Term
|
Definition
-Fulcrum in the middle
-Effort force and resistance forces on opposite ends
- Less effort is needed when resistance is closer to the fulcrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Fulcrum at one end with effort at other end and load in the middle
-Load (resistance) in the middle
-Allows stable movement with less force for heavier objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Effort in the middle with fulcrum and resistance at either ends
-Load is further from axis than effort (RA>FA)
-Allows to increase speed and distance
-More effort required to move load |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In our bodies, ____________ act as lever arms & __________ act as pivots. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A shoe horn is an example of what class of lever? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -piece of equipment that supports the client’s arm and allows for horizontal and vertical movement and participation in occupations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The mobile arm support is what class of lever? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What type of pulley?
-changes the direction of the force |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What type of pulley?
-Load is attached to the pulley wheel rather than the rope; decreases the force needed to move an object; the direction in the same |
|
|
Term
| Compound pulley (both a fixed and movable pulley) |
|
Definition
What type of pulley?
C-hanges the direction and force needed to move an object |
|
|
Term
Knee extension
Finger flexion
Ankle dorsiflexion |
|
Definition
| Examples of pulleys in the body (3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency of force to produce rotation about an axis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
___________= force X distance of the moment arm from an axis point
(______=FD) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Does not produce angular acceleration
-Holding a purse/bag |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Produces angular acceleration
-Dancing
-Opening a jar
-Arm wrestling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the force required to change the inertial energy of an object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
_________________= mass X velocity
(_________=mv) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
_________________= mass X velocity X distance from the fulcrum
(______________= mvr) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two equal forces acting in opposite directions to rotate a part around its axis |
|
|
Term
Synergistic or antagonistic
-Synergistic--> Prime moves + stabilizers
-Antagonistic--> agonist + antagonist |
|
Definition
| Force couples can be either... |
|
|
Term
| Concave is all the rave so you want to go in the SAME direction. Convex makes you stressed so you go in the OPPOSITE direction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the olecranon around the humerus, ulna and proximal phalanx |
|
Definition
| Ex. of concave in the body |
|
|
Term
| the humerus in the glenoid and metacarpals, both ends of femur, distal phalanges, metatarsals, distal humerus |
|
Definition
| Ex. of convex in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the ____________ end bone moves, the other bone moves in the same direction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the ____________ end bone moves, the other bone moves in the opposite direction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| observed behavioral response that reduce in displacement of 1+ limb segments of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overall study of movement through use of forces and body structures (anatomy + mechanics) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 components of kinesiology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Component of kinesiology:
-how movement is produced in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Component of kinesiology:
-force and motion applied to the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| body's response to force and motion (static + dynamic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a system that is moving or not moving at a constant speed; it is in equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forces acting in/on body that produce stability/mobility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of amount and direction of movement |
|
|
Term
| Co-Contraction of anterior and posterior muscles of the leg |
|
Definition
| What is a typical muscular activation strategy in response to LOB in person’s with Parkinson’s disease? |
|
|
Term
-Prevalence varies by diagnosis and setting
-Associated with mobility, occurring during walking, transfers, and stair climbing
-Importance of recovery of balance control |
|
Definition
| What is the risk factor for falls among individuals with neurologic and neurodegenerative conditions? |
|
|
Term
| ankle, hip, stepping, reaching |
|
Definition
| Strategies used to maintain balance: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functional coupling of groups of muscles constrained to act together as a unit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used when perturbation is small and support surface is firm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used when perturbation is larger and faster, and when support surface is smaller than feet |
|
|
Term
-shorter gait, shorter stride
-less ability to react to stimuli
-less clearance of foot from surface makes them more at risk for tripping on things |
|
Definition
| Changes associated with aging affect gait in 3 ways: |
|
|
Term
| Causes spasticity and weakness in lower extremities |
|
Definition
| How does neurologic impairment affect the phases of gait? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is normal walking speed? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What speed indicates mortality and morbidity? |
|
|
Term
| reciprocal, symmetrical, and velocity dependent |
|
Definition
| What three components should arm swing be? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is considered the 6th vital sign? |
|
|
Term
1.) stability
2.) progression
3.) adaptability |
|
Definition
| Three requirements of gait: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is initial contact of one foot to initial contact of the OTHER foot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is initial contact of one foot to initial contact of the SAME foot |
|
|
Term
1.) Stance phase
2.) Swing phase
*Also includes push off phase between these 2 phases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1.) Stability
2.) Shock absorption
3.) Forward progression
4.) Muscular demand dependent on alignment |
|
Definition
| Components of the stance phase: |
|
|
Term
1.) Foot clearance
2.) Limb advancement
3.) Forward progression over contralateral limb
4.) Dependent on limb position at end of stance |
|
Definition
| Components of the swing phase: |
|
|
Term
| Central Pattern Generators (CPG) |
|
Definition
| How does a gait pattern occur without the need for the descending neural pathway from the brain through the spinal cord? |
|
|
Term
| Central Pattern Generators (CPG) |
|
Definition
-Neuronal network contained in spinal cord (or brainstem), capable of generating rhythmic pattern of motor activity without sensory or supraspinal input (found around L2)
