Term
|
Definition
| what is the AI for fluid intake for adult men? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the AI for fluid intake for adult women? |
|
|
Term
1. concerns for infants, older adults, and athelets (loses water quickly)
2. illness (vomiting, diarrhea, fever) |
|
Definition
| list two situations in which thirst is not a reliable indicator of fluid needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is water intoxication? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle contains what percent of water in the body? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fat contains what percentage of water in the body? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the fraction of fluid within the cells in the body? (intracellular fluid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the fraction of fluid of outside the cells? (extracellular fluid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what percentage of water consists of body weight? |
|
|
Term
1. sodium
2. chloride
3. potassium
4. phosphate |
|
Definition
| what are 4 common electrolytes? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances that separate into ions in water and, in turn, are able to conduct an electrical current |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of water across a membrane from low concentration to high concentration |
|
|
Term
| movement is controlled by electrolyte concentration |
|
Definition
| how do electrolytes affect flow of water into and out of cell? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a dilute solution with a low ion concentration results in shrinkage or swelling? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a concentrated solution with a high ion concentration causes shrinkage or swelling? |
|
|
Term
1. potassium (+)
2. phosphate (-)
represents 2/3 of body water |
|
Definition
| what are the major intracellular ions? |
|
|
Term
1. sodium (+)
2. chloride (-) |
|
Definition
| what are the major extracellular ions? |
|
|
Term
1. potassium (+) (intracellular)
2. Sodium (+) (extracellular) |
|
Definition
| what major ions have a positive charge? |
|
|
Term
1. phosphate (-) (intracellular)
2. chloride (-) (extracellular) |
|
Definition
| what major ions have a negative charge? |
|
|
Term
1. body temperature regulation (it takes a lot of energy to heat water and change body temp.; we also perspirate which allows heat to be released and to cool the body--primary way to prevent overheating)
2. universal solvent (water transports nutrients and wastes-blood stream-we excrete waste through water in the urine; water is a medium for chemical reactions
3. water moistens, lubricates, and cushions (saliva, mucus on organs, in joints and spinal cord) |
|
Definition
| what are 3 functions of water, and why those functions are necessary? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
are you getting enough fluid?
what is the color of your urine?-know the chart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the greatest source of output of water |
|
|
Term
1. urine (greatest source of output)
2. perspiration ("insensible" water loss)
3. small amount of water is lost daily in feces |
|
Definition
| what are 3 ways in which water is lost from the body? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone secreted by the pituitary gland when blood concentration of solutes is high; causes the kidneys to decrease water excretion, which increases blood volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone produced by the liver and activated by enzymes from the kidneys; signals the adrenal glands to produce aldosterone and also directs the kidneys to conserve sodium (and therefore water); both of these actions have the effect of increasing blood volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone produced by the adrenal glands when blood volume is low; acts on the kidneys to conserve sodium (and therefore water) to increase blood volume |
|
|
Term
| regulated by kidneys, blood vessels, and brain, hormones (antidiuretic hormone/angiostensin/aldosterone) |
|
Definition
| how does the body conserve water when there is a shortage detected? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inadequate intake of water to replace losses |
|
|
Term
1. thirst
2. stronger thirst, vague discomfort and sense of oppression, loss of appetite, increasing hemoconcentration
3. less movement; lagging pace, flushed skin, impatience, weariness and sleepiness, apathy, nausea, emotional instability
4. tingling in arms, hands, and feet; stumbling, headache; heat exhaustion (faintness, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, headache, increased body temp., pulse, and respiratory role)
5. labored breathing, dizziness, cyanosis (bluish color of skin caused by poor oygen flow in body), indistinct speech; increasing weakness, mental confusion
6. muscle cramps; inability to balance with eyes closed; general incapacity. delirium and wakefulness; swollen tongue; circulatory insufficiency; marked hemoconcentration and decreased blood volume; failing kidney function
7. increasing risk of death, especially if associated with illness or extreme heat and exercise |
|
Definition
| what are the 7 stages of progression of symptoms through dehydration? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simplest way to determine if water intake is adequate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how can a person recognize dehydration? what is one symptom? |
