Term
| What are the sources of Vitamin A? |
|
Definition
1. Retinol: animal foods, small amounts in butter and eggs, vitamin pills, fortified foods. 2. Carotene (plants)
- a precursor – not vit. A itself – turns into vitamin A
- carotene is an orange-colored pigment (carrots, squash, apricots, spinach)
- one exception to the rule is the orange – no carotene in orange (not a good source of carotene).
liver, sweet pot, carrot, spinach, cantaloupe, broccoli, dried apricots, orange, butter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vitamin A. Found in: - animal foods, esp organ meats: liver, kidney
- only small amounts in butter and eggs (text error)
- vitamin pills
- fortified foods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a precursor – not vit. A itself – turns into vitamin A
- carotene is an orange-colored pigment (carrots, squash, apricots, spinach)
- one exception to the rule is the orange – no carotene in orange (not a good source) |
|
|
Term
| Should we consume Vit. A everyday? |
|
Definition
| no because it can be stored in the kidneys and the liver. |
|
|
Term
| How do we measure Vitamin A? |
|
Definition
- Vitamin pills
. IU – International Units
. Old Units
- Error in Old food composition labels
- Now use RAE |
|
|
Term
| What happens if you consume too much vitamin A? |
|
Definition
| 1) dry skin (2) loss of hair (3) headache (4) nausea and vomiting (5) liver damage (6) birth defects in pregnancy (7) stunted growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two sources of Vit. D? |
|
Definition
| (1) 90% sunshine (2) 10% food |
|
|
Term
| What is Vit. D synthesis? |
|
Definition
| sunshine + precursor from liver -> liver -> kidneys |
|
|
Term
| what kinds of foods contain vit. d? |
|
Definition
| Salmon, milk, liver, butter, cod liver oil (none in plants) |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of vit. d? |
|
Definition
- mineralization of bones
~ increases absorption of Ca
~ increases retention of calcium by kidneys
~ ?lowers cancer? |
|
|
Term
| what are deficiency diseases of vit. d? |
|
Definition
| rickets and osteomalacia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vit. d defiency most common in children (bow legged). It affects the Ca, which affects the bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adult form of rickets. (veiled women, people shut indoors). |
|
|
Term
| what happens when you have too much vit. d? |
|
Definition
- Calcification of soft tissues (Kidney damage, Calcification of arteries)
- high blood pressure
- arteriosclerosis |
|
|
Term
| what is the main function of vit. e? |
|
Definition
- main function: antioxidant
~ protects cell membranes from damage
~ protects against free radicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. unstable compound. Comes from: sun, metabolism, again, infection, excessive excersise…
- why are they harmful? – contains an unpaired electron and they are unstable. Start chain reactions of damage.) |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of antioxidants? |
|
Definition
| neutralize free radicals by donating one of their own electrons. |
|
|
Term
| what is hemolytic anemia? |
|
Definition
| splitting of cells - vitamin e helps prevent this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Koagulation (blood clotting) |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of vitamin k? |
|
Definition
| (1) blood clotting (2) bone formation |
|
|
Term
| what are the sources of vitamin ? |
|
Definition
| bacterial synthesis, foods (leafy veggies) |
|
|
Term
| what groups are deficient in vit k? |
|
Definition
| newborns, people taking antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| name two groups of water soluble vitamins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the common function of b vitamins? |
|
Definition
| act as coenzyme, concerned with energy metabolism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| B1 Vitamin. cures Beriberi. |
|
|
Term
| WHat are the symptoms of beriberi? |
|
Definition
| degneration of nervous system, heart failure, edma (fluid accumulation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rice eating countries. U.S. – alcoholics |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of thiamin? |
|
Definition
- Coenzyme for CHO metabolism
- needed for release of energy from glucose |
|
|
Term
| what are the sources of thiamin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of riboflavin? |
|
Definition
| coenzyme for metabolism, allows for the release of energy from foods. |
|
|
Term
| what are the sources for riboflavin? |
|
Definition
| . milk and milk products, oysters, clams, chicken breast |
|
|
Term
| can you lose riboflavin in food preparation? |
|
Definition
it is stable in heat – won't lose it
and it is very sensitive to light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the deficiency of niacin? |
|
Definition
| pellagra (only vit. deficiency that has been a major health problem in the U.S) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pellagra: Dermatitis (skin), diarrhea, dementia, death |
|
|
Term
| what are the sources for niacin? |
|
Definition
meat, fish, poultry, peanut butter, legumes.
