meat products, poultry, fish, shellfish, and eggs. Milk/dairy have the vitamin but in smaller quantities. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Released from polypeptides linked in food in the stomach. R protein and intrinsic factor in the GI tract are required for absorption. Absorption mainly occurs in the distal ileum. Mostly taken up via receptor mediated process, can happen through passive diffusion. |
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Term
| Vitamin B12 Transport and Storage |
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Definition
| Bound in blood to transcobalamines. Stored mainly in the liver but also in muscle, bone, kidney, heart, brain, and spleen. Able to be stored unlike other water soluble vitamins. Receptor dependent uptake into cells. |
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Term
| Vitamin B12 Functions and Mechanisms of Action |
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Definition
| Conversion of homocysteine to methionine. Second reaction is needed for methylmalonyl CoA. |
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Term
| Vitamin B12 Metabolism and Excretion |
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Definition
| Not hardly degraded prior to excretion. Most bound to R protein and excreted through the bile so little is excreted through the urine. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| RDA 2.4 micrograms /day with increases of 0.2 and 0.4 micrograms/day during pregnancy and lactation, respectively. Ages 51+ may need supplementation due to limited ability to absorb B12 because of decreased intrinsic factor. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Megaloblastic, Macrocytic Anemia. skin pallor, fatigue, SOB, palpitations. insomnia, tingling and numbness, abnormal gait, loss of concentration, memory loss, disorientation, swelling of myelinated fibers and possibly dementia. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| No tolerable upper limit set, but no known benefit of excessive intake is known so it should not be recommended. |
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Term
| Vitamin B12 Assessment of Nutriture |
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Definition
| Serum B12 concentrations reflect both intake and status. Can have normal serum levels and low tissue levels so additional measurement is required such as MMA and homocysteine. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Exists in several vitamers: Pyridoxine, pyridoxal aldehyde and pyridoxamine. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pyridoxine is the most stable of the sources and found exclusively in plant foods. Other sources found mostly in animal products. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Must be dephosphorylated and this process is zinc dependent. Occurs in the jejunum by passive diffusion. |
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Term
| Vitamin B6 Transport and Storage |
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Definition
| Released into portal blood and taken up into liver. Most often bound to albumin. |
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Term
| Vitamin B6 Functions and Mechanisms of Action |
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Definition
| Acts as coenzyme important in amino acid metabolism. Also important in action on steroid hormones and gene expression. Transamination, decarboxylation, glycogen degradation. |
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Term
| Vitamin B6 Metabolism and Excretion |
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Definition
| Vitamin B6 metabolism is dependent on normal riboflavin (B2) status. Found mainly in the liver and intestines but in smaller amounts in the muscle, kidney, brain and red blood cells. Excreted in the urine. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| RDA men: 1.3 mg/day Women: 1.3 mg/day Older adults: 1.5-1.7 mg/day .Pregnangy: 1.9 mg/day and Lactation 2 mg/day |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Deficiency is relatively rare. Sleepiness, fatigue, cheilosis, glossitis, stomatitis, Hypochromic, microcytic anemia. Deficiency can also affect calcium, magnesium, niacin, and homocysteine metabolism |
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Term
|
Definition
| Neuropathy, unsteady gait, impaired tendon reflexes. |
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Term
| Vitamin B6 Assessment of Nutriture |
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Definition
| Plasma PLP indicative of tissue stores. xanthurenic acid excretion following tryptophan loading can also be used. Urinary losses can also be measured. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Most abundant divalent cation. Bones and teeth contain 99% of body's sources and 1% is distributed between intra and extracellular fluids. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Milk, dairy, cheese and yogurt, salmon and sardines w/ bones, clams, oysters, turnip and mustard greens, broccoli, cauliflower, and kale, legumes and dried fruit. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Occurs along the length of the small intestine. Completed by 2 processes 1) duodenum and proximal jejunum requires energy and is regulated by calcitrol. 2) jejunum and ileum and is passive paracellular absorption and is though to occur when calcium concentrations are high. |
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Term
| Calcium Transport and Storage |
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Definition
| Bound to albumin and preablbumin, complexed with sulfate, phosphate, or citrate and 50% of calcium is ionized in the blood. |
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Term
| Calcium Functions and Mechanisms of Action |
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Definition
| Bone mineralization: cortical and trabecular bone. Nonosseous calcium outside the bones is responsible for playing part in blood clotting, nerve conduction, muscle contraction, enzyme regulation, and membrane permeability. |
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Term
| Calcium Interactions with other Nutrients |
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Definition
| Interacts with phosphorus in an opposing manner. Protein, sodium, caffeine, alcohol and boron promote calcium losses in the body from the kidneys. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lost mostly in the urine and feces but can be excreted through the skin, such as during extreme sweating. Calcium in the kidneys can be reabsorbed which stops some of it from being excreted in the urine. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Adequate Intake: Men and Women 19-50 years old 1,000 mg/day and men and women 51+ years old: 1,200 mg/day. d |
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Term
|
Definition
| In children can lead to ricketts. Low levels of ionized calcium in the blood can lead to tetany which causes intermittent muscle contractions Bone loss causing osteoporosis (2 types: type I in post menopausal women and type II in men and women over the age of 70) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tolerable upper limit of 2,500 mg/day. Too much may cause milk alkali syndrome which causes systemic alkalosis and calcification of soft tissues. |
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Term
| Calcium Assessment of Nutriture |
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Definition
| No test accurately measures status. Serum ionized calcium can reflect alterations in calcium metabolism. Bone desitometry can be assessed through CT scan. |
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Term
| Calcium Concentration Regulation |
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Definition
| Three main hormones are involved in homeostasis of calcium in the blood: PTH, calcitriol, and calcitonin. PTH from the parathyroid gland and calcitonin from the thyroid glad and they work in opposing roles. Calcitriol works in the kidneys to increase reabsorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| Second only to calcium in abundance in the body. 85% contained in the skeleton and 1% in blood and body fluids and the remaing 14% in the soft tissues as muscle. Normally in combination with other inorganic or organic elements. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Meal, poultry, fish, eggs. milk and milk products. Legumes, cereals and grains are also sources but animal products are superior. Sodas contain phosphoric acid and can contribute heavily to intake for some. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Happens primarily in the duodenum and jejunum in the inorganic form. Occurs by two different processes: a saturable carrier mediated active transport system that is dependent on sodium and enhanced by calciitriol or a concentration dependent diffusion process. Minerals such as magnesium, aluminum, and calcium inhibit absorption. |
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Term
| Phosphorus Transport and Storage |
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Definition
| Phosphorus is found in all cells of the body with bone and muscle containing the majority. |
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Term
| Phosphorus Functions and Mechanisms |
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Definition
| Bone mineralization, energy transfer and storage, nucleic acid formation, cell membrane structure, oxygen availability and acid-base balance. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Majority is excreted in inorganic form in the urine, with the remainder found excreted in the feces. Maintenance of phosphate balance is achieved largely through renal excretion. |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Deficiency is rare and normally only occurs in people with renal disease and are receiving large amounts of antacids. Also can occur in malnourished individuals receiving nutrition support can exhibit "refeeding syndrome". Symptoms are anorexia, hypophosphatemic rickets, skeletal muscle and cardiac myopathy, weakness, neurological problems and disturbances in oxygen delivery. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Toxicity is rare, Usually only in infants when calcium:phosphorus rations are altered significantly in favor of phosphorus. A TUL of 4g/day has been set for adults. |
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Term
| Phosphorus Assessment of Nutriture |
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Definition
| Not a major consideration because deficiency is so rare. Phosphorus serum concentrations or urinary excretion is most often assessed but their specificity and sensitivity are low. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A cation that ranks 4th in overall abundance, but intracellularly is 2nd only to potassium. 55% in the bone, 25% in the soft tissue, and 1% in extracellular fluid. |
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Term
|
Definition