|
|
Term
1. infancy
2. older adults
3. athletes
4. illness |
|
Definition
| what are 4 circumstances or stages in life where thirst is not reliable? |
|
|
Term
1. infants and older adults (lose water quickly)
2. athletes (perspiration--weigh before and after training session--consume 2.5 to 3 cups for every pound lost)
3. illness (vomiting, diarrhea, fever) can lead to dehydration |
|
Definition
| what groups are at particular risk of dehydration and what situations can lead to dehydration? |
|
|
Term
| you have a thirst signal when you are thirsty you have already lost 1-2% of your body weight in fluid--already at the beginning stages of dehydration |
|
Definition
| why is thirst not a reliable signal of dehydration? |
|
|
Term
| overhydration and sodium dilution in the blood |
|
Definition
| what results if your water intake far exceeds the kidney's processing ability? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| potentially fatal condition that occurs with a high intake of water, which results in severe dilution of the blood and other fluid compartments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sodium concentration is diluted by excess water in the blood (dangerously low blood sodium level) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| added to many municipal water supplies to prevent dental caries |
|
|
Term
| false- over time, the chemicals that make up plastic break down and can leach into the liquid inside the container |
|
Definition
| t or f: plastic does not have a shelf life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how many essential minerals are there? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| element used in the body to promote chemical reactions and to form body structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vital to health, required in the diet in amounts <100 mg per day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vital to health, required in the diet in amounts >100 mg per day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mineral present in the human diet in TRACE AMOUNT but that has not been shown to be essential to human health |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| degree of absorption of a substance and thus availability to body (if it cannot be absorbed, it cannot be used) |
|
|
Term
1, presence of binders and fiber (high fiber diets approaching 40 g per day in particular lead to decreased mineral bioavailability)
2. source: animal products are better absorbed than plant products
3. refinement lowers mineral content (refine grains lose majority of vitamin E, b vitamins and trace minerals; enrichment add back only iron (but not selenium, zinc, copper; mineral are preserved in whole grains)
4. mineral-mineral and vitamin-mineral competition: therefore balance is best (excess of one mineral decreases the absorption and metabolism of other minerals; ex-large intake of zinc decreases copper absorption)
5. some beneficial vitamin-mineral interactions (Vitamin C enhances non-heme iron absorption; active vitamin D improves calcium absorption; thiamin coenzyme cannot function efficiently without magnesium or manganese) |
|
Definition
| what 5 factors affect the bioavailability of minerals? |
|
|
Term
| supplemental use of minerals |
|
Definition
| what results in the most common toxicity of minerals? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which is more toxic- major minerals or trace minerals? |
|
|
Term
1. electrolyte (attracts water)
2. fluid balance (kidneys important filter (reabsorb sodium and chloride when dehydrated to retain more water in the body))
3. nerve impulse conduction
4. aids in absorption of some nutrients |
|
Definition
| what are 4 functions of sodium? |
|
|
Term
| majority of the sodium we consume is ADDED during processing (~77%) (more processed food consumed=higher sodium intake) |
|
Definition
| where does most of our sodium in diet come from? |
|
|
Term
1. white bread
2. hot dogs and lunchmeats
3. cheese
4. soups
5. tomato sauces |
|
Definition
| what are the 5 main contributors of sodium in our diet? |
|
|
Term
| 2300 mg (approximately 1 tsp) |
|
Definition
| what is the UL (upper limit) for sodium? |
|
|
Term
unprocessed foods
--fruits, vegetables, milk, whole grains, dried beans, and meats |
|
Definition
| what are rich sources of potassium (opposite of Na) |
|
|
Term
| no--we need to increase consumpton of fruits and vegetables; the AI is 4700 mg and DV is 3500 mg; the average consumption is 2000-3000 mg/day |
|
Definition
| are americans getting enough potassium a day? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of a less specialized cell becoming a more specialized type (a function of calcium) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the less dense, more open structure bone found in the inner layer of bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the compact or dense bone found on the outer surfaces of the bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a bone disease define by low mineral density |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| porous trabecular bone characterized by rapid bone demineralization following menopause |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| porous trabecular and cortical bone observed in men and women after the age of 70 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally increased bending of the spine (dowager's hump) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the RDA range for calcium for adults? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| severe iron deficiency, characterized by decreased oxygen carrying capacity |
