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Human Nutrition Chapter 3
human nutrition
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Undergraduate 1
02/21/2016

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Term
anabolic reaction
Definition
puts different molecules together and REQUIRES ENERGY
Term
catabolic reaction
Definition
takes molecules apart and RELEASES ENERGY
Term
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
this organelle does fat synthesis
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
Anaerobic energy production takes place here
Term
mitochondria
Definition
this organelle is a major site for energy production and also has aerobic energy production
Term
gene expression
Definition
when a gene codes for a protein and when it is "expressed" a protein is made
Term
mRNA
Definition
when transcription occurs and information from DNA is copied to RNA
Term
nucleus
Definition
houses the genetic material DNA
Term
endoplasmic reticulum
RER -- protein synthesis
Definition
this organelle is a communication network
Term
golgi complex
Definition
packaging site for proteins
Term
lysosomes ('suicide sac')
Definition
cell's digestive system- gets rid of old or damaged material
Term
peroxisomes
Definition
detoxifies harmful chemicals
Term
double layers of lipid (phospholipid bilayer) -- water-soluble head face into and out of cell; water-insoluble tales are inside membrane to hold things such as cholesterol (fat is immiscible in wwater)
Definition
describe the structure of the cell membrane
Term
contains cholesterol, carbs, and protein
(gives rigidity and stability: cholesterol and proteins) (controls passage of substances: proteins) (distinct identification structure: carbs) (cell-to-cell communication)
Definition
describe the contents in the cell membrane and the functions they provide
Term
1. epithelial
2. connective
3. muscle
4. nervous
Definition
what are the 4 different types of tissues?
Term
epithelial
Definition
this type of tissue, the cells line surfaces (inside and outside of body)
Term
connective tissue
Definition
this type of tissue provides structural integrity
Term
muscle tissue
Definition
this type of tissue contracts to cause movement
Term
nervous tissue
Definition
this type of tissue transports nerve impulses--> communication
Term
blood
Definition
composed of plasma, RBC's, WBC's, platelets, and other substances
Term
lymph
Definition
takes up excess fluid that collects between cells and return it to the bloodstream. also contains plasma and WBC's, but does not contain RBC's and platelets
Term
portal circulation
Definition
carries nutrient-rich blood from capillaries in the intestines and portions of the stomach to the LIVER
Term
amino acids
Definition
these nutrients are used in the brain for norepinephrine and epinephrine
Term
glucose
Definition
preferred fuel for the brain
Term
lipids, protein, B-12
Definition
these 3 nutrients support the myelin sheath covering nerve fibers
Term
1. insulin
2. glucagon
3. thyroid hormones
4. epinephrine
5. growth hormone (HGH)
Definition
what are the 5 key hormones in nutrition?
Term
insulin
Definition
uptake and storage of glucose, fat, and amino acids by cells
Term
glucagon
Definition
release of glucose from liver stores, release of fat form adipose tissue
Term
epinphrine; norepinephrine
Definition
release of glucose and fat into the blood
Term
growth hormone
Definition
promotion of protein synthesis and growth; increases fat use for energy
Term
thyroid hormones
Definition
protein synthesis; increases body metabolism
Term
nonspecific, innate immunity
Definition
defenses stop invasion of pathogens, requires no previous encounter with pathogen
Term
specific, adaptive immunity
Definition
function of white blood cells directed at specific antigens
Term
antibody
Definition
blood protein binds foreign proteins found in body; also called immunoglobulin
Term
antigen
Definition
a substance induces state of sensitivity and/or resistance to microorganisms and toxic substances after a lag period; foreign substance stimulates a specific aspect of the immune system
Term
1. skin
2. mucosal membranes and phagocytes
3. cell-mediated immunity; immunoglobulins; lysozyme
Definition
what are the levels of protection with the immune system?
Term
damaged mucosal membrane and impaired absorption of nutrients; leaves us vulnerable for infection
Definition
what would be the result of unhealthy mucosal membrane due to nutrient deficiencies?
Term
digestion
Definition
the process by which large ingested molecules are MECHANICALLY AND CHEMICALLY BROKEN DOWN TO PRODUCE BASIC NUTRIENTS that can be absorbed across the wall of the GI tract
Term
absorption
Definition
the process by which substances are taken up from the GI tract and enter the bloodstream or the lymph
Term
amylase
Definition
starch-digesting enzyme produced by salivary glands and pancreas
Term
lipase
Definition
fat-digesting enzyme produced by salivary glands and pancreas
Term
mucus
Definition
a thick fluid secreted by many cells throughout the body including stomach; contains compounds that has both carbs and protein parts; acts as lubricant and means of protection for cells
Term
esophagus
Definition
tube in GI tract that connects pharynx with stomach
Term
pharynx
Definition
organ of digestive tract and respiratory tract at back of oral and nasal cavities
Term
epiglottis
Definition
flap that folds down over trachea during swallowing
Term
bolus
Definition
mixed with saliva, food mass swalled form oral cavity into pharynx
Term
peristalsis
Definition
coordinated muscular contracts to propel food down gastrointestinal tract
Term
lower esophageal sphincter
Definition
circular muscle constricts opening of esophagus to stomach; also called the gastroesophageal sphincter or the cardiac sphincter
Term
chyme
Definition
a mixture of stomach secretions partially digested food
Term
pyloric sphincter
Definition
ring of smooth muscle between stomach and small intestine
Term
sphincters
Definition
allow regulated flow of contents into and out of an area
Term
mixes and mechanically digests-- very LITTLE ABSORPTION of nutrients occurs in stomach, except for some water and alcohol
Definition
does any digestion and/or absorption occur in the stomach? If so, of what nutrients and to what degree does it occur?