| nuts, legumes, while grain cereals such as oats and barley, spices, seafoods and green leafy vegetables, chocolate, blackstrap molasses, corn, peas, carrots, brown rice and parsley. Supplements may be needed for people with diseases causing fat malabsorption. Should not be taken with iron supplement. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Distal jejunum and ileum by either a saturable carrier mediated active transporter or by simple diffusion with higher intakes. The colon may also absorb some of the mineral. |
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Term
| Magnesium Transport and Storage |
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Definition
| Found mostly free in the plasma, but some bound to protein. Maintenance of levels depend on GI absorption, renal excretion, and cation flux rather than hormonal regulation. |
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Term
| Magnesium Functions and Mechanisms of Action |
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Definition
| 55-60% of this mineral in the body is associated with bone. Associated with phosphorus and calcium to form a crystal lattice. Bound to phospholipids to help maintain cell membrane stabilization. Intracellular magnesium is associated with ATP and ADP. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mostly excreted through the kidneys. 65% is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle an 30% in the proximal tubules, so only a small amount is actually excreted in the urine. |
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Term
|
Definition
| RDA Men: 400 mg/day Women: 310 mg/day. Increases slightly when over the age of 31. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Deficiency is usually associated with the presence of other diseases such as renal disease, CAD, DM, HTN or post surgical complications. Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, muscle weakness, spasms, and tremors, personality changes, and hallucinations. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Not likely to be caused by excessive intake but can happen with people with impaired renal function. Nausea, flushing, double vision, slurred speech, and weakness. TUL set at 350 mg/day when coming from non-food sources. |
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Term
| Magnesium Assessment of Nutriture |
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Definition
| Difficult because only a small amount is found extracellularly to be assessed. Serum magnesium levels, Erythrocyte magnesium for long term status or renal magnesium excretion. |
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Term
| Magnesium Interactions with other nutrients |
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Definition
| Needed for regulation of PTH which is needed in calcium regulation. Also needed for hydroxylation of vitamin D in the liver. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A third of the body's sodium is located on the surface of bone crystals. Remainder is located in extracellular fluid, primarily the plasma, and in nerve and muscle tissue. Most abundant cation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mostly found in dietary sources added in the form of sodium chloride. Processed foods account for 75% total sodium consumed. Natural occurring items are milk, meat, eggs, and most vegetables but these items only contribute 10% of consumed sodium. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 95-100% of sodium is absorbed with the remainder excreted in the feces. Can cross the intestinal mucosa in three different ways. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Through the small intestine through the Na+/glucose cotransport system. The small intestine and proximal portion of the color can also use the electroneutral Na+/Cl- contransport system. The last system operates principally in the colon and is called the electrogenic sodium absorption mechanism. After absorption, it is transported freely in the blood. Regulated by ADH and vasopressin, aldosterone, atrial natriuretic hormone, renin, and angiotensin II |
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Term
|
Definition
| Maintenance of fluid balance, nerve transmission, impulse conduction, and muscle contraction. |
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Term
| Sodium Interactions with other Nutrients |
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Definition
| Affects urinary calcium excretion and may be associated with osteoporosis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The kidneys are responsible for excreting sodium that is absorbed and not needed by the body. Small amounts of sodium are also lost via the skin when sweating. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Not common because of the abundance of the mineral across a broad spectrum of foods. However, with excessive sweating resulting in a loss of more than 3% of total body weight, symptoms may occur, including muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, shock, and coma. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 500 mg/day, although it is thought that only 115 mg/day is necessary. |
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Term
| Sodium Assessment of Nutriture |
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Definition
| Measured to determine electrolyte balance. Can be measured through the technique of ion-selective electrode potentiometry. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Major intracellular cation and 95-98% is found within the cells of the body. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mostly in unprocessed foods such as fruit, vegetables, and fresh meats. Also in potatoes, whole grains, legumes, and milk. Salt substitutes can also use potassium to replace sodium. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 90% of potassium ingested is absorbed. Not clear about exactly where it is absorbed, it is thought to be in the small intestine and colon. Possibly across the brush border and colonic mucosal cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Transported in the blood after it is accumulated in the cell and diffuses across the basolateral membrane. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Influences the contractility of smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle and profoundly affects the excitability of nerve tissue. |
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|
Term
| Potassium Interactions with other Nutrients |
|
Definition
| Has an effect on urinary excretion of calcium but has the opposite effect of sodium in that it decreases excretion. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Excreted via the kidneys and only small amounts excreted in the feces. Regulated primarily through aldosterone, which accelerates the excretion of potassium. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hypokalemia does not occur by dietary deficiency because of the abundance of potassium in common foods. Causes muscular weakness, nervous irritability, and mental disorientation. Can result due to profound fluid loss such as with vomiting, diarrhea or diuretic medication use. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hyperkalemia results in severe cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest. Nearly impossible to produce by dietary means in an individual with normal circulation and renal function because of the delicate control within a narrow concentration range. |
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Term
|
Definition
| RI is 2,000 mg/day but 3,500 mg/day may be more desirable for preventing and controlling hypertension. |
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|
Term
| Potassium Assessment of Nutriture |
|
Definition
| Serum levels are determined primarily through ion-selective electrode potentiometry. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Most abundant anion in the extracellular fluid. 88% extracellularly and 23% intracellularly. Negative charge neutralizes positive charge of the sodium ion. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Nearly all is consumed through the ingestion of sodium chloride. Found mostly in snack items and processed food items. Also found in eggs, fresh meats, and seafood. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Almost all absorbed in the small intestine. Follows passively behind the sodium through a tight junction pathway. The sodium creates an electrical gradient for chloride to be absorbed. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secreted in the stomach and the rest of the GI tract. Also secreted by the epithelium. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Formation of gastric hydrochloric acid, released by white blood cells during phagocytosis, exchange ion for HCO3- in red blood cells, called the chloride shift, for which the purpose is to allow transport of tissue derived CO2 back to the lungs in the form of HCO3-. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Through 3 different routes: the GI tract the skin and the kidneys. Major route is through the kidneys and the other 2 routes are minimal. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Deficiency does not occur under normal conditions. Deficiency arises chiefly through alimentary disturbances such as diarrhea and vomiting. Convulsions typically occur with deficiency. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| RI of 750 mg/day but no RDA has been established. |
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|
Term
| Chloride Assessment of Nutriture |
|
Definition
| Serum concentration is normally used to establish the chloride status of the body but depends on the body water status. It is possible for total body store can be diminished and fluid concentrations appear normal. Ion-selective electrode potentiometry and coulometric titration with silver ions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Over 65% of the micromineral is found in hemoglobin and up to 10% in the myoglobin. Also small amounts are found in enzymes, blood or in storage. Exists in several oxidative states in the body but only 2 stable forms in the body are ferric (3+) and ferrous (Fe2+). |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in 2 forms, nonheme and heme iron. Heme iron is derived mainly from hemoglobin and myoglobin and found in animal products. Nonheme iron is primarily in plants and dairy products. Some grain products are fortified with iron. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydrolized from the globin portion of hemoglobin or myoglobin before absorption. Done by proteases in the stomach and small intestines. Once heme iron is released it is absorbed intact in the small intestine. Most efficient absorption in the proximal portion of the small intestine such as the duodenum. Nonheme iron is also mostly absorbed in the small intestines but once freed from food components, it is found mostly in the ferrous state, which is not as readily absorbable as the ferric state of the heme iron.Chelators and ligands can also influence absorption. |
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|