-The stepping reflex is proof that this is present at birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __________________ of plantar flexors creates hyperextension of knee during stance and reduces power of push off and ankle dorsiflexion for heel strike. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spasticity increases with..... |
|
|
Term
| The client can't clear toe from surface (can't dorsiflex) |
|
Definition
| What happens if there is spasticity in gastroc? |
|
|
Term
| Less push off/momentum because the muscle is already activated |
|
Definition
| What happens when a client has rigid plantar flexors? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Functional risk of mobility with spasticity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _______________ frequently accompanies neurological disorders such as CVA, CP, TBI. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excessive knee extension in stance phase of gait |
|
|
Term
Hamstrings spasticity
Crouched Gait |
|
Definition
| Excessive knee flexion; frequent problem with CP |
|
|
Term
Hip adductor spasticity
Scissor Gait |
|
Definition
| Contralateral drop in pelvis during stance |
|
|
Term
| Plantar flexor spasticity |
|
Definition
| Client walks on toes; contributes to pathologic gait patterns in BOTH stance and swing phases of gait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Component of weakness in LE-
reduced ability to generate force; primary contributor to disorganized gait |
|
|
Term
| number, type, & discharge frequency |
|
Definition
| Weakness in LE muscles is the primary neuromuscular impairment affecting ___________________, __________, & _________________________ of motor neurons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Weakness in LE muscles affects both neural and non-neural components of... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Weakness in LE:
Causes difficulty controlling knee flexion during loading and midstance --> affects swing, and ability to control knee flexion during stance phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Weakness in LE:
-Affects swing phase and ability to control our actions |
|
|
Term
1.) Posterior pelvic tilt- use abdominals to help advance the leg
2.) Circumduction- using more abductors to swing their leg in a circle because they don't have strong flexors
3.) Vaulting- client's go onto toes of unaffected side to be able to clear the surface with the other leg
4.) Lateral lean- lateral weight shift to get the weight off of the affected side and clear the surface |
|
Definition
| 4 things people do to compensate when they have weak hip flexors: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Weakness in LE:
-forward trunk lean that threatens stability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Weakness in LE:
-drop of pelvics on side contralateral to weakness (tredelenburg gait) |
|
|
Term
Timed Up and GO
-Client starts in a chair and when they are ready to begin they will get up, walk 10 feet or 3 meters (usually to a cone), turn around, walk back, and sit back down. The client is timed from when they get up and sit back down (client back touching chair). |
|
Definition
| What is the TUG? How is is conducted? |
|
|
Term
-One practice run
-2 more trials conducted and counted
-Take average time from the 2 trials |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A score of greater than or equal to _____ seconds on TUG indicates fall risk |
|
|
Term
-Use mirror to provide visual feedback
--Vertical stripe on a t shirt and a vertical line on a mirror - have the client line up the line on their t shirt with the line on the mirror
-Somatosensory feedback: Have client stand with back against wall, use a yardstick vertically on the wall and have them lean against it
-Kinetic feedback: Using 2 floor scales, have the client appropriately balance equal weight on each scale. Could also do this with a wii fit balance board |
|
Definition
| How do you improve midline postural control during steady state balance? |
|
|
Term
Cylindrical grasp
-Power grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Oblique palmar grasp
-Power grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Opposed palmar grasp
-Power grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Reverse transferse palmar grasp
-Power grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Diagonal Volar grasp
-Combo of power and precision grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ventral grasp
-Combo of power and precision grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Disk grasp
-Precision grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dynamic lateral tripod
-Precision grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Inferior pincer grasp
-Precision grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lateral grasp
-Precision grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pad to pad grasp
-Precision grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Three jaw chuck
-Precision grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tip pinch
-Precision grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Transverse digital grasp
-Precision grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Functional scissors grasp
-Miscellaneous grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hook grasp
-Miscellaneous grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Interdigital grasp
-Miscellaneous grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lumbrical grasp
-Miscellaneous grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Raking grasp
-Miscellaneous grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Interdigital Tripod grasp
Mature Handwriting Grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dynamic Tripod Grasp
Mature handwriting Grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dynamic Quadrupod Grasp
Mature Handwriting Grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
LATERAL TRIPOD GRASP
Mature Handwriting Grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Static tripod Grasp
Transitional Handwriting Grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cross Thumb Grasp
Transitional Handwriting Grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Static Quadrupod grasp
Transitional Handwriting Grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Radial cross palmar
-Primitive handwriting grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Palmar supinate
-Primitive handwriting grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Digital Pronate grasp
-Primitive handwriting grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Brush grasp
-Primitive handwriting grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Grasp with extended fingers
-Primitive handwriting grasp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4/5 falls occurring during stair DESCENT |
|
Definition
| What location in public spaces do most falls occur? |
|
|
Term
-Muscle weakness
-Impaired timing and organization among synergistic muscles activated in response to instability
-Limitations in ability to adapt movements for balance in response to changing task and environmental demands |
|
Definition
| What contributed to falls among older adults? |
|
|
Term
1.) Somatosensory
--Stepping frequency
--Gait initiation (position of hip)
--Navigation of obstacles
2.) Vision - Visual flow (speed and alignment)
3.) Vestibular – head stabilization |
|
Definition
| What systems attribute to gait adaptation? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-steps per unit time
--about 100 steps/min |
|
|
Term
| Dorsal and Ventral Stream Pathway |
|
Definition
Visual information for goal-directed reaching is transported into the brain along 2 parallel pathways.
