Term
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Definition
a general cell (stem) becomes a more specialized cell. the change in structure affects the future function of the differentiated cell (Development of a cellular phenotype)
Delta/Notch involved in differentiation of glial/neural cells |
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Definition
the orchestrated movement of cells in a particular direction to a specific location (Movement of cells to their final locations)
Ventricular stem cells are typically anchored to the ventricular surface by protein feet (notch-1 and numb) When these cells divide vertically both cells remain remain attached and don’t migrate. However, if the cells divide horizontally, one of the cells contains notch-1 and the other contains Numb. The cell with notch-1 migrates (Radial Glia, Laminin, NCAMS) |
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Definition
The process by which axons make their connections on other cells.
Functions of pathfinding: extracellular matrix adhesion, cell surface adhesion, fasciculation, chemoattraction, contact inhibition, chemorepulsion
Chemoaffinity Theory. The theory proposes that axons are guided to their targets by chemical signals |
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Definition
| programmed cell death, caused by lack of neurotrophic factor |
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Definition
a family of cysteine proteases, which play essential roles in apoptosis (critical to the cell death cascade)
These enzymes cause cell death by cleaving (cutting peptide bonds) on proteins at the carboxy-terminals of amino acids connecting to the amino acid aspartate |
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Definition
| The region where stem cells are located in the brain is called either the ventricular zone or the ependymal layer |
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Definition
| created by a flat thickening opposite to the primitive streak of the ectoderm. notochord (rudimentary PNS) is located ventral of neural plate |
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Definition
| when neural folds enclose the neural plate, the neural groove is formed |
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Definition
| formed from neural plate-groove as it widens. the precursor of the CNS. four subdivisions of the neural tube that will each eventually develop into distinct regions of the central nervous system: The prosencephalon, the mesencephalon, the rhombencephalon and the spinal cord |
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Definition
| when β catenin’s expression is not inhibited in mouse until late in development, the neo cortex grows out of control |
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Definition
| protein that helps regulate processes of neuronal migration and positioning in the developing brain. Reelin is produced by Cajal-Retzium cells. These cells are among the first cells that migrate and they move to the ourside edges of the developing CNS. Reelin secreted by these cells serves as a signal that stops migration. The result is that cells migrate toward the outside edge of the nervous system where they eventually stop moving just before encountering the Cajal-Retzium cells |
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Definition
New neurons are continually born throughout adulthood in predominantly two regions of the brain:
1) The subventricular zone (SVZ) lining the lateral ventricles, where the new cells migrate to the olfactory bulb via the rostral migratory stream
2) The subgranular zone (SGZ), part of the dentate gyrus of hippocampus. |
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Term
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Definition
proteins Notch and Delta determine the identify of a cell as neural or glial. Delta is a ligand, Notch is its receptor.
Enhanced delta activity in one cell activates the notch receptor in an adjacent cell which then inhibits the second cell’s ability to make delta |
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Definition
| controls expression of delta, positive feedback loop for neural differentiation |
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Term
| bHLH transcription factors |
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Definition
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Term
| role of CNTF and PDGF in glial development |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| These glia form very early in development and have processes that connect them to the floor of the ventricle and to the surface of the brain. The primary function of radial glia is to provide a surface on which neurons and glial cells can move. |
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Term
| inside/out development of the neocortex |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The chemicals released from target cells that determine differentiation of stem cells are called Neurotrophic Factors
first illustrated by work in Victor Hamburger’s lab that showed that if target cell number was increased a greater number of presynaptic cells survived. like a race to the target cells for a nourishing, limited amount of neurotrophic factor.