Term
| Iron Transport, Storage, and Uptake |
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Definition
| Attached to transferrin, but must first be oxidized. Requires copper to be oxidized. C- terminal and N-terminal both have affinity for ferric iron. The N-terminal also has affinity for other minerals. Stored in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen. Uptake depends on the transferrin saturation level. |
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|
Term
| Iron Functions and Mechanisms of Action |
|
Definition
| Functions as part of several proteins, enzymes, such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes, and oxygenases. Also involved via the enzymes in the electron transport. Can act as a pro-oxidant producing free radicals |
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|
Term
| Iron Interactions with Other Nutrients |
|
Definition
| Ascorbic acid enhances absorption. Copper is needed for oxidation. Can interact with zinc in that they compete for absorption. Vitamin A status alters iron distribution among tissues. Lead interferes with heme synthesis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The conservation and constant recycling of iron ensures its adequacy in the body, |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lost through the GI tract, skin and kidneys. Losses for premenopausal women are greater due to menses. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| RDA for men: 6-8 mg/day. Postmenopausal women: 5-8 mg/day and premenopausal women: 18 mg/day. Pregnancy is 27 mg/day. and 9mg/day during lactation. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Normally affects infants, adolescents, females during childbearing years, and pregnant women. Also seen in hemorrhage and renal disease patients. Hypochromic and microcytic. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Hemochromatosis seen often in Caucasian men and in children who overdose on supplements. May require phlebotomy |
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|
Term
| Iron Assessment of Nutriture |
|
Definition
| Hemoglobin, hematocrit, plasma ferritin, total iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation. During iron deficiency MCV, MCH, MCHC can also be used |
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Term
|
Definition
| Found in all organs and tissues mostly intracellularly and in body fluids. Can exist in several different valence states but almost always found in the divalent ion (Zn2+) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Typically associated with protein fraction and/or the nucleic acid fraction of foods, meaning it is complexed with amino acids that are part of peptides and proteins with nucleic acids. Red meats, seafood, poultry, pork and dairy products Whole grains and vegetables are also good plant sources but fruit and refined grains are poor sources. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Main site of absorption is the proximal small intestine, the jejunum. Absorbed into the enterocyte by a carrier mediated process with a higher absorption rate when there is lower zinc intake. Absorption is enhanced by citric acid and picolinic acid, as well as prostaglandins. Histidine, cysteine and other amino acids might also aid absorption. Inhibitors of zinc metabolism are phytate, oxalate, polyphenols, fibers and other nutrients and divalent cations. |
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|
Term
| Zinc Transport, Uptake and Storage |
|
Definition
| Transported loosely bound to albumin to be taken to the liver. Other proteins such as transferrin and immunoglobulins can bind zinc and transport it to the liver. Histidine and cysteine also can bind and transport zinc. The zinc bound to albumin seems to be the most readily take up by tissues. Mostly stored in the liver, kidney, muscle, skin and bones. |
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|
Term
| Zinc Functions and Mechanisms of Action |
|
Definition
| Zinc can be used within the enterocyte upon absorption . Zinc dependent enzymes, growth, cell replication, bone formation, skin integrity, cell-mediated immunity and generalized host defense. |
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|
Term
| Zinc Interactions with other Nutrients |
|
Definition
| Zinc and vitamin A: retinol is required as a substrate for a zinc dependent enzyme, alcohol dehydrogenase, which coverts retinol to retinal. Also needed for hepatic synthesis of retinol-binding protein which transports vitamin A in the blood. Excessive intake of zinc decreases cooper absorption. Can inhibit calcium absorption if calcium intake is low. Cadmium can disrupt normal zinc function. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Majority of zinc is lost through the GI tract in the feces but can also be lost through the kidneys in the urine and through the skin via sweating. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Men: 11mg/day and Women: 8 g/day Pregnancy: 11 mg/day Lactation: 12 mg/day |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Mostly effects elderly and vegetarians. Also in ETOH abuse, chronic illness, stress, trauma, surgery and malabsorption. Growth retardation, skeletal abnormalities, defective collagen synthesis, poor wound healing, dermatitis. delayed sexual maturation in children, hypogeusia, night blindness, alopecia, impaired immune function, impaired protein synthesis. Supplements Zinc acetate is one of the best tolerated and should be consumed on empty stomach without other supplements. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Acute intake of 1-2g zinc sulfate can cause metallic taste, nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, abdominal cramps, and blood diarrhea. Chronic intake of 40mg can result in copper deficiency. TUL has been set at 40 mg/day. |
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|
Term
| Zinc Assessment of Nutriture |
|
Definition
| Zinc in red blood cells, leukocytes, neutrophils, and plasma or serum. Low plasma zinc would indicate that little zinc is present in the exchangeable zinc pool and relets a loss of zinc from bone and liver. Metallothionein , urinary and hair zinc have also been used but they are not as effective indicators. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in the body in two valence states, cuprous state (Cu1+) or cupric state (Cu2+) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| content in foods can be influenced by preparation, handling, and production. Richest sources are organ meats and shellfish. Nuts, seed, legumes, and dried fruits are high plant sources. Can be made endogenously in the GI tract. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Duodenum and stomach is where most absorption occurs, although it can be absorbed throughout the small intestine. The acidic environment of the stomach facilitates transport across the gastric mucosa. Luminal copper may be bound to ligands to help it be accepted by brush border receptors. Absorption is enhanced by amino acids such as histidine, organic acids, and citrate. Absorption may be inhibited by phytates, zinc, iron, molybdenum, calcium and phosphorus. |
|
|
Term
| Copper Transport, Uptake and Storage |
|
Definition
| Transported to the liver loosely bound to albumin at the N-terminus. Also can be bound to transcuprein (TC), histidine, and cysteine. Ceruloplasmin delivers copper to tissues. Little copper is found stored in the body, Liver and kidney, brain, heart, bone, muscle ,skin, intestine, spleen, hair and nails all can store small amounts. |
|
|
Term
| Copper Functions and Mechanisms of Action |
|
Definition
| Enzyme cofactor and allosteric component of enzymes. Ceruloplasmin, Superoxide Dismutase, Cytochorme c Oxidase, Amine OxidaseTyrosine metabolism. |
|
|
Term
| Copper Interactions with other Nutrients |
|
Definition
| Ascorbic acid decreses serum ceruloplasmin. High intake of zinc can cause copper deficiency. Iron needs copper to prevent anemia. Copper deficiency decreases selenium dependent enzymes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most copper is secreted by the lvier into the bile for excretion through the feces. Only a small amount is excreted through the urine, skin or sweat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RDA Men and Women: 900 micrograms/day. Pregnancy: 1000 micrograms/day and Lactation: 1300 micrograms/day. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hypochromic anemia, leukopenia, neutropenia, hypopigmentation of skin and hair, impaired immune function, bone abnormalities, cardiovascular and pulmonary disfunction. Most common in people with high zinc intakes or antacid intakes, nephrosis of malabsorptive disorders. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Toxicity is fairly rare in the US. Intake of 64 mg results in nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Hematuria, jaundice, oliguria, or anuria can also happen. Wilson's disease is a genetic disorder characterized by copper toxicity. |
|
|
Term
| Copper Assessment of Nutriture |
|
Definition
| Best made using multiple indicators such as serum, plasma, red blood cells. But all of these are likely inadequate to assess short term changes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a non metal that exists in several oxidation states and is similar to the chemistry of sulfur. Because of similarity to sulfur it can substitute for sulfur in amino acids such as methionine, cysteine, and cystine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Varies greatly based on its soil concentrations throughout the regions of the world. Animal products are thought to contain more than plant sources and seafood is thought to represent one of the better sources of selenium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exists in organic compounds as selenomethionine, selenocystine, selenocysteine. Inorganic forms of selenite and selenate also exist. Both organic and inorganic forms are efficiently absorbed. Duodenum is primary absorption site, but also occurs in the the jejunum and ileum but none in the stomach. Enhancing absorption is Vitamins A, C, and E and reduced glutathione. Absorption inhibited by heavy metals such as phytates and mercury. |
|
|
Term
| Selenium Transport, Uptake and Storage |
|
Definition
| Transported bound to proteins to the liver and other tissues. Can also bind sulfhydryl groups, globulins, and VLDL and LDL. Stored in kidney, liver, heart, pancreas, and muscle with small amounts also found in the lungs, brain, bone and red blood cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can be broken down and stored mostly for the use to synthesize selenium dependent enzymes. This occurs mostly in the liver. |
|
|
Term
| Selenium Functions and Mechanisms of Action |
|
Definition
Maintenance and induction of the cytochrome P450 system, pancreatic function, DNA repair, enzyme activation, immune system function, detoxification of heavy metals.
Enzymes: Glutathione peroxidase IDI or DI, Selenoproteins. |
|
|
Term
| Selenium Interactions with other Nutrients |
|
Definition
