Term
| building blocks of protein and nitrogen content |
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Definition
| basic structure common to all amino acids is an amine group, have a central carbon, acid group, and side chain, unique because it has nitrogen, the side chain is the functional group |
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Term
|
Definition
| body cannot synthesize them, there are 9 |
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Term
| what happens to nitrogen from amino acid breakdown |
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Definition
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|
Term
| energy content of protein |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens when one essential amino acid is missing from the diet |
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Definition
| protein cannot be made, all must be there or none can be used, limits the amount of protein that can be synthesized |
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Term
| digestion and absorption of amino acids |
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Definition
| protein denatured by acid in gastric juices, leaving polypeptide chain, pepsin breaks specific spots and cuts it into peptides, water helps, peptides meet peptidases in small intestine and are cut smaller, free amino acids are absorbed into blood in the villus and taken to liver through the portal vein |
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Term
| RDA for protein in a sedentary person and calculation given weight in pounds |
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Definition
| .8 grams of dietary protein per kilogram of body weight |
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Term
| positive vs. negative protein balance and examples |
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Definition
| protein intake compared to the output of the body, positive is taking more in than we are losing (growing, changing, healing, pregnancy), negative is losing more than you have consumed (protein intake is not adequate, serious injury, infections, surgery, malnutrition like anorexia and cancer wasting) |
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Term
| edema and reasons for fluid/protein shift |
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Definition
| inadequate protein diet is consumed, doesn't make as much protein to help hold the fluids in the blood vessels and fluids fill extravascular spaces resulting in edema or swelling |
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Term
| name for chemical bonds adjoining amino acids |
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Definition
| peptide bonds join two adjacent amino acids and hold the protein together |
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|
Term
| digestion of proteins (where) |
|
Definition
| stomach and small intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
| process of destroying protein structure, organization of the protein is disrupted, the polypeptide chain is left instact, but the protein is no longer funcational, can be done by acid, alkalines, heat and metals |
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Term
| foods likely to be high quality, what is high quality |
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Definition
| high quality is containing all the essential amino acids and in a similar pattern of amino acids in humans, derived from animal products have all amino acids |
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Term
| high protein diet risks for kidney disease |
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Definition
| takes fluid to metabolize protein and puts extra strain on kidneys and liver |
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Term
| basic building block of protein |
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Definition
|
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Term
| provide all essential amino acids |
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Definition
| animal products, like milk |
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|
Term
| where are proteins digested in the body |
|
Definition
| stomach and small intestine |
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Term
| chemical bond joining adjacent amino acids |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| build up of fluids in extracellular spaces |
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Term
| anorexia would result in what state of protein balance |
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Definition
| negative, take in less than used |
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Term
| weights 176 pounds (80 kilograms), what is RDA for protein |
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Definition
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Term
| comparing plant sources of protein to animal sources for dietary fiber |
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Definition
| plant sources tend to contain more dietary fiber |
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Term
| Kwashiorkor is associated with a deficiency of |
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Definition
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Term
| vegetarian that excludes animal flesh but consumes milk and eggs |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| primary function as chemical reaction regulation |
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Definition
| needed to perform chemical reactions and create ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| coenzyme nature of B vitamins |
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Definition
| all work together to create ATP |
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Term
| blood clotting and vitamin K |
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Definition
| protein, calcium and vitamin K involved with platelets |
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Term
| classical deficiency diseases for vitamin A |
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Definition
| blindness, xerophthalmia (drying of the eye) |
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Term
| classical deficiency diseases for vitamin D |
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Definition
| rickets (bone misshapening), osteomalacia (bones lose mineral content and become soft) |
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Term
| classical deficiency diseases for vitamin E |
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Definition
| hemolytic anemia, only documented in premature infants |
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Term
| classical deficiency diseases for vitamin K |
|
Definition
| bleeding and bone problems but very rare |
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Term
| classical deficiency diseases for thiamin |
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Definition
| beriberi (I can't, I can't) have no energy |
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Term
| classical deficiency diseases for niacin |
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Definition
| pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death) |
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Term
| classical deficiency diseases for B6 |
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Definition
| anemia, depression, epileptic-like seizures |
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Term
| classical deficiency diseases for folate |
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Definition
| spina bifida and anencephaly in a child if mother is folate deficient |
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Term
| classical deficiency diseases for B12 |
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Definition
| pernicious anemia and folate symptoms |
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Term
| classical deficiency diseases for vitamin C |
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Definition
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Term
| vitamin for amino acid metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