. body synthesis – unusual because we can manfacture it. But we need tryptophan, an amino acid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lower cholesterol, vasodialator (dialates blood vessels) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of pyridoxine? |
|
Definition
*- coenzyme – especially important in protein metabolism.
- manufacture of nonessestial amino acids, manufacture neurotransmitters, part of hemoglobin molecule.
- Not as important in energy metabolism as other b vitamins |
|
|
Term
| what are sources of pyridoxine? |
|
Definition
| protein foods, bananas, potatoes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can cause nerve damage; burning, tingling sensations; numbness; difficulty walking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic substances that can be broken down. the body is incapable of manufacturin them with the exception of D, and niacin. they are required for normal functioning. |
|
|
Term
| what are the main functions of vitamins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can we make our own vitamins? |
|
Definition
| plants can make their own vitamins. animals can't make all of their own vitamins. man is one of the few animals who can't manufacture vit. c |
|
|
Term
| what are the two classes of vitamins? |
|
Definition
| water soluble and fat soluble (ADEK) |
|
|
Term
| What are fat soluble vitamins? |
|
Definition
| vitamins that can be removed from fat, not readily excreted in urine (greater body storages, esp. in liver), more likely to cause toxicity, less likely to be lossed in food preparation |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of vitamin A? |
|
Definition
| night vision, maintenance of epithelial tissue (tissue that come into contact with air), normal growth (esp. skeleton), antioxidant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accumulation of karatin in epithelial cells. critical changes in the eye: keratomalacia and xerophthalmia |
|
|
Term
| what is keratomalacia and xerophthalmia? |
|
Definition
vitamin A deficiencies:
k = build up of abnormal structure.
s = permanent, no sight |
|
|
Term
| what is meant by precursor of a vitamin? |
|
Definition
| compounds that are converted to vitamins |
|
|
Term
| which vitamins are fat soluble? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why are fat soluble vitamins more likely to reach toxic concentrations than water-soluble vitamins? |
|
Definition
| because they can be stored |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of folate? |
|
Definition
| (1)formation of red blood cells – preventing megaloblastic anemia. (2) prevention of neural tube defects – birth defects involving the spinal cord. (3) Prevention of heart disease?? – decreased homocysteine - helps break down homocysteine |
|
|
Term
| what are food sources of folate? |
|
Definition
| leafy greens, low in meat, now added to enriched bread |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| b12 vitamin - got its name from cobalt (mineral) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| b12 vitamin - got its name from cobalt (mineral) |
|
|
Term
| who is at risk for low B12? |
|
Definition
- decreased intrinsic factor (more in Europeans) ~ hereditary
~ stomach removal for cancer
~ gastric bypass for wt loss- deficient diet - veggans
~ over age 50 |
|
|
Term
| What are the sources for b12? |
|
Definition
| animal products,fortified cereals |
|
|
Term
| What helps increase B12 absorption? |
|
Definition
| B12 bound to protein in foods, without normal amount of acid and pepsin, the B12 does not get absorbed. |
|
|
Term
| what is the deficiency of B12? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two feautres of pernicious anemia? |
|
Definition
| megaloblastic anemia (like folate), nerve damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| raw egg white contains avidin, a substance that binds biotin and makes it unavailable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of vitamin c? |
|
Definition
| formation of collagen (a binding substance, found in connective tissues – skin, gums, cartilage). production of hormones such as adrenaline. increases iron absorption. important for immune system and acts an antioxidant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the effects of food preparation on Vit. c? |
|
Definition
- Vitamin C is the most easily lost of all vitamins
- lost in cooking water
- destroyed by heat
- exposure to air
- feezing is ok |
|
|
Term
| . How much Vit. C do you need? |
|
Definition
- 10 milligrams – to prevent scurvey