| Lead lovers tissue selenium concentrations. Iron deficiency decreases synthesis of glutathione peroxidase, a selenium dependent enzyme. Copper deficiency decreases activity of several selenium dependent enzymes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secreted almost equally in the urine and the feces. Losses via the lungs and skin also contribute to daily excretion. Exhalation has a garlicky odor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RDA for men and women: 55 micrograms/day. Pregnancy: 60 microgram/day Lactation: 70 micrograms/day. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Linked to livestock animal diseases but only usually seen in humans who are receiving parenteral nutrition and causes poor growth, muscle pain and weakness, loss of pigmentation of hair and skin and whitening of nail beds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also called selenosis, seen in miners and people taking supplements. Nausea, vomiting, fatigue, diarrhea, hair and nail brittleness and loss, inhibition of protein synthesis. TUL is set at 400 micrograms/day. Acute poisoning with gram amounts is lethal. |
|
|
Term
| Selenium Assessment of Nutriture |
|
Definition
| Concentrations of selenoproteins in the blood are a reflection or function of dietary intake within a specific range. Toenail clippings can demonstrate selenium status for up to a year prior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exists in several oxidation states from Cr2- to Cr6+. It is found in air, water, and soil. Cr3+ or tirvalent chromium is the stablest form and most important form for humans. Binds to ligands such as nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exists in the trivalent form in foods. Meats, poultry, grains (especially whole), cheese, mushrooms spices, tea, beer, and wine. Brewer's yeast contains a biologically active organically complexed form of chromium known as glucose tolerance factor (GTF). Food processing and refining affects the chromium content of foods. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Absorbed in the acidic environment of the stomach bound to ligands and also throughout the small intestine, especially the jejunum. Absorbed by either diffusion or carrier-mediated transporter. Enhanced absorption by methionine and histidine by acting as ligands. Vitamin C may also enhance absorption. Inhibited by by neutral or alkaline environments by interaction with OH- ions, ingestion of antacids, and phytates in grains and legumes. |
|
|
Term
| Chromium Transport and Storage |
|
Definition
| Binds competitively with transferrin and is transported along with iron. If transferrin is unavailable, albumin will transport chromium. In high concentrations, globulins and lipoproteins will also help with transportation. Kidney, liver, muscle, spleen, heart, pancreas and bone. Thought to be stored with ferric iron because of its transportation together. |
|
|
Term
| Chromium Functions and Mechanisms of Action |
|
Definition
| Known to potentiate the action of insulin, supposedly through its complexing with nicotinic acid and amino acids to form glucose tolerance factor. Also involved in pancreatic insulin secretion and insulin receptor production. Therefore, has roles in glucose and lipid metabolism. Nucleic acid metabolism is another role for chromium. |
|
|
Term
| Chromium Interactions with other Nutrients |
|
Definition
| Large intake of chromium can decrease iron because it shares transferrin as a transporter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mostly excreted in the urine. Small amounts can be lost in the desquamation of skin cells and through unabsorbed chromium in the feces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adequate Intake Men: 35 micrograms Women: 25 micrograms. Over age 50 drops by 5 micrograms. Pregnancy: 30 micrograms. Lactation: 45 micrograms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reported in several people receiving TPN without oral food intake. Weight loss, peripheral neuropathy, increased glucose levels and impaired glucose utilization, high plasma free fatty acid concentration. Sometimes a risk factor for people with syndrome X. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chromium picolinate has been shown to cause chromosomal damage, renal failure and hepatic dysfunction at intakes of 700 to 2400 micrograms. No TUL has been set. |
|
|
Term
| Chromium Assessment of Nutriture |
|
Definition
| No tests are available to determine status prior to supplementation. Plasma levels are not indicative of status. Urinary levels are only reflective of recent intake. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exists in several oxidation states from Cr2- to Cr6+. It is found in air, water, and soil. Cr3+ or tirvalent chromium is the stablest form and most important form for humans. Binds to ligands such as nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exists in the trivalent form in foods. Meats, poultry, grains (especially whole), cheese, mushrooms spices, tea, beer, and wine. Brewer's yeast contains a biologically active organically complexed form of chromium known as glucose tolerance factor (GTF). Food processing and refining affects the chromium content of foods. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Absorbed in the acidic environment of the stomach bound to ligands and also throughout the small intestine, especially the jejunum. Absorbed by either diffusion or carrier-mediated transporter. Enhanced absorption by methionine and histidine by acting as ligands. Vitamin C may also enhance absorption. Inhibited by by neutral or alkaline environments by interaction with OH- ions, ingestion of antacids, and phytates in grains and legumes. |
|
|
Term
| Chromium Transport and Storage |
|
Definition
| Binds competitively with transferrin and is transported along with iron. If transferrin is unavailable, albumin will transport chromium. In high concentrations, globulins and lipoproteins will also help with transportation. Kidney, liver, muscle, spleen, heart, pancreas and bone. Thought to be stored with ferric iron because of its transportation together. |
|
|
Term
| Chromium Functions and Mechanisms of Action |
|
Definition
| Known to potentiate the action of insulin, supposedly through its complexing with nicotinic acid and amino acids to form glucose tolerance factor. Also involved in pancreatic insulin secretion and insulin receptor production. Therefore, has roles in glucose and lipid metabolism. Nucleic acid metabolism is another role for chromium. |
|
|
Term
| Chromium Interactions with other Nutrients |
|
Definition
| Large intake of chromium can decrease iron because it shares transferrin as a transporter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mostly excreted in the urine. Small amounts can be lost in the desquamation of skin cells and through unabsorbed chromium in the feces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adequate Intake Men: 35 micrograms Women: 25 micrograms. Over age 50 drops by 5 micrograms. Pregnancy: 30 micrograms. Lactation: 45 micrograms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reported in several people receiving TPN without oral food intake. Weight loss, peripheral neuropathy, increased glucose levels and impaired glucose utilization, high plasma free fatty acid concentration. Sometimes a risk factor for people with syndrome X. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chromium picolinate has been shown to cause chromosomal damage, renal failure and hepatic dysfunction at intakes of 700 to 2400 micrograms. No TUL has been set. |
|
|
Term
| Chromium Assessment of Nutriture |
|
Definition
| No tests are available to determine status prior to supplementation. Plasma levels are not indicative of status. Urinary levels are only reflective of recent intake. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A non metal found and functions in ionic form of iodide (I-) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also varies based on the soil concentrations. Can vary in both plants and in animals, as well as water. Sea water fish contain more iodide that freshwater fish. Dough oxidizers used to improve cross linking of gluten contain iodates (IO3-). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Either bound to amino acids or found free. When found free, its normally in the form of (IO3-). Iodate reduced to iodide by glutathione. Absorbed throughout the GI tract, including the stomach. |
|
|
Term
| Iodine Transport and Storage |
|
Definition
| Free iodide appears in the blood post absorption and can permeate all tissues. Concentrates in the thyroid gland. Lesser amounts are found in the ovaries, placenta, skin, and salivary glands, gastric and mammary glands. |
|
|
Term
| Iodine Functions and Mechanisms of Action |
|
Definition
| Synthesis of the thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine. |
|
|
Term
| Iodine Interaction with other Nutrients |
|
Definition
| Arsenic causes thyroid cancer blocking absorption of iodine. Halide ions such as bromine interferes with uptake. Lithium inhibits the release of hormones from the thyroid. Some green vegetables such as cabbage and greens can act as goitrin and block uptake. Cassava, eating in 3rd world countries, prevents uptake of iodine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kidneys/urine is major route of excretion. Fecal losses are relatively low. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 150 micrograms/day for both sexes. Pregnancy: 220 micrograms Lactation 290 micrograms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can effect the release of thyroid hormones. Causes goiter where the thyroid gland swells due to overstimulation of TSH. Mental deficiency, hearing loss, motor disorders. Prevented through the addition of iodide to table salt. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lowest observed adverse effect levels of ~1700 micrograms/day. TUL set at 1100 micrograms/day. |
|
|
Term
| Iodine Assessment of Nutriture |
|
Definition
| urinary iodine, Urinary concentrations to creatinine ratio are unsuitable for evaluating status. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs only in trace amounts in animal tissues. Exists in either in Mn2+ or Mn3+. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Whole grain cereals, dried fruits, nuts, and leafy vegetables Tea contains a good source, but is not well absorbed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs equally well throughout the length of the small intestine. Women seem to absorb more manganese than men. Quickly saturable and probably involves a low-capacity high affinity active transport. Excessive intake decreases absorption to avoid toxicity. Mostly absorbed in the Mn2+ state, but converted to Mn3+ in the duodenum. Absorption increased by ligands and decreased by fiber, phytates, oxalate. Iron, copper and ascorbic acid can also diminish activity. |
|
|
Term
| Manganese Transport and Storage |
|
Definition