| vitamins for red cell synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fortified cereals, all animal foods |
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Term
| requirements for structure function claims on supplements |
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Definition
| can't make a claim that a supplements helps a specific disease, but broad claims are okay, don't need FDA approval |
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Term
| major function of vitamin A |
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Definition
| maintaining vision, production of mucus, required for epithelial tissues, maintain healthy immune system, bone growth, cell differentiation |
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Term
| major function of vitamin D |
|
Definition
| regulates calcium metabolism, possibly other things as well |
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Term
| major function of vitamin E |
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Definition
| protect cell membranes, DNA, other electron dense areas in the cell from free radical damage |
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Term
| major function of vitamin K |
|
Definition
| blood to clot normally, bone formation |
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Term
| major function of thiamin |
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Definition
| transform food energy into ATP |
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Term
| major function of riboflavin |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| participates in metabolic reactions in a cell, food energy into ATP |
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Term
| major function of pantothenic acid |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| participates in almost all metabolic reactions involving amino acids, keep body supplied with glucose when fasting or exercising, iron in hemoglobin |
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Term
|
Definition
| synthesis of RNA and DNA (cell division and growth) |
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Term
|
Definition
| control folate metabolism |
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Term
| major function of vitamin C |
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Definition
| promote synthesis of collagen, protect from free radical attack, prevent certain cancers caused by nitrosamines, absorb iron |
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Term
| significant quantities of vitamins and minerals added to diet from food a good choice would be |
|
Definition
| fortified breakfast cereal |
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|
Term
| true absorption, transport, and storage of fat-soluble vitamins |
|
Definition
| after absorption, they are transported in the bloodstream to body cells and or stored in the liver and fatty tissue |
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Term
| converted to vitamin A in the body |
|
Definition
| carotene (or beta carotene) |
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Term
| vitamin D is unique among vitamins because |
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Definition
| it can be formed in the body by skin exposure to the sun |
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Term
| B vitamins generally function as |
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Definition
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|
Term
| vitamin that prevent beriberi is |
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Definition
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|
Term
| disease caused by thiamin deficiency |
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Definition
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|
Term
| niacin is necessary to prevent |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| b-vitamin required for amino acid metabolism |
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Definition
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|
Term
| scurvy prevented by adequate intake of |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| sodium location in a cell and movement |
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Definition
| extracellular, located outside the cell, always moving in and ATP pumps it back out |
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|
Term
| potassium location in the cell and movement |
|
Definition
| intracellular, located inside the cell, always moving out through the cell membrane, immediately pumped back in |
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Term
| estimate of fluid needs using energy expenditure |
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Definition
| 1 ml per 1 calorie expended |
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Term
| heat regulation by evaporation |
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Definition
| critical heat loss pathway in hot and humid weather, must evaporate to be cooling (not visible on body or soaking clothes) |
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Term
| calorie content of minerals |
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Definition
| remain after cremation so a huge amount of heat would be required so very high calories |
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Term
| bioavailability in plant or animal sources better? |
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Definition
| iron better if from animals because our body can better use it so it is more bioavailable |
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Term
| physiological functions and storage of calcium |
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Definition
| stored in bones and teeth, demineralize bone to maintain normal blood calcium levels |
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Term
| regulation of iron absorption and best absorbed food sources and most likely deficient groups |
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Definition
| short term storage elsewhere until it can be moved, most bioavailable iron is from animal foods, deficient groups are pregnant women or people with ulcers, hemorrhoids, colon cancer |
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Term
|
Definition
| boys fail to mature sexually, women have difficulty getting pregnant and fetus is usually aborted, dwarfism, poor immune system, loss of taste |
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Term
| iodide deficiency symptoms |
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Definition
| goiter (enlarged thyroid gland), severe retardation in the child of a woman with goiter |
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Term
| high sodium diet in a healthy person |
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Definition
| if healthy, extra sodium is excreted by the kidneys and is not an issue |
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Term
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Definition
| copper, zinc, selenium, they neutralize free radicals |
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|
Term
| trace vs major minerals classification |
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Definition
| major is more than 100 milligrams required per day (calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, magnesium), all others are trace |
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Term
|
Definition
| prevent tooth decay and promote formation of strong bones |
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Term
| water constitutes what percent of body weight |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of water in each compartment mainly is controlled by |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| body's need for water is approximately how many milliliter(s) per kcalorie |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how are minerals classified |
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Definition
| trace minerals are needed in amounts of 100 mg per day or less |
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Term
| true about mineral bioavailability |
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Definition
| minerals from animal products are better absorbed than those from plants |