What are they? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What visual pathway tells object shape, position, structure and orientation? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What visual pathway tells Perception and object recognition information ? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Role of vision is primarily for ______ in reach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| With damage, reach is ______ and less ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normal adults show decrements when reaching to _______ side of body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Accuracy of ______ is unaffected by vision limitations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| More than 50% of spastic hemiplegic CP CVA |
|
|
Term
| Visual neglect or Inattention |
|
Definition
Damage to R hemisphere
Difficulty reaching for objects presented to “blind” side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decreased localization of objects and accuracy in reach/retrieval |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both feedback and feedforward control processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| input from sensory systems being compared to reference/error signal (Comparison to where body is to where it needs to be) |
|
|
Term
| Feed-forward (anticipatory): |
|
Definition
Takes advantage of previous experience to predict co??
Happens first then feedback is used to adjust movement consequences of sensory information |
|
|
Term
Vision:
Eye and head movement:
Eye, head, and trunk movement: |
|
Definition
| Eye–Head–Trunk Coordination includes: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What part of Eye–Head–Trunk Coordination?
object location and to guide movements of the hand
when object in central visual field |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reaching objects in peripheral visual field |
|
|
Term
| Eye, head, and trunk movement |
|
Definition
| reaching objects in far visual field |
|
|
Term
Sensory Systems
Visual & Somatosensory Information |
|
Definition
Correct errors during execution of movement itself
Used proactively (feedforward) in helping to make the movement plan |
|
|
Term
| Somatosensory Control of Reach |
|
Definition
Not required for reasonable accuracy due to motor learning of movements Accuracy decreases with multi-joint and repeated movements
essential for grip force |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Brain
Cerebellum important to control of reach and grasp
Midbrain and Brainstem controls proximal muscles in reach
Pyramidal pathways (corticospinal & motor cortex) control fine control of grasp.
Homunculus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Slower to begin tracking the visual target
-B UE task performance
-More inaccurate and variable hand movement
-Decreased anticipatory control of movement in new tasks |
|
|
Term
Musculoskeletal
Postural Control |
|
Definition
| Motor Systems in Reach (2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Appropriate muscle tone, strength and coordination, and activation of proximal muscles to stabilize during distal movements of reach and grasp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Essential to accurate reach /movement of arms Have to have postural/trunk control BEFORE you can work on reach and grasp Have to have proximal control of UE before can work on distal control |
|
|
Term
| Motor Problems with Reach |
|
Definition
Problems adapting reach-overshoot and undershoot objects (dysmetria)
Parietal lobe damage
Impaired multi-joint movements/coordination
Slower reaction times, and delayed reach (meds for Parkinson’s improves this)
Synergies patterns limit isolated movements
Damage to posterior parietal area
Impaired execution of movement not attributed to weakness, sensory loss, language comprehension… |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What condition?
Grasp are slower
Less accurate
Poor modulation of fingertip forces
Decreased isolated movement of fingers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Problems in Grasp
Impairment most often greatest in _______ due to lesser proportion of inputs coming from corticospinal tract to distal segments of hand. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _______ is the key system for predictive control of grip force and precision of grip |
|
|
Term
grip parameters
adjust grip |
|
Definition
Previous experiences and afferent information contribute to correct _________
If discrepancy in the predicted and actual properties of an object, the pacinian corpuscles are activated along with visual information sent to motor cortex to _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fingers and thumb towards palm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Force directed between fingers and thumb, allows movement of objects within hand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Damage to:
_________affects somatosensory input which limits precision grip and in-hand manipulation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Damage to:
_________ affects spatial orientation and therefore the ability to shape the hand to the object size and shape (more severe without vision input) |
|
|