| Can be transported free or bound as Mn2+ to a macro-globulin before traversing to the liver. In the liver can remain free or bind to albumin, macro-globulin, or Mn2+ can be oxidized by ceruloplasmin to Mn3+. Stored mostly in the mitochondria of tissues that may be mediated by Ca2+ carrier. Found in most tissues and is not concentrated in any one tissues, although can me found in bone, liver, pancreas, and kidneys. |
|
|
Term
| Manganese Functions and Mechanisms of Action |
|
Definition
| Enzyme activator and a constituent of metalloenzymes. The activity of most enzymes utilizing manganese is not affected by its deficiency because they are not manganese specific. |
|
|
Term
| Manganese Interaction with other Nutrients |
|
Definition
| Iron and calcium both interact with manganese. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primarily excreted through the bile in the feces. Very little found in the urine. Losses through sweat and skin are also a contributor to losses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adequate Intake Men: 2.3 mg/day and Women: 1.8 mg/day. Pregnancy: 2 mg/day and Lactation: 2.6 mg/day. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Generally does not develop in humans unless the mineral is deliberately removed from the diet. Nausea, vomiting, dermatitis, increased serum calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase., decreased growth of hair and nails, changes in hair color, and low blood cholesterol levels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can occur in people with liver failure and miners who have inhaled dust fumes high in manganese. Parkinsonism like symptoms. TUL set at 11 mg/day. |
|
|
Term
| Manganese Assessment of Nutriture |
|
Definition
| Concentrations in mononuclear blood cells as well as plasma, serum, and blood. Can also use enzyme activity but not as accurate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The need for this mineral was established in humans due to observation of a genetic deficiency of specific enzymes that required this mineral as a cofactor. This metal is found in two valence states of Mo4+ and Mo6+. Normally bound to either sulfur or oxygen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in many food sources but the concentration depends on the soil content. legumes, meat, fish, poultry, and grains. Fruit and dairy are low sources. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thought to be a passive process but it is not clear the site for absorption. |
|
|
Term
| Molybdenum Transport and Storage |
|
Definition
| May be bound to albumin or macro-globulin and in the form of molybdate (moO42-). Liver, kidney, and bone contain the most storage but can also be found in small intestine, lungs, spleen, muscle, brain and glands such as thyroid and adrenal glands, |
|
|
Term
| Molybdenum Functions and Mechanisms of Action |
|
Definition
| redox function and its necessity as a cofactor for sulfite oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and xanthine dehydrogenase. In the form of molybdopterin is a cofactor that is formed from molybdenum. |
|
|
Term
| Molybdenum Interactions with other Nutrients |
|
Definition
| Tungsten is an antagonist. Sulfur and copper affect each others absorption and retention. Other nutrients affect molybdenum but are not well understood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lost through the urine. Kidneys are thought to regulate homeostasis for molybdenum and the higher the intake the greater the losses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RDA 45 micrograms for both sexes. Pregnancy and Lactation: 50 micrograms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rarely seen unless large intake of antagonistic substances such as sulfate, copper or tungstate are consumed. High levels of blood methionine, hypoxanthine, and low blood levels of uric acid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Symptoms such as gout, have been seen around intakes of 1500 micrograms/day and a TUL has been set at 2mg. |
|
|
Term
| Molybdenum Assessment of Nutriture |
|
Definition
| Plasma and red blood cells but these tests have not been validated as an indicator of status. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluorine bound to a metal, nonmetal or organic compound. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normally added to community drinking water. Normally low in food groups but can be found in some grains, cereal products, and some marine fish. Tea can also contain small amounts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nearly 100% when consumed in water or toothpaste. Decreases to around 50% when it is consumed in solid foods. Occurs by passive diffusion. |
|
|
Term
| Fluoride Transport and Storage |
|
Definition
| Transported in blood as ionic fluoride or hydrofluoric acid not bound to plasma proteins. Most is found stored in bones and teeth. |
|
|
Term
| Fluoride Functions and Mechanisms of Action |
|
Definition
| mineralization of bones and teeth. |
|
|
Term
| Fluoride Interactions with other Nutrients |
|
Definition
| aluminum, calcium, magnesium, and chloride reduce uptake and use. Phosphate and sulfate increase uptake. Aluminum antacids can cause phosphorus and fluoride decrease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excreted rapidly through the urine. Some renal tubular reabsorption occurs by passive diffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adequate Intake Men:4 mg/day and Women: 3 mg/day No increases are needed during pregnancy and lactation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Curtailed growth, infertility, and anemia are found in animals with deficiency but have not seen seen in humans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluorosis characterized by changes in bone, kidney, and possibility nerve and muscle function. Causes mottling of teeth. Acute toxicity causes nausea, vomiting. diarrhea, acidosis, and cardia arrhythmias. TUL set 1.3 mg/day for small children and 10 mg/day for older children and adults. |
|
|
Term
| Fluoride Assessment of Nutriture |
|
Definition
| ionic fluoride is measured. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Colorless and odorless. Although this element can be toxic, there is accumulating evidence that it is an essential element. Found in foods in the trivalent and pentavalent states. Also can be found in methylated forms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Present in water, rocks, and soils but varies region to region. Marine origin foods are rich in arsenic. Also present in meats, cereal and grain products, as well as dairy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Absorption varies based on the chemical form, solubility, and the amount administered. thought to occur via simple diffusion across the intestinal mucosa. More is absorbed as the lipid solubility of the arsenical increases. |
|
|
Term
| Arsenic Transport and Metabolism |
|
Definition
Transported from the blood to the liver. In the liver arsenate-
as (V) is reduced to the more toxic trivalent arsenite and then methylated to the less toxic monomethlarsonic acid. Stored in skin, hair and nails. |
|
|
Term
| Arsenic Functions and Deficiency |
|
Definition
| formation and utilization of methyl groups, generated in methionine metabolism to SAM. Deficiency has been seen to impair methionine metabolism , decrease SAM concentrations, and decrease methylation of histones and DNA. |
|
|
Term
| Arsenic Interactions with other Nutrients |
|
Definition
| Interacts antagonistically with selenium and iodine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excreted rapidly through the kidneys. Urinary metabolites include methylarsinic avid, dimethylarsinic acid, and trimethylated arsenic. |
|
|
Term
| Arsenic Requirements and toxicity |
|
Definition
| 12-25 micrograms/day suggested although no requirement has been set. no TUL has been established. Inorganic forms are more toxic and are carcinogenic. Acute toxicity: GI distress, encephalopathy, anemia, and hepatotoxicity. Fatal at intakes of 70-300 mg. . |
|
|
Term
| Arsenic Assessment of Nutriture |
|
Definition
| Using atomic absorption spectrometry, mass spectrometry, neutron activation analysis, and emission spectroscopy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Boric acid and sodium borate (borax) was used to preserve foods such as fish, meats, cream, butter. and margarine and then it was deemed dangerous for humans in the 1920s. In the 1980s, it was determined that it can be toxic but is essential for humans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Foods of plant origins such as fruits, vegetables, nuts and legumes are particularly rich sources. Wine, cidar and beer also contribute to dietary intake. Avocado, peanuts, peanut butter, pecans, raisins. grapes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Greater that 85% is thought to be rapidly absorbed via passive diffusion from the GI tract. . |
|
|
Term
| Boron Transport and Storage |
|
Definition
| Found in the blood as boric acid, orthoboric acid, and borate anion. Stored in mainly bone, teeth, nails and hair. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Boron absorbed in the form of B (OH)3 is not used and is excreted unaltered. Mostly lost in the urine, but up to 13% can be lost in the feces and small amounts in sweat. |
|
|
Term
| Boron Functions and Deficiency |
|
Definition
| Roles in embryogenesis, bone development, cell membrane function and stability, metabolic regulation and mediation of inflammatory response. Depressed growth is seen in deficiency. |
|
|
Term
| Boron Requirements and toxicity |
|
Definition
| Recommended intake has not been established but intakes of <1mg has been reported. Toxicity results in nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dermatitis, and lethargy. Increased excretion of riboflavin has also been reported with toxicity. TUL is set at 20mg/day |
|
|
Term
| Boron Assessment of Nutriture |
|
Definition
| Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry has been used but it is not known if these tissue concentrations are indicative of nutrition status. Plasma concentrations can also greatly vary. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Foods of plant origin have higher nickel content that animal sources. Nuts, legumes, grains, and chocolate. Plants most likely contain inorganic forms and is normally from the soil the plant is grown in. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Food absorption is thought to be l<10%. Higher absorption rates are found from water and beverages. Crosses the brush border via energy-dependent mechanisms or by passive diffusion. |
|
|
Term
| Nickel Transport and Storage |
|
Definition
| Competes with iron for transport system in the proximal small intestine. Transport across the basolateral membrane is thought to occu by diffusion or past of a complex with an amino acid or binding ligand. In the blood bound to albumin and smaller amounts to amino acids. Only stored in the body in nanogram amounts, mostly in the thyroid, adrenal glands, hair, bone and lungs, heart, kidneys, and liver. |
|
|
Term
| Nickel Functions and Deficiency |
|
Definition