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Term
| in the body, 99% of calcium is found |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| most nutrient-dense calcium food source |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| magnesium's primary function |
|
Definition
| important for nerve and heart function |
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|
Term
| amount of iron in the body is more regulated by |
|
Definition
| absorption in the small intestine |
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|
Term
| goiter may form as a consequence of inadequate intake of |
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Definition
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|
Term
| energy content in alcohol |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| 20% absorbed through stomach walls, small intestine rapidly absorbs alcohol, eating slows movement into small intestine but will not cause sobering up, gastrointestinal tract to liver through portal vein, first to acetaldehyde, then to acetate, then to acetyl CoA, metabolized in liver with ADH |
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Term
| liver's role in alcohol absorption |
|
Definition
| chief site of metabolism and first exposure |
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|
Term
| gender/ethnic differences in ADH |
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Definition
| ADH enzyme is less in Asians, Native Americans, and women |
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Term
| guidelines for moderate consumption of alcohol for men and women |
|
Definition
| one for women, two for men |
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Term
|
Definition
| cirrhosis is scarring of the liver, hepatitis is enlarging of the liver, both can be caused by alcohol but hepatitis has many other causes, cirrhosis is usually associated with alcohol but has more causes too |
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Term
|
Definition
| Alcohol Dehydrogenase, liver produces most, it metabolizes alcohol |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is alcohol an essential nutrient |
|
Definition
| not required to function and performs not structural role for the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| caused by drinking while pregnant, deprives fetal brain of oxygen and essential nutrients, mental and physical retardation, abnormalities of the face and skull and small size, no treatment and damage/condition is permanent |
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Term
| red wine and health benefits |
|
Definition
| phenols in wine protect against heart disease, decrease LDL, may increase HDL |
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Term
| when liver's ability to deal with alcohol is saturated, which system must be functioning |
|
Definition
| microsomal ethanol oxidizing system |
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|
Term
| factors to consider in determining how much alcohol the body can safely metabolize |
|
Definition
| between .1 and .2 grams per kilogram of weight per hour, previous drinking history, heritage or ethnicity of person |
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|
Term
| symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome |
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Definition
| physical retardation, mental retardation, behavioral problems, abnormalities in the face and skull |
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|
Term
| t or f: red wines may reduce heart disease when consumed in moderation |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ounces of beer in one serving of alcohol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| kcalories with 15 grams of carbs and 12 grams of alcohol |
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Definition
| 15*4 + 12*7 = 144 kcalories |
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|
Term
| general guidelines for daily alcohol intake are (less than) how many for men and women |
|
Definition
| two for men, one for women |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| progressive scarring and fibrosis of the liver regardless of cause |
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|
Term
| liver enzyme primarily degrades alcohol is |
|
Definition
| alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) |
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|
Term
| kcalories in 10 grams of alcohol |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| basal metabolic rate definition and factors to increase/decrease |
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Definition
| number of calories you would burn if you stayed in bed all day, increase with physical activites, decrease with age and not eating regularly |
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|
Term
| energy balance calculations relative to weight gain/loss |
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Definition
| 3500 calories in one pound of body fat, lose one pound would have to lose 3500 calories |
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|
Term
| goals of weight loss programs |
|
Definition
| weight loss, flexibility, reduced intake, behavior modification, overall health, 1-2 pounds/week |
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|
Term
| methods to measure body fat and relative accuracy |
|
Definition
| underwater weighing, bodpod, skinfold thickness, bioelectrical impedance assessment, near infrared assessment, in order from most to least |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| men - 5-13%, women - 12-22% |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| men - 10-25%, women - 20-35% |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| men - greater than 25%, women - greater than 35% |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| estimation of heat produced by means of respiratory differences |
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Term
|
Definition
| measurment of heat actually produced, must be in sealed chamber |
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|
Term
| calorimetry use in nutrition |
|
Definition
| measure energy expenditure |
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|
Term
| thermic effect of food and usual percentage of energy needs |
|
Definition
| amount of calories it costs to digest, absorb, transport, and store nutrients in the body, 5-10% of total calorie expenditure, resting metabolic rate goes up for about 5 hours after eating |
|
|
Term
| android obesity and risks of having a large waist circumference |
|
Definition
| android obesity is apple shape with upper body obesity, higher risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes |
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|
Term
| basal metabolism is the energy expended when? |
|
Definition
| resting but awake and in a fasting state |
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|
Term
| what is not associated with an increase in basal metabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represents the kcalories needed to digest, absorb, and process ingested food |
|
|
Term
| when attempting to use body fat content to define obesity, body fat above what for men warrants obesity diagnosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when attempting to use body fat content to define obesity, body fat above what for women warrants obesity diagnosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| body weight in kilograms divided by height squared in meters yields |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| testing method considered most accurate way of measuring percent body fat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| android obesity is associated with a higher incidence of all the following except |
|
Definition
| Alzheimers (IS associated with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease) |
|
|
Term
| NOT a major goal for weight control programs |
|
Definition
| 5 pound weight loss per week |
|
|
Term
| daily deficit of 500 kcalories should result in weight loss of about how many pounds per week? |
|
Definition
| 500*7=3500, which is equal to one pound of fat so 1 pound |
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|