- 30 milligrams – college
* - gets saturated at about 100 milligrams
- tolerable upper level – 2,000 |
|
|
Term
| what is the toxic effect of vitamin c? |
|
Definition
- not like vit. A or D
- readily excreted
- interferes with some lab tests
- nausea, gas, diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| What are the major nutrients in the meat and legume group? |
|
Definition
| protein, B vits, Iron > calcium |
|
|
Term
| what are the major nutrients in the dairy group? |
|
Definition
| protein, riboflavin, more calcium > iron |
|
|
Term
| what are the major nutrients in the grains group? |
|
Definition
| small amt protein, small amt vits, small amt mins |
|
|
Term
| what are the major nutrients in the fruit group? |
|
Definition
| low protein, good vit A and C |
|
|
Term
| what are the major nutrients in the veggie group? |
|
Definition
| low protein, good vit A and C |
|
|
Term
| What is the recommended amount of protein for athletes? |
|
Definition
Dietary reference intake (DRI) average: .9
~ endurance athletes: 1.2-1.6
~ strength or speed: 1.6-1.7 |
|
|
Term
| why might extra proteins be a burden? |
|
Definition
~ more work for the kidneys – because of the nitrogen (can get toxic in the body) and it’s the kidneys that do the extra work
~ may increase Ca excretion. |
|
|
Term
| with athletes why are more b-vitamins needed with more calories? |
|
Definition
~ supplements are not necessary
~ Niacin (vit B3 – pollegra; in large doses lowers cholesterol and triglycerides) is not recommended in large doses limits fat mobilization – keeps fat out of blood stream, and the athlete needs that fat
. may deplete glycogen stores
. results in ealier fatique |
|
|
Term
| What is the female athlete triad? |
|
Definition
| female athlete triad – with increase in exercise, and lower body fat -> amenorrhea -> osteoporosis |
|
|
Term
| why do athletes need iron? |
|
Definition
~ part of hemoglobin (w/o hemoglobin, o2 cannot be carried to muscles)
~ vital for maximum performance
~ athletes have an increase need for iron – because there is a loss in the intestinal tract, a destruction of RBC in the feet, small amounts lost in sweat |
|
|
Term
| who is most at risk for low iron levels? |
|
Definition
| distance runners, females, vegetarians |
|
|
Term
| why is sodium important for athletes? |
|
Definition
~ most abundant mineral in sweat
~ heavy sweating may increase sodium needs (potassium is also lost in sweat, but not as much as sodium) |
|
|
Term
| why do athletes need CHO? |
|
Definition
if an athlete is short in glycogen, it leads to less endurance
~ stores last about 2 hours during vigorous activity
~ training spares CHO
~ diet affects glycogen stores
~ diet affects endurance |
|
|
Term
| What is CHO loading good for? |
|
Definition
~ for events over 90 minutes
~ to maximize glycogen stores
- decrease training several days before event
- increase CHO for 3 days prior to event |
|
|
Term
| is getting CHO during an event essential? |
|
Definition
~ for long term events
~ concentrated CHO slows gastric emptying |
|
|
Term
| why is CHO better right after training? |
|
Definition
~ glycogen stores more readily refilled
~ 40-60g CHO = recommended right after a work out (food such as a powerbar = 45 g; cereal/fruit/milk = 60 g; cliff bars, nature valley, balance bars) |
|
|
Term
| What is the first sign of dehydration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is thirst a reliable indicator dehydration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much water does the American Sports Medicine require an athlete drink? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which is better, cold water or warm water? |
|
Definition
| cold water is better for gastric emptying. |
|
|
Term
| why is drinking prior to an event or race important? |
|
Definition
| down on pulse rate, and it keeps body temperature lower |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| too much water consumption - opposite from dehydration. |
|
|
Term
| is a meal before a game beneficial? |
|
Definition
large meal before a game is not beneficial
~ if body is trying to digest food, it is split between sending blood to food or muscles |
|
|
Term
| what should pregame meals consist of? |
|
Definition
~ low fat for faster digestion
~ low fiber for more absorption |
|
|
Term
| what does caffeine do for an athlete? |
|
Definition
~ may prolong endurance
. but results are conflicting
. may increase fat utilization, sparing glycogen
~ negative effects
. can increase urination
. speeds up heart rate
. may increase anxiety