| Specific role not defined in humans. In plants, it is involved in urea breakdown into CO2 and ammonia. Deprivation in some animals have caused depressed growth, altered distribution of minerals, changes in glucose levels, and impaired hematopoiesis. |
|
|
Term
| Nickel Interactions with other Nutrients |
|
Definition
| Nickel can compete with ions for ligands sites. These interactions occur with iron, copper, and zinc among others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mostly excreted in the urine. Complexed in the kidneys with compounds such as uronic acid and oligosaccharides. Small amounts are excreted in the bile. High concentrations can potentially be lost through sweat. |
|
|
Term
| Nickel Requirements and Toxicity |
|
Definition
| TUL set at 1 mg/day. Needs may be <100 micrograms/day. Toxicity can cause nausea, vomiting, and shortness of breath, lethargy, ataxia, irregular breathing and hypothermia. |
|
|
Term
| Nickel Assessment of Nutriture |
|
Definition
| Flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Serum or plasma can be used but valid methods for assessing status are unavailable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Second only to oxygen in earth wide abundance. Occurs naturally as dioxide silica (Sio2) and water soluble silici acid Si(OH)4. In plants, it is found as a solid hydrated oxide SiO2;nH2O. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Foods of plant origins are normally better sources than animal sources. Whole cereal grains and root vegetables among the best. |
|
|
Term
| Silicon Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion |
|
Definition
| Estimates absorption ranges from 1-70% depending n the form of silicon ingested. Can be found free or bound in the blood. Once absorbed it is mostly free. Excreted through the urine. Most rapidly taken up by the liver, lung, skin, and bone. |
|
|
Term
| Silicon Functions and Deficiency |
|
Definition
| focused on normal growth and development of bone, connective tissue, and cartilage. Deficiency can be seen in decreased collagen formation because of decreased synthesis of proline and hydroxyproline. |
|
|
Term
| Silicon Interaction with other Nutrients |
|
Definition
| May interact with molybdenum in an antagonistic manner. |
|
|
Term
| Silicon Requirements, Toxicity, and Assessment of Nutriture |
|
Definition
| 2-5 mg/day but could be as high as 35 mg/day, it is largely unknown. Not tolerable upper limit has been set. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Second only to oxygen in earth wide abundance. Occurs naturally as dioxide silica (Sio2) and water soluble silici acid Si(OH)4. In plants, it is found as a solid hydrated oxide SiO2;nH2O. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Foods of plant origins are normally better sources than animal sources. Whole cereal grains and root vegetables among the best. |
|
|
Term
| Silicon Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion |
|
Definition
| Estimates absorption ranges from 1-70% depending n the form of silicon ingested. Can be found free or bound in the blood. Once absorbed it is mostly free. Excreted through the urine. Most rapidly taken up by the liver, lung, skin, and bone. |
|
|
Term
| Silicon Functions and Deficiency |
|
Definition
| focused on normal growth and development of bone, connective tissue, and cartilage. Deficiency can be seen in decreased collagen formation because of decreased synthesis of proline and hydroxyproline. |
|
|
Term
| Silicon Interaction with other Nutrients |
|
Definition
| May interact with molybdenum in an antagonistic manner. |
|
|
Term
| Silicon Requirements, Toxicity, and Assessment of Nutriture |
|
Definition
| 2-5 mg/day but could be as high as 35 mg/day, it is largely unknown. Not tolerable upper limit has been set. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Element exists in several oxidative states from V2+ to V5+. Forms complexes with amino acids such as alanine and aspartate. Found primarily in pentavalent state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Content in foods is very low. Black pepper, parsley, dill seed, canned apple juice, fish sticks, mushrooms, and oysters are rich sources |
|
|
Term
| Vanadium Absorption, Transport and Storage |
|
Definition
| Absorption is generally very low around 5% and varies for the different forms. In the blood, it is canadate is converted to vanadyl. Glutathione, NADH, and ascorbic acid act as reducing agents. Binds to iron containing proteins. Thought to enter cells through a transport system. Little is stored in the body, but it is initially stored in the kidney and then shifted to the bone for long term storage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No specific biochemical functions have been identified. Has pharmacological benefits such as redox reactions, mimics the action of insulin. Similar actions phosphate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Urinary excretion is the major route for removal. Small amounts are lost through the bile. In the urine, it has several metabolites. |
|
|
Term
| Vanadium Requirements, Toxicity and Assessment of Nutriture |
|
Definition
| Not requirements have been established, although it is thought that 10 micrograms/day would meet needs. TUL is set at 1.8 mg/day. Toxicity seen with intake above 10 mg. Green tongue, diarrhea, GI cramps, disturbances in mental function, HTN and renal toxicity. Assessed by neutron activation analysis and flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Little evidence that it plays a role in human nutrition other than as part of vitamin B12. No need for ionic form for the metal but as a metallovitamin that cannot be synthesized from dietary metal. There may be some enzymes that are dependent on cobalt for activation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tested through vitamin a or beta carotene in the serum. If low, repletion dosage of 5,000-10,000IU/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tested through Alpha-keto acids(urine) and erythrocyte transketolase index (RBC). If those are high, repletion dosage of 50-300 mg/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tested through alpha-keto acids (urine), ethylmalonate (urine) adn EGR activity coefficient (RBC). If high, repletion dosage 50-200 mg/day. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tested through N-Methylnicotinaminde (urine), Lactate and pyrvate (urine). If N-Methylnicotinamide is low and lactate/pyruvate are high, repletion dosage 50-3,000 mg/day |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) |
|
Definition
| Tested through alpha-keto acids (urine) and Pantothenic acid (urine). If alpha-keto acids are high and pantothenic acid is low, repletion dosage is 100-1,000 mg/day. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tested through xanthurenate, kynurenate (both urine), homocysteine (plasma), and EGOT Index (RBC). If all are high, 50-200 mg/day for repletion |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) |
|
Definition
| Methylmalonate (urine), Homocysteine (plasma) Vitamin B12 (serum). IF MMA and homocysteine are high and Vitamin B12 are low, repletion dosage 100-1,000 micrograms/day |
|
|
Term
| Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and Dihydrobiopterin (BH2) |
|
Definition
| BH4 (plasma), Phe or Phe/Tyr ratio (plasma), BH4 loading test (plasma). If BH4 is low, Phe or Phe/Tyr is high and BH4 loading has a drop >50%, repletion of 2-20mg/kg/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vitamin C (serum, leukocyte, urine after 500 mg oral load). If all low, repletion of 1,000-5,000 mg/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PIVKAII (serum), Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (Serum), Vitamin K (serum), Prothromin (plasma). If PIVKAII and vitamin K are low and Undercarboxylated osteocalcin and Prothrombin are high, repletion dosage 500-1,000 micrograms/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 25-Hydrooxyvitamin D (serum), bone-specific collagen fragments (urine). If 25-hydroxyvitamin D is low and bone-specific collagen fragement is high then repletion dosage is 700-10,000 IU/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tocopherol (serum), tocopherol/triglyceride (serum). If both are low, repletion dosage 200-1,600 IU/day. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Beta-Hydroxyiocalerate (urine). If high, repletion dosage is 500-5,000 micrograms/day. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Homocysteine (plasma), Folate (serum), Folacin (RBC), Macrocytic Anemia (whole blood), Neutrophil Hypersegmentation (whole blood), Formiminoglutamate (FIGLU) (urine). Homocysteine high, Folate/Folacin low, positive for macrocytic anemia and neutrophil hypersegmentation and high FIGLU. Repletion dosage 5-150 mg/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adipate, suberate, ethylmalonate (urine). If all high, repletion dosage 250-1,000 mg/TID |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coenzyme Q10 (serum), Succinate (urine), Hydroxymethlyglutarate (urine). If coenzyme q10 low and succinate/hydrooxymethylglutarate high, repletion dosage of 10-3,000 mg/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lactate and Pyruvate (urine or serum) both elevated. Repletion dosage of 10-1,800 mg/day. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Choline (plasma). If low, repletion dosage of 1-12 grams/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Direct markers: hair, urine
Functional Biomarkers: Bone resorption, serum hydroxyvitamin D, and PTH
Dosage: Children- 500-1200 mg Adults- 800-1300 mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Direct Markers: RBC, Whole Blood, Plasma, Serum, Urine
Functional Markers: Refractory hypokalemia
Dosage: Children-200-600 mg Adults 300-750 mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Direct Markers:RBC, Serum, Hair
Functional Markers: N/A
Dosage: Children- 50-150 mg Adults- 150-300 mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Direct Markers: Ferritin
Functional Markers: Total Iron Binding Capacity, Transferrin Saturation, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit
Dosage: Children- 10-20 mg IDA: 5mg/kg, Adults- 18-50 mg IDA: 90-200 mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Direct Markers: RBC, Hair, Plasma
Functional Biomarkers: Delta 6 desaturase activity (LA:GLA), Zn-metallotionein
Dosage: Children-8-30mg Adults-15-65 mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Direct Markers: RBC, serum, ceruloplasmin
Functional Biomarkers: Elevated urinary HVA/VMA ration, bone resorption markers
Dosage: Children- 1-5 mg Adults- 2-10 mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Direct Markers: RBC
Functional Biomarkers: Abnormal urinary ammonia markers, elevated arginine:ornithine ratio
Dosage: Children-1-10 mg Adults: 5-13 mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Direct Markers: Serum, Whole Blood, Hair
Functional Biomarkers: Selenoprotein P, Urinary Selenosugars
Dosage: Chilren- 50-150 micrograms Adults- 50-400 micrograms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Direct Markers: Hair
Functional Biomarkers: Elevated xanthine:uric acid ratio