|
|
Term
1. iron stores become depleted, but no physiological impairment observed
2. the amount of iron in transferrin depleted; some physiological impairment occurs. heme production decreased, activities of enzymes that require iron as a cofactor are limited
3. red blood cells are small (microcytic), pale (hypochromic), and reduced in number; oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells decline |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 stages of iron deficiency? |
|
|
Term
1. pale skin
2. fatigue upon exertion
3. poor temperature regulation
4. loss of appetite
5. apathy |
|
Definition
| what are 5 symptoms of iron deficiency? |
|
|
Term
| children with chronic anemia have abnormal cognitive development |
|
Definition
| what are some effects of iron deficiency in children? |
|
|
Term
1. iron status
2. form in food
3. acidity of GI tract
4. other dietary components consumed with iron-containing foods |
|
Definition
| what 4 factors affect iron absorption? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| iron provided from animal tissues in the form of hemoglobin and myoglobin; readily absorbed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| approximately 40% of the iron in meat, fish, and poultry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| iron provided from plant sources, supplements, and animal tissues other than the forms of hemoglobin and myoglobin; less efficiently absorbed; absorption dependent on body needs |
|
|
Term
1. vitamin C
2. MFP (meat, fish, poultry) meat protein |
|
Definition
| what are two nonheme enhancers for absorption? |
|
|
Term
1. tannis (found in tea)(not herbal tea)
2. oxalates (spinach, rhubarb, and chard)
3. phytates (whole grains, bran, and soybean)
4. megadoses of zinc, calcium, or copper |
|
Definition
| what are 4 nonheme inhibitors for absorption? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| t or f: acidic environments solubilizes iron and keeps it in a form that can be readily absorbed--medication or health conditions that lower acid production can decrease absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the RDA for men and post-menopausal women for iron? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the RDA for women for iron? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disorder of iron metabolism characterized by increased iron absorption and deposition in the liver and heart; this eventually poisons the cells in those organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| copper-containing protein in the blood; functions in the transport of iron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a genetic disorder that results in accumulation of copper in the tissues; characterized by damage to the liver, nervous system, and other organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what blood pressure defines that you have hypertension? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or higher with no identified cause; also called essential hypertension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or higher as a result of disease (e.g., kidney dysfunction or sleep apnea) or drug use |
|
|
Term
1. family history
2. age
3. atherosclerosis
4. inactivity
5. excess alcohol
6. obesity considered #1 lifestyle factor
7. Sodium sensitivity (excess salt leads to fluid retention by kidneys and increased blood volume, resulting in increased blood pressure) |
|
Definition
| what are 7 risk factors for hypertension |
|
|
Term
prevention of:
1. cardiovascular disease
2. kidney disease
3. strokes and related declines in brain function
4. poor blood circulation in legs
5. vision problems
6. sudden death |
|
Definition
| how can controlling hypertension help health in other ways? (6) |
|
|
Term
| diets rich in calcium, potassium, and magnesium can decrease blood pressure |
|
Definition
| how can hypertension be controlled using diet? |
|
|
Term
| DASH diet (dietary approaches to stop hypertension) (low in fat and sodium and rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy product) |
|
Definition
| how can hypertension be controlled using a diet? |
|
|
Term
1. component of hemoglobin and other key compounds used in respiration
2. immune function
3. cognitive development |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 functions of the trace mineral iron? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what are the 2 deficiency symptoms from iron? |
|
|
Term
1. liver and heart damage (extreme cases)
2. GI upset |
|
Definition
| what are 2 toxicity symptoms of iron? |
|
|
Term
1. required for nearly 200 enzymes
2. growth
3. immunity
4. alcohol metabolism
5. sexual development
6. reproduction
7. antioxidant protection |
|
Definition
| what are the 7 functions of zinc? |
|
|
Term
1. skin rash
2. diarrhea
3. decreased appetite and sense of taste
4. hair loss
5. poor growth and development
6. poor wound healing |
|
Definition
| what are 6 deficiency symptoms from zinc? |
|
|
Term
1. reduced copper absorption
2. diarrhea