they also stimulate cell division, and neurite outgrowth, they have neuroprotective effects. They play a role in synaptic plasticity. |
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Term
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Definition
| different kinds of neurotrophic factors- NGF, BDNF, neurotrophin 3, neurotrophin 4. all receptors for these are tyrosine kinase receptors |
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Term
| tyrosine kinase receptors (trk A, B, C) |
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Definition
| The activation of the tyrosine kinase receptors stimulates second messenger pathways and regulates gene transcription. NGF ->trkA. BDNF, NT-4 -> trkB. NT-3 -> trkC. |
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Term
| chemoaffinity theory of pathfinding |
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Definition
| The theory proposes that axons are guided to their targets by chemical signals. developed by Roger Sperry |
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Term
| cadherins, laminin, semaphorins, netrin |
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Definition
| involved in chemoattraction and repulsion during pathfinding |
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Term
| cones, rods, retinal ganglia cells |
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Definition
| all part of retina. rods and cones are receptors. |
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Definition
| the primary processing center for visual information received from the retina of the eye. A topographically organized, structure with 6 layers, layers 2,3,5 get input from the ipselateral eye, 1,4,6 get input from the contralateral eye. Cells project to the occipital cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary Visual Cortex, Striate cortex, Calcarine cortex, Area V1 all in occipital lobe. |
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Term
| ocular dominance columns in layer IV |
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Definition
| in area v1 (visual cortex). Ocular dominance columns are not present at birth in primates. Initially cells in layer 4 seems to respond to input from either eye. However, over time different regions of the brain appear to specialize and become responsive to input from only one of the eyes |
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Term
| principles behind experience induced alternation of visual circuitry: fire together, wire together |
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Definition
| when one cell fires it may stimulate the postsynaptic cell to release a growth factor/signal. The growth factor may be taken up by endocytosis. Only those cells that are firing at the same time (cells that had just released neurotransmitters) would be undergoing endocytosis and so only those cells would receive the growth signal necessary to maintain the presynaptic connection |
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Term
| visual-tactile neurons in the parietal lobe: experience induced plasticity |
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Definition
| The parietal cortex of the primate brain is the part of the brain where one finds the primary somatosensory cortex |
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Term
| forebrain (proencephalon) |
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Definition
| the rostral most section of ventricles (lateral ventricle, 3rd ventricle) that give rise to telencephalon: [rhinencephalon, neocortex, limbic cortex, basal ganglia] and diencephalon: [thalamus, hypothalamus] |
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Term
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Definition
rises from lateral ventricles. Endbrain or Distance sense brain.
neocortex, allocortex, basal ganglia, rhinencephalon |
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Definition
| part of telencephalon. from lateral ventricles. olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, olfactory cortex. comes from 4th ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
# nhancing discrimination between odors.
# enhancing sensitivity of odor detection.
# filtering out many background odors to enhance the transmission of a few select odors.
# permitting higher brain areas involved in arousal and attention to modify the detection or the discrimination of odors |
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Definition
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Definition
part of forebrain, from telencephalon. largest part of brain. 6 layered structure
folded/fissured appearance:
Gyrus (Gyri) Outward Fold
Sulcus (sulci) --Fissure--Inward Fold
divided into lobes: frontal love, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe
can be divided up into areas anatomists call:
Primary Sensory Projection Areas
Sensory Association Areas
Multi-sensory Association Areas |
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Term
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Definition
| gyrus- outward fold, sulcus- inward fold (fissure) |
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Term
| lateral, central and occipital-parietal fissures |
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Definition
lateral fissure (sylvian) divides temporal lobe from occipital
central fissure (rolandic) divides frontal from parietal
occipital-parietal fissure divides occipital from parietal |
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Term
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Definition
located at precentral gyrus. motor. precentral gyrus is frequently referred to as the primary motor cortex.
also in frontal lobe These areas are believed to be involved in motor planning.