Dosage: Children-20-200 micrograms Adults-50-400 micrograms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Direct Markers: RBC, Urine, Hair
Functional Markers: Insulin, Blood glucose
Dosage: Children- 50-500 micrograms Adults- 200-1000 micrograms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Direct Markers: Urine
Functional Biomarkers: Serum T3, T4, TSH, Blood Spot Thyroglobulin
Dosage: Children- 90-600 micrograms Adults- 150 micrograms-50 mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Direct Marker:serum, urine, hair
Functional Markers: Bone resorption markers
Dosage: Children- NA Adults- 1-12 mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Direct Markers: Urine, plasma, hair
Functional Biomarkers: NONE
Dosage: Children- NA Adults- <5 micrograms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Direct Markers: Serum, Plasma, Urine, Hair
Functional Markers: NONE
Dosage: Children-NA Adults- 400-1000 micrograms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Direct Markers: whole blood, serum, urine
Functional Biomarkers: blood glucose, blood lipids
Dosage: Children-NA Adults-9 micrograms-125 mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Direct Markers:Serum, Urine, Hair
Functional Biomarkers: Bone resorption markers
Dosage: Children- NA Adults- 125-680 mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alpha-ketoglutarate high. Dosage: 600 mg TID |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alpha-ketoglutarate high. Dosage 600 mg BID; B6- 100 mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Low: Arg 500mg High: Mn, 15 mg Excessive L-lysine supplementation |
|
|
Term
| Asymmetric Dimethylarginine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High: Mg, 200 mg BID, Alpha-KG, 600 mg BID |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High: Mg, 200 mg BID, Alpha-KG, 600 mg BID, Excessive L-lysine supplementation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Low: Alpha-KG, 600 mg TID
High: Mg, 200 mg BID, Zn, 25 mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Low: Mg, 200 mg BID
High: Alpha-KG, 600 mg BID, B6, 100 mg |
|
|
Term
| Isoleucine (Ile), Leucinie (Leu), Valine (Val) |
|
Definition
| High: B6, 100 mg, Check Insulin Sensitivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Low: Folate, 800 micrograms, His, 500 mg TID
High: B6, 100 mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Low: Carnitine, 1-2 g, Associated with stress response, check for excessive arg intake
High: Vitamin C, 1g BID, Niacin, 50mg, B6 100 mg, Fe, 15 mg. Supplementation decreases arginine. Excessive lysine can contribute to kidney pathology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High: B6 100 mg, alpha-KG 300 mg TID |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High: Fe 30 mg, BH4, Vitamin C 300 mg/d, low-Phe diet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Low: Fe 30 mg, Tyr 500 mg TID
High: Cu 3 mg, Fe 30 mg, Vitamin C 1 g TID |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Low: 5-HTP, 50 mg TID
High: Niacin 50 mg, B6 100 mg BID, Fe 30 mg, Cu 3 mg |
|
|
Term
| Alpha-Amino-N-butyric acid |
|
Definition
| Low: alpha-KG 300 mg TID, B6 100 mg |
|
|
Term
| gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) |
|
Definition
| High: alpha-KG 600 mg BID, B6 50 mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High: B6 200 mg, Alpha- KG 600 mg BID |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High: B6 100 mg, Folate 800 micrograms, B12 1000 micrograms, Betaine 1000 mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Low: Gly 1000 mg TID
High: Folate 800 micrograms, B 6 100 mg, B2 (riboflavin)50 mg, B5 (pantothenic acid) 500 mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Low: B6 100 mg, Folate 800 micrograms, Ms 15 mg
High: Thr 500 mg BID, BCAAs 2g TID |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High: B2 (riboflavin) 50 mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High: S-Adenosylmethionine 200 mg BID |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Low: Alpha-KG 600 mg BID, His 300 mg
High: Vitamin C 1000 mg TID, Niacin 50 mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High: vitamin C 1000 mg TID, Fe 15 mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High: Vitamin C 1000 mg TID, Fe 15 mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, B6 100 mg |
|
|
Term
| Beta-Aminoisobutyric acid |
|
Definition
| High: B6 50 mg, B12 100 mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High: BCAA 6-9 grams (if evident muscle wasting |
|
|
Term
| Testing for Lipid Oxidation |
|
Definition
| Lipid Peroxides (urine, serum), Isoprostanes (serum), HNE (serum), Oxidized LD (plasma) are all elevated |
|
|
Term
| Intervention for Oxidant Damage |
|
Definition
| Increase balanced antioxidant intake and decrease oxidant load. Use high-dose individual antioxidants as indicated by laboratory testing. |
|
|
Term
| Testing Protein Oxidation |
|
Definition
| 3-Nitrotyrosine, Methionine Sulfoxide (serum) are both elevated |
|
|
Term
| Testing Nucleotide Oxidation |
|
Definition
| 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (serum), DNA Strand Breakage (WBC) are both elevated |
|
|
Term
| Antioxidant Nutrient Testing: Metabolic End Products |
|
Definition
| Uric Acid (serum), Albumin (serum) are both decreased. Treatment is antioxidant nutrients and finding reason for albumin loss. |
|
|
Term
| Antioxidant Nutrient Testing: Glutathione |
|
Definition
| Sulfate (urine), Pyroglytamate (urine), Alpha-Hydroxybutyrate (urine). Sulfate is low, Pyroglytamate and Alpha-Hydroxybutyrate are both elevated. Treatment is N-Acteylcysteine, Methionine, Taurine, and Glycine (if plasma levels low) |
|
|
Term
| Antioxidant Nutrient Testing: Fat Soluble Vitamins |
|
Definition
| Vitamin A & E, Beta Carotene, Coenzyme Q10 (serum) all low. Treatment is add individual antioxidants as indicated by laboratory testing |
|
|
Term
| Antioxidant Nutrient Testing: Antioxidant Minerals |
|
Definition
| Selenium, Zinc, Copper (RBC, Hair, Urine, Serum) are all low. Treatment is trace element supplementation and digestive support. |
|
|
Term
| Nutrients Impaired by Thyroid Hormones |
|
Definition
High: Vitamin C, Vitamin E, CoQ10, Tyrosine, Vitamin A/Beta Carotene
Low: Vitamin A/Beta Carotene, Iodine, Tyrosine, Selenium |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid Hormone Effect of Nutrients |
|
Definition
Vitamin C, E: Increased Utilization
Vitamin A/Beta Carotene: Abnormal Carotene Coversion
Iodine:Deficiency
CoQ10: Increased Utilization
Tyrosine/Selenium: Thyroid Function |
|
|
Term
| Nutrients Impaired by Testosterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Testosterone Hormone Effect of Nutrients |
|
Definition
| Zinc, Amino Acids: Increased Utilization |
|
|
Term
| Nutrients Impaired by Estrogen |
|
Definition
| Low: Calcium, Magnesium, Vitamin D |
|
|
Term
| Estrogen Hormone Effect of Nutrients |
|
Definition
| Calcium, Magnesium, Vitamin D: Increased mineralization of bones |
|
|
Term
| Nutrients Impaired by ACTH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACTH Hormone Effect of Nutrients |
|
Definition
| Amino Acids: Increased Utilization |
|
|
Term
| Nutrients Impaired by Cortisol |
|
Definition
| High: B-complex vitamins, amino acids, mineral, iron, vitamin C, fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| Cortisol Hormone Effect of Nutrients |
|
Definition
B-complex vitamins, amino acids, minerals, iron, vitamin C: Increased loss
Fatty Acids: Lowered omega-6 levels |
|
|
Term
| Nutrients Impaired by DHEA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DHEA Hormone Effect of Nutrients |
|
Definition
| Vitamin E: Increased oxidant stress |
|
|
Term
| Nutrients Impaired by Growth Hormone |
|
Definition
| Low: Fatty Acids, Amino Acids, Vitamin D |
|
|
Term
| Growth Hormone Effect of Nutrients |
|
Definition
Fatty Acids, Amino Acids: Decreased Fat Oxidation
Vitamin D: Increased Catabolism |
|
|
Term
| Nutrients Impaired by Insulin |
|
Definition
High: Minerals, Amino Acids, Fatty Acids
Low: Glucose |
|
|
Term
| Insulin Hormone Effects of Nutrients |
|
Definition
Minerals, Amino Acids, Fatty Acids: Increased loss
Glucose: Decreased metabolic utilization and increased urinary loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tested in the serum and 5-6 analytes |
|
|
Term
| Nutrient and Toxic Elements |
|
Definition
| Tested in RBC (8-10 analytes), Whole Blood (8-10 analytes), Urine (12-15 analytes), Hair (12-15 analytes). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plasma (10-40 analytes), Urine (10-40 analytes), Blood Spot (8-12 analytes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plasma (20-40 analytes), RBC (20-40 analytes), Blood Spot (6-8 analytes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Urine with 30-40 analytes |
|
|
Term
| GI Function for Celiac Disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GI Function for Food Allergies (IgE) |
|
Definition
| Plasma with 10-100 analytes |
|
|
Term
| GI Function for Food Sensitivities (IgG) |
|
Definition
| Plasma with 10-100 analytes |
|
|
Term
| GI Function for Microbial Populations |
|
Definition
| Stool (70-100 analytes), Urine (10-15 analytes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Urine/Salvia with 5-8 analytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Serum (3-6 analytes), Urine (10-15 analytes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Primary: Blood Glucose
Reinforcing: Glucose Tolerance, Insulin, C-Peptide, Glycoproteins (A1C) |
|
|
Term
| Testing for Heart Disease |
|
Definition
Primary: Cholesterol
Reinforcing: Triglycerides, LDL, HDL, Testosterone, Insulin, Lipid Peroxides, Vitamin E |
|
|
Term
| Testing for Peripheral Neuropathy |
|
Definition
Primary: Low Serum Vitamin B12
Reinforcing: Methylmalonate, Homocysteine, Complete Blood Count |
|
|
Term
| Testing for Slow Wound Healing |
|
Definition
Primary: Low Serum Zinc
Reinforcing: RBC Trace Element Profile, Fatty Acid Prfofile (LA/DGLA) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Primary: Elevated Lipid Peroxides
Reinforcing: Serum Vitamin E, Serum CoQ10, RBC Mineral Profile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valene |
|
|
Term
| Which Stereoisomer of amino acids are utilized in humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amino Acids Associated with the Urea cycle |
|
Definition
| Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine |
|
|
Term
| Amino Acids Associated with Glutathione Synthesis |
|
Definition
| Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Methionine |
|
|
Term
| Amino Acids Associated with Neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
| Glutamic Acid, Histidine, Phenylalanine, Serine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine |
|
|
Term
| Amino Acids Associated with Creatine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amino Acids Associated with DNA and RNA |
|
Definition
| Aspartic Acid, Glutamine, Glycine |
|
|
Term
| What provides the major flux of amino acids supplied by blood flow |
|
Definition
| Protein and polypeptide synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What will a genetic defect in the SN1-SN2 transporter system cause |
|
Definition