. may increase muscle tremors
~ controlled substance |
|
|
Term
| are sports drinks beneficial for the athlete? |
|
Definition
- of benefit for events 60+ min
- glucose – supplements limited glycogen stores
- sodium – promotes sodium balance altered with sweat
- beware buyer – read labels (stuff have flavor for flavor)
- supplements are controlled by different laws than medicines "assumed to be safe until proven hazardous, manufacturers are not required to report serious adverse effects" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
. a substance other than a basic foodstuff which is present as a result of:
- production, processing, packaging, storage |
|
|
Term
| what are the two basic groups of food additives? |
|
Definition
| (1) intentional and (2) unintentional |
|
|
Term
| what are intentional food additives? |
|
Definition
- flavoring agents: sugar, syrup, salt
- thickeners and stabilizer (dressing- to stay on lettuce
- color agents (jello, cheese,
- to control acidity or alkalinity
- bleaching agents (flour)
- wholesomeness
~ preservatives increase shelf life
~ antioxidants – keep potatoes from turning brown while being processed
. BHA and BHT
- improve nutritive value
~ milk: vitamin D
. low fat milk: vitamin A
~ white bread: 4 B vits, iron |
|
|
Term
| what are unintentional additives? |
|
Definition
- *mercury – mostly in large fish such as shark or swordfish
- alar – used on apples for ripening – caused tumor in mice – human consumption equivalent to mice (28,000lbs of apples per day for 70 years
- toxic does not mean hazardous – it just has the potential
- hazardous means not harmful at normal consumption levels.
- antibiotics in livestock
- lead – be careful with imported ceramic dishes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used on apples for ripening – caused tumor in mice – human consumption equivalent to mice (28,000lbs of apples per day for 70 years) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Generally Recognized As Safe – includes additives that can be safe, other's not safe are pulled off list |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- rely largely on animal tests
- margin of safety of 100 |
|
|
Term
| what are the sources of nitrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of nitrates? |
|
Definition
~ color (salami is red, without the color, it would be the color of a dirty tennis shoe)
~ flavor – "cured flavor" (bacon, ham)
~ preservative |
|
|
Term
| what are the problems with nitrate? |
|
Definition
~ nitrite -> nitrosamines -> cancer
~ nitrite can oxidize hemoglobin so can no longer carry oxygen |
|
|
Term
| what are alternative sandwhichs than those filled with nitrate? |
|
Definition
| tuna, steak, pb & j, salmon, egg roast beef |
|
|
Term
| name 5 nitrate precautions |
|
Definition
1. Refrigerate foods promptly (esp. spinach baby food)
2. Throw out bacon drippings
3. Cook cured meats at low temperatures
4. Buy cured meats with added ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate or sodium erythrobate (most lunch meats have one of these three things added)
5. Maintain a good intake of Vitamin C rich foods |
|
|
Term
| what is an alternate name for tocopherol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alternate name for ribolfavin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alternate name for cobalamin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alternate name for pyridoxine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an alternate name for niacin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an alternate name for thiamin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease is associated with B2/riboflavin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is mineral oil not recommended as a laxative? |
|
Definition
| The body can not absorb. In using mineral oil as a laxative, the body risks losing fat-soluble vitamins because they dissolve into the oil and are excreted. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the active forms of vitamin A made from beta-carotene in animal and human bodies; an antioxidant nutrient. Other active forms are retinal and retinoic acid. Retinol is stored in the liver. |
|
|
Term
| How does Vitamin A deficiency of Vit A affect night vision? |
|
Definition