3. cramps
4. depressed immune function |
|
Definition
| what are four toxicity symptoms from zinc? |
|
|
Term
| 1. part of an antioxidant system |
|
Definition
| what is the function of selenium? |
|
|
Term
1. muscle pain
2. weakness
3. form of heart disease |
|
Definition
| what are 3 deficiency symptoms from selenium? |
|
|
Term
1. nausea
2. vomiting
3. hair loss
4. weakness
5. liver disease |
|
Definition
| what are 5 toxicity symptoms from selenium? |
|
|
Term
| 1. component of thyroid hormones |
|
Definition
| what is the function of iodide? |
|
|
Term
1. goiter
2. mental retardation
3. poor growth in infancy when mother is iodide deficient during pregnancy |
|
Definition
| what are 3 iodide deficiency symptoms? |
|
|
Term
| 1. inhibition of thyroid gland function |
|
Definition
| what is a toxicity symptom of iodide? |
|
|
Term
1. aids in iron metabolism
2. works with many antioxidant enzymes
3. involved with enzymes of protein metabolism and hormone synthesis |
|
Definition
| what are 3 functions of copper? |
|
|
Term
1. anemia
2. low white blood cell count
3. poor growth |
|
Definition
| what are 3 deficiency symptoms of copper? |
|
|
Term
1. vomiting
2. nervous system disorders |
|
Definition
| what are 2 toxicity symptoms of copper? |
|
|
Term
| 1. increases resistance of tooth enamel to dental carries |
|
Definition
| what is a function of fluoride? |
|
|
Term
| increased risk of dental caries |
|
Definition
| what is a fluoride deficiency symptom? |
|
|
Term
1. stomach upset
2. motting (staining) of teeth during development
3. bone pain |
|
Definition
| what are 3 toxicity symptoms of fluoride? |
|
|
Term
| 1. enhances insulin action |
|
Definition
| what is a function of chromium? |
|
|
Term
| high blood glucose after eating |
|
Definition
| what is a deficiency symptom of chromium? |
|
|
Term
1. cofactor of some enzymes, such as those involved in carbohydrate metabolism
2. works with some antioxidant systems |
|
Definition
| what are 2 functions of manganese? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is a deficiency symptom of manganese? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is a toxicity symptom of manganese? |
|
|
Term
| aids in action of some enzymes |
|
Definition
| what is the function of molybdenum? |
|
|
Term
| none observed in healthy humans |
|
Definition
| what is a deficiency symptom of molybdenum? |
|
|
Term
| poor growth in laboratory animals |
|
Definition
| what is a toxicity symptom of molybdenum? |
|
|
Term
| iron, zinc, selenium, iodide, copper, fluoride, manganese, molybdenum(in lab rats) |
|
Definition
| which trace minerals pose as a risk of toxicity? |
|
|
Term
1. major positive ion of the extracellular fluid
2. aids nerve impulse transmission
3. water balance |
|
Definition
| what are 3 major functions of sodium? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is a deficiency symptom of sodium? |
|
|
Term
1. contributes to hypertension in susceptible individuals
2. increases calcium loss in urine |
|
Definition
| what are 2 toxicity symptoms of sodium? |
|
|
Term
1. major positive ion of intracellular fluid
2. aids nerve impulse transmission
3. water balance |
|
Definition
| what are 3 functions of potassium? |
|
|
Term
1. irregular heartbeat
2. loss of appetite
3. muscle cramps |
|
Definition
| what are 3 deficiency symptoms of potassium? |
|
|
Term
| slowing of the heartbeat, as seen in kidney failure |
|
Definition
| what is a toxicity symptom of potassium? |
|
|
Term
1. major negative ion of extracellular fluid
2. participates in acid production in stomach
3. aids nerve impulse transmission
4. water balance |
|
Definition
| what are four functions of chloride? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is a deficiency symptom of chloride? |
|
|
Term
| linked to hypertension in susceptible people when combine with sodium |
|
Definition
| what is a toxicity symptom of chloride? |
|
|
Term
1. bone and tooth structure
2. blood clotting
3. aids in nerve impulse transmission
4. muscle contractions
5. other cell functions |
|
Definition
| what are 5 functions of calcium? |
|
|
Term
| increased risk of osteoporosis |
|
Definition
| what is a deficiency symptom of calcium? |
|
|
Term
| may cause kidney stones and other problems in susceptible people |
|
Definition
| what is a toxicity symptom of calcium? |
|
|
Term
1. major negative ion of intracellular fluid
2. bone and tooth strength
3. part of various metabolic compounds
4. acid/base balance |
|
Definition
| what are 4 functions of phosphorus? |
|
|
Term
| possibility of poor bone maintenance |
|
Definition
| what is a deficiency symptom of phosphorus? |
|
|
Term
1. impairs bone health in people with kidney failure
2. poor bone mineralization if calcium intakes are low |
|
Definition
| what are 2 toxicity symptoms of phosphorus? |
|
|
Term
1. bone formation
2. aids enzyme function
3. aids nerve and heart function |
|
Definition
| what are 3 functions of magnesium? |
|
|
Term
1. weakness
2. muscle pain
3. poor heart function |
|
Definition
| what are 3 deficiency symptoms of magnesium? |
|
|
Term
| causes diarrhea and weakness in people with kidney failure |
|
Definition
| what is a toxicity symptom of magnesium? |
|
|
Term
| sodium, potassium (has no UL), chloride, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium |
|
Definition
| what major minerals pose as a risk of toxicity? |
|
|