Supplementary motor area (area 6)
Premotor area (area 6)
Supplemental Eye Fields (area 8)
prefrontal cortex: association motor cortex involved in higher order executive planning. Includes: DLPC, Orbital Frontal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| between postcentral gyrus and occipital-parietal. skin senses |
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Term
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Definition
| contains striate cortex (V1). vision. |
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Term
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Definition
| located at gyrus of heschl. hearing |
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Term
| limbic cortex (allocortex) |
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Definition
| (Hippocampus, Amygdala, Cingulate Cortex, Septum) |
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Term
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Definition
| made up by striatum and pallidum. a group of nuclei in the brain interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem. |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the basal ganglia. formed by caudate nucleus + putamen. |
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Definition
| a nucleus located within the basal ganglia. highly innervated by dopamine neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| It appears to play a role in reinforcement learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| inner and outer segments of the globus pallidum |
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Term
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Definition
Diencephalon: (Between brain or 2 brain) rises from third ventricle
Hypothalamus and Thalamus posterior pituitary also develops from the stem cells of the diencephalon) |
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Term
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Definition
lateral geniculate (vision), medial geniculate (hearing), ventroposterior lateral nuclues, ventroposterior medial nucleus (somatosensory)
Major sensory region. All sensory information arrives here before going to cortex (except smell). bidirectional. |
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Term
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Definition
regulates secretions to pituitary gland. Major motor structure. Controls many visceral, motivational and emotional functions (temp, appetite, water balance etc)
Head nucleus of autonomic nervous system (part of PNS) |
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Term
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Definition
anterior: secretes hormones that control structures in PNS Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Lutenizing Hormone, ACTH, TSH
posterior: glands secretes two hormones oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH) (direct action) |
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Term
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Definition
rises from the aqueduct of sylvius.
Tectum (Roof) (corpora quadragemini);
&
Tegmentum (Floor) |
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Term
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Definition
Superior colliculus (vision)
Allow you to move your eyes and head to the origin of the stimulus
Inferior colliculus (hearing) |
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Term
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Definition
| red nucleus, substanita nigra, ventral tegmental area, crus cerebri (corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts) |
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Term
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Definition
| a structure in the rostral midbrain involved in motor coordination. controls gait. connections to cerebellum, thalamus and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
heterogeneous portion of the midbrain, separating the pes (foot) from the tegmentum (covering), and an accessory to the basal ganglia system
connections to striatum |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the midbrain, lying close to the substantia nigra and the red nucleus. In latin tegmentum means "covering."connections to frontal cortex and nucleus accumbens |
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Term
| crus cerebri (corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts) |
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Definition
| another name for the corticospinal tract. This is the descending tract from motor cortex to the spinal cord. Synapse on cranial nerves, or on motor neurons in spinal cord. |
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Term
| hindbrain (rhombencephalon) |
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Definition
rises from the fourth ventricle.
differentiates into the
Myelencephalon (Medulla) (Marrow Brain) and Metencephalon (which has two parts); Pons (Bridge), Cerebellum (little brain) |
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Term
| metencephalon (part of hindbrain) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
part of hindbrain, sub category metencephalon,
The pons is an extension of the Medulla and contains “fibers of passage” reticular formation and cranial nerve nuclei. The pons is larger than the medulla only because its base is composed of a major fiber tract that interconnects the two sides of the cerebellum |
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Term
| cranial nerve nuclei to know: |
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Definition
| olfactory (1), optic (2), ocular motor (3), trochlear (4), abducen (6), trigeminal (5), facial (7), vesibulocochlear (8), vagus (10) |
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Term
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Definition
Generally classified as a motor structure whose major role is to regulate posture and coordination of the limbs. Damage to this structure causes the symptom known as ataxia, a disorder of timing and sequencing of muscle movements
It has three major parts:
Vermus
Cerebellar hemispheres
Flocculus
Has a topographical organization |
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Term
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Definition
| part of cerebellum Medial portions of body (trunk) feed sensory information (muscle/tendon/skeletal positioning) into vermis |
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Definition
| part of cerebellum Limbs are represented spatially in cerebellar hemispheres |
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Definition
| part of cerebellum The flocculus is more specialized, it receives input from the vestibular nucleus and plays a role in balance |
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Term
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Definition
The cerebellum is connected to the rest of the brain by three major pathways:
The cerebellum receives input from the motor cortex via the middle cerebellar peduncle and sends information about its activity first to the thalamus and then to the motor cortex via the anterior cerebellar peduncle. The posterior cerebellar peduncle provides a means by which the cerebellum gets input from the spinal cord |
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Definition
subdvided from hindbrain.