| It is a versatile vitamin – roles in gene expression, vision, maintenance of body linings and skin, immune defenses, growth of bones and of the body, and normal development of cells. Vitamin A plays two roles in the process of light perception at the retinal and in the maintenance of a healthy, crystal-clear outer window, the cornia. Lag in recovery of night vision is called night blindness (early symptom of vitamin A deficiency). A more profound deficiency is when the protein keratin accumulates and clouds the eye's cornea. This is known as keratinization, if not corrected, this can lead to xerosis (drying) and finally to xerophthalmia (a permanent blindness). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Progressive hardening of the cornea of the eye in advanced vit A deficiency that can lead to blindness. |
|
|
Term
| Where is epithelial tissue found? How does its structure change with Vitamin A deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Epithelial tissue is found where the body/skin/organs (external skin and internal lingings) come into contact with the air surrounding it. It's structure changes with Vitamin A deficiency by becoming hard lumps, the cell differentiation and maturing process is impaired, mucus is not made, Keratin (which makes hair and nails tough) is provides toughness in the wrong place, the skin becomes hard, dry, cracked. In the vaina, the same process leads to vaginal infections. |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Vit A toxicity? |
|
Definition
| Cell division is over stimulated, skin rashes, hair loss, hemorrhages, bone abnormalities birth defects, fractures, liver failure, and death. |
|
|
Term
| What does I.U. stand for? |
|
Definition
| International unit – a measure of fat-soluble vitamin activity sometimes used on supplement labels. |
|
|
Term
| What is the main precursor form of Vitamin A found in plants? What other role does it play in the body? Is it toxic? |
|
Definition
| In plants, vitamin A exists only in is precursor form, Beta-Carotene – an antioxidant. A steady diet of abundant pumpkins, carrots, carrot juice, and the like has been known to turn people bright yellow because beta-carotene builds up in the fat just beneath the skin and imparts a harmless yellow cast. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Retinol activity equivalents – a new measure of the vitamin A activity of beta-carotene and other vitamin A precursors that reflects the amount of retinol that the body will derive from food containing vitamin A precursor compounds. |
|
|
Term
| What is the main role of vitamin D? |
|
Definition
| As a member of a large cast of nutrients and hormones that interact to regulate blood calcium and phosphorus levels and thereby maintain bone integrity. It also helps in the proper functioning of cells in tissues of the body, including muscles, nerves, and glands, which draw calcium from the blood as they need it. |
|
|
Term
| With what two deficiency diseases is Vitamin D associated? |
|
Definition
| Rickets and osteomalacia. |
|
|
Term
| Which Vitamin is the most toxic of all vitamins? |
|
Definition
| Vitamin D – chronic ingestion of excesses may be directly toxic to the bones, kidneys, brain, nerves, and the heart and arteries. |
|
|
Term
| From what substance can Vitamin D be made in the body? What two organs play a role in its synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What beverage is fortified with Vitamin D? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Vitamin E? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main role of Vitamin E? |
|
Definition
| Antioxidant; defender vs. oxidative damage |
|
|
Term
| What is erythrocyte hemolysis? |
|
Definition
| Rupture of r.b.c. – caused by vit E deficiency |
|
|
Term
| Who is susceptible to low levels of Vit. E? |
|
Definition
| People who rely on fat replacers: diet margarines, fat free salad dressings, and exclusion of all oils |
|
|
Term
| As shown in Snapshot 7.3, is the fat content of Vitamin E foods generally high or low? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of Vitamin K? |
|
Definition
| Blood clotting when bleeding; also source for key bone proteins |
|
|
Term
| Name a non-food source of Vitamin K. |
|
Definition
| Bacterial inhabitants of digestive tract |
|
|
Term
| Name two groups of people who may be at risk for Vitamin K deficiency. |
|
Definition
| New born babies and pregnant women |
|
|
Term
| What is collagen and where in the body is it found? |
|
Definition
| Chief protein of most connective tissues, including scars, ligaments, and tendons, and the underlying matrix on which bones and teeth are built. |
|
|
Term
| How is iron absorption affected by Vitamin C? |
|
Definition
| Helps absorb and use iron |
|
|
Term
| At what intake are body tissues saturated with Vitamin C? (See figure) |