| Elevation of plasma glutamine, asparagine, and histidine. Difficultly maintaining normal tissue pH. |
|
|
Term
| Who would benefit from glutamine supplementation |
|
Definition
| Severe catabolic illness such as burns, intestinal dysfunction, immunodeficiency syndromes, advanced malignant disease, low birth weight babies |
|
|
Term
| What conditions would cause elevated plasma glutamate |
|
Definition
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, AIDS, Epilepsy, Acute liver failure |
|
|
Term
| What conditions would cause decreased plasma glutamate |
|
Definition
| Headache, fatigue, confusion, poor concentration, and food intolerance due to hyperammonemia, Tumor induced cachexia |
|
|
Term
| Folic Acid Deficiency Results in urinary Losses of what amino acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elevated Histidine levels Can be Indicative of What Conditions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What compounds tend to lower histidine levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What three body systems are affected by Tyrosine and Phenylalanine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tryptophan is involved in the formation and catabolism of what 3 compounds |
|
Definition
| Serotonin, Nicotinate, Indican |
|
|
Term
| If multiple Essential Amino Acid levels are elevated what is indicated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If Histidine is low what is indicated |
|
Definition
| Folic acid or Zinc Deficiency |
|
|
Term
| If Lysine is low what is indicated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If Proline and Hydroxyproline are high what is indicated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If Sarcosine and Glycine are High what is indicated |
|
Definition
| Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency |
|
|
Term
| If Phenylalanine and Tyrosine are elevated what is indicated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If Omega 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids are low what is impacted |
|
Definition
| Nerve membrane function, Neurological development, Eisoanoid substrates, and essential fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| What can be supplemented if Omega 3 fatty acids are low |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the Omega 3 Fatty Acids |
|
Definition
| Alpha Linolenic Acid (ALA), Ecosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), Docosapentaenoic, and Docosahexaenoic (DHA) |
|
|
Term
| If Omega 6 Fatty Acids are abnormal what is impacted |
|
Definition
| Essential fatty acids, eicosanoid precursors, desaturase inhibition, eicosanoid substrates, pro-inflammatory response, copper deficiency, increase adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
| What are the Omega 6 Fatty Acids |
|
Definition
| Linoleic (LA), Gamma Linolenic (GLA), Eicosadienoic, Dihomogammalinolenic (DGLA), Arachidonic (AA), Doosadienoic, Docosatetraenoic |
|
|
Term
| What can be supplemented for low LA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be supplemented for low GLA |
|
Definition
| Evening Primrose or Black Currant Oil |
|
|
Term
| What can be supplemented for elevated Eicosadienoic Acid or low DGLA |
|
Definition
| Zinc, Iron and Vitamin B6 |
|
|
Term
| What can be supplemented for AA abnormalities |
|
Definition
Low: Corn or Black Currant Oil
High: Reduce Red Meats |
|
|
Term
| What can be supplemented for High Docosadienoic Acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be changed for High Docosatetraenoic Acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is caused by elevated mead aid |
|
Definition
| essential fatty acid deficiency |
|
|
Term
| What is the omega 9 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be supplemented if Mead Acid is elevated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the Monounsaturated Fatty Acids |
|
Definition
| Vaccenic, Myristoleic, Palmitoleic, Oleic, Gondoic (11-Ecosenoic), Nervonic, Erucic |
|
|
Term
| What is impacted by abnormal monounsaturated fatty acids |
|
Definition
| biotin deficiency, general EFA deficiency, Essential fatty acid deficiency, Membrane fluidity, neurological development, and nerve membrane function |
|
|
Term
| What can be supplemented if Vaccenic Acid Is low |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be supplemented if myristoleic, palmitoleic, and Gondoic Acids are high |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be supplemented if oleic acid is low |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be supplemented if nervonic acid is low |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can be supplemented if erucic acid is low |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the Saturated Fatty Acids |
|
Definition
| Capric Acid, Lauric, Myristic, Palmitic, Stearic, Arachidic, Behenic, Lignoceric, Hexacosanoic |
|
|
Term
| What is impacted by saturated fatty acid abnormalities |
|
Definition
| multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation disorders, cholesterogenic, elevated triglycerides, cancer marker, desaturase inhibition, elongation stimulation, nerve membrane function. |
|
|
Term
| What can be supplemented if capric acid, lauric, and myristic acids are all elevated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be changed if palmitic and stearic acid are elevated |
|
Definition
| reduce saturated fatty acids, add niacin |
|
|
Term
| What can be supplemented if lignoceric acid is elevated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the odd numbered fatty acids |
|
Definition
| pentadecanoic, heptadecanoic, nonadecanoic, heneicosanoic, tricosanoic |
|
|
Term
| What can be supplemented if the odd numbered fatty acids are elevated |
|
Definition
| Biotin, Vitamin B12, Carnitine |
|
|
Term
| What is indicated by elevated odd numbered fatty acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be a potential response of elevated odd numbered fatty acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the trans fatty acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be changed if trans fatty acids are elevated |
|
Definition
| Eliminate hydrogenated oils |
|
|
Term
| What is impacted by elevated trans fatty acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LA/DGLA ratio us used for desaturase enzyme monitoring, what can be supplemented if elevated |
|
Definition
| evening primrose or black currant oils (GLA sources) |
|
|
Term
| Abnormal DGLA/EPA ratio is indicative of eicosanoid imbalance and can be treated with what supplements |
|
Definition
low: black currant oil
high: fish oil |
|
|
Term
| AA/EPA ratio is elevated during inflammation and can be supplemented with what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
low n-3 and n-6, high mead, high T/T ratio, high palmitoleic
Treatment: EFA rich oils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
General elevation of most members of all fatty acid families
Treatment: Add fish oil, decrease carbohydrates, antilipdemic medications |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Elevated :A/DGLA or ALA/EPA ratios
Treatment: Zinc Supplementation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Elevated stearic, docosadienoic
Low oleic and linoleic acids
Treatment: Copper supplmentation |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B12/Biotin Deficiency |
|
Definition
Elevated odd numbered fatty acids and vaccenic acid
Treatment: vitamin B12 and biotin supplementation |
|
|
Term
| Which urinary organic acids are elvated with fatty acid oxidation abnormalities |
|
Definition
| Adipate, Suberate, Ethylmalonate |
|
|
Term
| What intervention supplementations can be used for fatty acid oxidation abnormalities seen in a urinary acid profile |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which urinary organic acids are elevated with carbohydrate metabolism abnormalities |
|
Definition
| Pyruvate, Lactate, Beta-Hydroxybutyrate |
|
|
Term
| What Interventions can correct carbohydrate metabolism abnormalities found in an organic acid profile |
|
Definition
| B1 (thiamin), B complex, Lipoic ACid, CoQ10, Chromium Picolinate |
|
|
Term
| Which Urinary Organic Acids are affected by citric acid cycle abnormalities |
|
Definition
| Citrate (H/L), Cis-Aconitate (H), Isocitrate (H), Alpha-Ketoglutarate (H/L), Succinate (H/L), Fumarate (L), Malate (H), Hydroxymethylglutarate (H/L) |
|
|
Term
| What metabolic pathways are affected by abnormalities to the citric acid cycle, as seen in the urinary organic acid profile |
|
Definition
| Renal Ammonia Clearance, Limited Substrate for CoQ10 synthesis, HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibition |
|
|
Term
| What interventions can correct abnormalities in the organic acid profile related to citric acid cycle production |
|
Definition
| Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Magnesium Citrate, Cysteine, Lipoic Acid, Manganese, AKG, Glutamine, B Complex, Isoleucine, Valine, CoQ10, Vitamin B3, tyrosine, Phenylalanine |
|
|
Term
| What organic acids are markers of Valine Catabolism |
|
Definition
| Methylmalonate, Propionate, Alpha-Ketoisovalerate |
|
|
Term
| What organic acid is a marker of Leucine Catabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organic acids are markers of Isoleucine Catabolism |
|
Definition
| Alpha-Keto-Beta-Methylvalerate, Beta-Hydroxyisovalerate |
|
|
Term
| What organic acid is a marker of Tryptophan Catabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organic acid is a marker of Histidine Catabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the B-complex vitamin markers in a organic acids profile |
|
Definition
| Alpha-ketoisovalerate, Alpha-ketoisocaproate. Alpha-keto-beta-methylvalerate, xanthurenate, Beta-Hydroxyisovalerate, Methlmalonate, Proprionate, Formiminoglutamate |
|
|
Term
| What is the intervention for elevated alpha-ketoisovalerate, alpha-ketoisocaproate, and alpha-keto-beta-methylvalerate |
|
Definition
| B-complex and Lipoic Acid |
|
|
Term
| What is the intervention for elevated xanthurenate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the intervention for elevated beta-hydroxisovalerate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the intervention for elevated methylmalonate or Propionate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the intervention for Formiminoglutamate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What urinary organic acids are used to determine neurotransmitter metabolism abnormalities |
|
Definition
| Vanilmandelate, Homovanillate, 5-Hydroxyindolacetate, Kynurenate, Quinolinate |
|
|
Term
| What metabolic pathways are affected by neurotransmitter abnormalities found in an organic acid profile |
|
Definition
| Norepinephrine, epinephrine catabolism, DOPA catabolism, Tyrosine and Tryptophan depended pathways, kynurenine pathway |
|
|
Term
| For Tyrosine dependent pathways affected by abnormalities diagnosed through the organic acids profile, what are the interventions |
|
Definition
| tyrosine, phenylalanine hydroxylase cofactors but not for patients taking MAO inhibitors |
|
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