fibers of passage, cranial nerve nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
A look at a transverse section of spinal cord reveals two regions characterized by
oWhite matter primarily contains fiber tracts located laterally running up and down the cord
oGray matter primarily composed of cell bodies located medially that give rise to bundles of axons (fiber tracts) that run up and down the cord |
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Definition
the dorsal part of the gray matter
It contains cells that receive input from peripheral sensory cells (dorsal root ganglia cells). |
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Term
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Definition
| The ventral part of the gray matter (ventral horn), primarily contains the cell bodies of motor neurons whose axons project to muscle and other end organs |
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Term
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Definition
| Dorsal Root--sensory--skin senses |
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Term
| dorsal root ganglia (in PNS) |
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Definition
The cell bodies of the somatosensory system are found in an enlargement located in the dorsal root
all cell bodies of somatosensory system |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
cervical, thorasic, lumbar, sacral
in between vertebrae
mixed motor, sensory |
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Definition
| sympathetic (thoracolumbar), parasympathetic (cranial sacral) |
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Term
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Definition
| lateral, 3rd, 4th, aqueduct of sylvius, spinal canal |
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Term
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Definition
| the area on the ventricles of the brain where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced by modified ependymal cells. |
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Definition
| the part of the brain where the optic nerves partially cross. |
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Term
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Definition
lower part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord. The brain stem provides the main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via the cranial nerves
The nerve connections of the motor and sensory systems to the rest of the body also pass through the brain stem
regulates the central nervous system, and is pivotal in maintaining consciousness and regulating the sleep cycle |
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Term
| endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm |
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Definition
| germ layers in the developing embryo which will eventually give rise to all the different organs/regions in the body. ectoderm that eventually forms the skin and neural tissues, the mesoderm that forms muscle and bone, and the endoderm that will form the cells lining the digestive and respiratory track |
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Term
| role for reciprocal connections between cortex and thalamus |
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Definition
| top down/ bottom up processing of sensory information |
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Term
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Definition
| Achromatopsia: In this syndrome patients experience a selective loss of the sense of color. Form and movement perception are intact, although form vision in some patients may be limited to visual recognition of moving objects.--static visual agnosia. This disorder is also associated with damage in the extra-striate regions of the occipital lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| Vision that is limited to color only. Form and movement perception are lost. They are frequently described as having visual object agnosia. This syndrome commonly results from carbon monoxide poisoning or other forms of anoxia |
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Term
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Definition
| An inability to see without the ability to perceive motion. This disorder is associated with damage to a limited part of the extra-striate (visual association) cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| can see, but not recognize objects. caused by a disruption of the ventral stream (the perception stream), rather than the action (dorsal) stream |
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Term
| balient's syndrome (optic ataxia and apraxia, simultaneagnosia) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder of face perception where the ability to recognize faces is impaired, while the ability to recognize other objects may be relatively intact |
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Term
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Definition
| a phenomenon in which people who are perceptually blind in a certain area of their visual field demonstrate some response to visual stimuli, without any qualitative experience |
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Term
| areas of the occipital visual cortex |
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Definition
| area 17 (V1) primary visual cortex, v2, v3, v4, v5 |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which neurons are created. Most active during pre-natal development, neurogenesis is responsible for populating the growing brain |
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Term
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Definition
| rostral = nose, caudal = tail |
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Term
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Definition
a structure critical to the regulation and expression of emotion
part of allocortex (limbic cortex) forebrain |
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Term
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Definition
This region is critical to the formation (not storage) of long term memories
part of allocortex |
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Term
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Definition
| part of allocortex. Critical to processes like attention/self-monitoring and feelings |
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