|
Definition
| 2,000 milligrams (2 grams) |
|
|
Term
| Name five good sources of Vitamin C besides citrus pictured on page 232. |
|
Definition
| Green peppers, broccoli, strawberries, bok choy, sweetened pepper, Brussels sprouts, grape fruit, sweet potatoes |
|
|
Term
| Name 4 roles for Vitamin C in the body (see key point, page 232) |
|
Definition
| (1) collagen synthesis – strengthens blood vessel walls, forms scar tissue, provides matrix for bone matrix (2) antioxidant (3) restores vit E to active form (4) supports immune system, boosts iron absorption |
|
|
Term
| What is a coenzyme? What vitamins act as coenzymes? |
|
Definition
| Small molecule that works with an enzyme to promote enzyme's activity. Many coenzymes have B vitamins as part of structures. |
|
|
Term
| Which B vitamin helps the body use amino acids (protein metabolism)? |
|
Definition
Thiamin – involved in body's use of fuels : beriberi = thamin deficiency – loss of sensation in hands and feet, muscular weakness, advancing paralysis, abnormal heart.
Riboflavin – body's energy releasing mechanisms.
Niacin – Needed in energy metabolism : pellagra – niacin deficiency disease - 4 D's.
Folate – acts as part of coenzyme important in manufacture of new cells |
|
|
Term
| With which vitamin is beriberi associated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dairy products are especially rich in which B vitamin? (see snapshots) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Niacin deficiency disease – 4 D's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diahrrhea, demencia, dermatisis, death |
|
|
Term
| What is tryptophan and how is it related to niacin? |
|
Definition
| Amino acid – if niacin is not present to prevent pellagra, tryptophan will serve in its place – abundant in almost all proteins (limited in protein of corn) – converted -> niacin in body |
|
|
Term
| What B vitamin may aid in lowering blood lipids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is folate of special concern to women of childbearing age? |
|
Definition
| Because a folate deficiency neural tube defects = abnormalities of brain and spinal cord apparent at birth and believed to be related to a woman's folate intake before and during pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is found mostly in large fish: sharks or swordfish |
|
|
Term
| name four unintentional additives |
|
Definition
| mercury, antibiotics found in livestock, lead and alar. |
|
|
Term
| What is an alternate name for Vitamin E |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an alternate name for vitamin B2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an alternate name for B6? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an alternate name for B3? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an altrnate name for B1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an alternate name for B12? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breaking of cells apartinto pieces ; vit E anemic |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| large fat cells ; folate anemic |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| (means evil, vile and wicked) – nervous system; B12 anemic |
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|
Term
| what vitamin is associate with berberi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vitamin is associated with cheilosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vitamin is associated with pellegra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vitamin is associated with retinol? |
|
Definition
| A - Keratomalacia = build up of tissue that can lead to xerophtalmia (night blindness) |
|
|
Term
| what vitamins are toxic, and what are their affects? |
|
Definition
Retinol – dry skin, slow growth, severe liver damage, headaches
Vit D – calcification, HBP
Vit B6 – nerve damage, numbness, paralysis |
|
|
Term
| what is vitamin A associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is vitamin E associated with? |
|
Definition
| calcium absorption, main role is to act as an antioxidant – protects us from free radicals. |
|
|
Term
| what promotes free radicals? |
|
Definition
| exercise, pollution, smoking etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for vit c to be saturated |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of time for an athlete to deplete glycogen stores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid replacement every 15-20 min for athletes |
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