Term
mucus
Definition
this is meant to protect the stomach from acid
Term
to help break down the food
Definition
what is the purpose of such a low pH? (High acidity)
Term
you may neutralize your stomach acid and get ulcers
Definition
what happens when we take antacids on a regular basis?
Term
small intestine
Definition
most digestion and absorption occurs here
Term
villi
Definition
fingerlike protrusions into small intestie that partcipate in digestion and absorption of food
Term
microvilli
Definition
extensive folds on the muscosal surface of the absorptive cells
Term
absorptive cells (enterocytes)
Definition
intestinal cells that line the villi and participate in nutrient absorption
Term
1. duodenum
2. jejunum
3. ileum
Definition
what are the 3 parts of the small intestine?
Term
passive absorption
Definition
diffusion of nutrients across a membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration (requires no energy)
Term
facilitated absorption
Definition
carrier protein is needed to move a nutrient across a membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration (requires no energy)
Term
active absorption
Definition
requires carrier protein and uses energy to move nutrient against a concentration gradient (lower concentration to higher)
Term
phagocytosis and pinocytosis
Definition
active absorption where a cell membrane engulfs particles (phagocytosis) or fluids (pinocytosis)
Term
large intestine
Definition
absorption of water, some minerals, vitamins, and some fatty acids
Term
large intestine
Definition
the digestion takes place here (no digestive enzymes or villi)
Term
probiotics
Definition
microorganisms reside in large intestine and provide health benefits; intended to colonize large intestine with specific bacteria in product
Term
prebiotics
Definition
substances increase growth of probiotic microorganisms
Term
alcohol (20% of total) and water (minor amount)
Definition
what two nutrients are absorbed in the stomach?
Term
small intestine
Definition
calcium, magnesium, iron, and other minerals; glucose; amino acids; fats; vitamins; water (70%-90%); alcohol (80%); and bile acids are all absorbed here
Term
sodium; potassium; some fatty acids; gases; and water (10% to 30%) are absorbed here
Definition
what 5 things are absorbed in the large intestine
Term
pancreas
Definition
manufactures insulin and glucagon; produces "pancreatic juice", mixture of water, bicarbonate (to increase pH), and variety of digestive enzymes
Term
gallbladder
Definition
stores bile and secretes it
Term
produces bile
Definition
liver
Term
enterohepatic circulation
Definition
continual recycling of compounds like bile acids between small intestine and liver
Term
mouth and salivary glands
Definition
chew food perceive taste, moisten food with saliva, lubricates food with mucus, release small amount of starch-digesting (amylase) and fat-digesting (lipase) enzymes; initiate swallowing reflex
Term
esophagus
Definition
lubricates with mucus, moves food to stomach by peristatic waves
Term
stomach
Definition
stores, mixes, dissolves, and continues digestion of food; dissolves food particles with secretions; kills microorganisms with acid; release of protein-digesting (pepsin) and fat-digesting (lipase) enzymes; lubricate and protects stomach surface with mucus; regulates emptying of dissolved food into small intestine; induces intrinsic factor for vitamin B-12 absorption
Term
liver
Definition
produces bile to aid fat digestion absorption
Term
pancreas
Definition
secretes sodium bicarbonate and enzymes for digesting carbs (amylase), fat (lipase), and protein (trypsin and chymotrypsin)
Term
small intestine
Definition
mixes and propels contents; lubricates with mucus; digests and absorbs most substances using enzymes made by the pancreas and small intestinal cells(lactase, surcrose, maltase, and peeptidases)
Term
large intestine
Definition
mixes and propels contents; absorbs sodium, potassium, and water; houses bacteria; lubricate with mucus; synthesizes some vitamins and short chain fatty acids; forms feces
Term
rectum
Definition
holds feces and expels via the anus, which is the opening o the outside of the body
Term
nutritional genomics
Definition
interactions between nutrition and genetics; includes nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics
Term
nutrigenetics
Definition
effects of genes on nutritional health, such as variations in nutrient requirements and responsiveness to dietary modifications
Term
nutrigenomics
Definition
food impacts health through its interaction with our genes and its subsequent effect on gene expression
Term
1. ignoring normal urges
2. muscle spasms
3. certain medications
Definition
what are 3 causes of constipation?
Term
1. dietary fiber
2. fluids
3. regular physical activity
Definition
what are 3 treatments for constipation?
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