Term
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Definition
Doing something as an end in itself
Authentic, meaningful |
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Term
| Lepper et al. 1973 - Free Choice Program |
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Definition
Intrinsic motivation is undermined by rewards.
Performance period rewarded vs. unrewarded
Free drawing period: spend a higher % time drawing when there is no reward, with higher-quality drawings
+ unexpected reward: highest performance
Results are more salient if younger, individualistic, interesting, tangible/symbolic |
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Term
| Cognitive Evaluation Theory |
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Definition
Intrinsic motivation varies with perceived autonomy, perceived competence.
External events can have meanings of: informational, controlling, amotivating |
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Term
| Susan Harter intrinsic motivation surveys on impact of school |
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Definition
curiosity and interest vs. pleasing the teacher and getting good grades
junior high = more evaluative, competitive, impersonal, and formal
grades and intrinsic motivation drop |
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Term
| Guthrie et al., 2006: increasing interest in reading |
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Definition
encouraging choice
interesting and relevant texts
facilitating social interaction around books
using hands-on activities to spark interest
Key time: grades 3-6 |
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Term
| Allington et al. 2010: Summer Slide |
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Definition
| significant positive effect of books, particularly for low SES, no matter the quality of the book. |
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Term
Wayne Halliwell
journey triangle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
business (getting the best things)
2 = towards
ten = 2010 olympics |
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Term
| mental skills for sports success |
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Definition
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Term
| Preparing for a competition |
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Definition
Trigger words
Enjoy, savor, embrace it
Inner strength
"I know" list |
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Term
| Keys to sports improvement |
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Definition
Awareness
Knowledge
Choices
Control |
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Term
| Control the Controllables |
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Definition
Giving athletes responsibility and accountability; ownership
Thoughts
Focus
Decisions and choices
Emotions
Work ethic
Body language
Energy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Praise only reinforces if contingent, specific, and credible |
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Term
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Definition
| to commend the worth of someone's behavior or to express approval or admiration |
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Term
| Brophy's advice for praise in classrooms |
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Definition
| Be aware of how praise may affect other members of the class. |
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Term
| Type of beneficial classroom praise |
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Definition
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Term
| Henderlong & Lepper 2002 definition of praise |
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Definition
Positive evaluation made by a person of another's products/performances/attributes where the evaluator presumes the validity of the standards on which the evaluation is based
Not feedback (evaluative component as well)
Not encouragement (rooted in present) |
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Term
| Henderlong & Lepper 2002 notes |
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Definition
Lab praise is always unexpected; students in classrooms know the praise pattern.
Praise seems to have positive effects, but in the real world, lack of praise when it is expected can undermine.
Performance attributions of effort>ability and process>person are promoted |
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Term
| Avi Assor 2009: is parental praise dangerous? |
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Definition
If praise is conditional, then gives a sense of conditional positive regard.
Conditional regard --> introjection --> ill-being. |
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Term
| Koestner's advice on praising in schools |
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Definition
| Try different approaches and see what happens! |
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Term
| Scanlon's model of sports commitment, 1992 |
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Definition
Commitment: desire +resolve
1. sports enjoyment
2. involvement opportunities
3. personal investments
4. involvement alternatives
5. social constraints
Koestner thinks it misses long-term effects |
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Term
| Deci 1981 study on competition |
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Definition
| only half as much intrinsic motivation when competing vs. non-competition |
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Term
| Csiksentmihalyi 1975: reasons for enjoying basketball |
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Definition
1. competition / measuring self v. others
2. developing personal skills
3. friendships
4. the activity itself
5. enjoyment of the experience |
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Term
| Reeve & Deci 1996: competition and intrinsic motivation |
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Definition
if non-controlled and winning, most likely to feel intrinsic motivation.
any controlled situation leads to lack of intrinsic motivation.
Controlled = focus on winning |
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Term
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Definition
| More balance between abilities & challenges, leading to more enjoyment. |
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Term
| Teachers can maintain intrinsic motivation by... |
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Definition
- Encouraging cooperation
- Contextualizing & personalizing learning
- Supporting autonomy |
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Term
| Johnson & Johnson 1993: 3 goal structures |
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Definition
Competition, cooperation, individualism
Cooperation = BEST |
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Term
| Cordova & Lepper 1996: benefits of contextualizing learning |
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Definition
| acceptable, interesting, relevant |
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Term
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Definition
only effective alter (high school)
increased family conflict: parental burden, child stress
less intrinsic motivation to learn |
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Term
| Benefits of personal choice |
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Definition
intrinsic motivation, better learning with personal choice
requirements reduce intrinsic motivation |
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Term
| Iyengar & Lepper 1999: cultural perspective on intrinsic motivation |
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Definition
individualistic culture (anglo): personal choice > mom or experimenter.
personal choice is more highly motivating for individualists, & learn more.
collectivist culture (asian): mom's choice > personal > experimenter
in-group choice is more highly motivating for collectivists, & learn more. |
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Term
| Bao & Lamm, 2009: autonomy vs collectivism |
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Definition
| they can work together if you can accept and internalize it |
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Term
| Iyengar & Lepper 2000: when choice is demotivating |
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Definition
choice overload hypothesis: too many options can lead to paralysis and a lack of motivation
jam and optional paper: more people likely to choose something if there is less choice |
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Term
| McCullough & Willoughby 2009: religion vs. wb |
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Definition
religiousness = high levels of traditional belief, frequent involvement in relg institutions, engagement in relg practices...
more religiousness = greater well-being, higher GPA, lower divorce rates, higher marital satisfaction, and reduced mortality
explanations: social support, prescribing health-promoting behaviors |
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Term
| McCullough & Willoughby 2009: religiousness vs. self-control |
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Definition
self-control: goals+monitoring+strength
moderated by how religion has been internalized.
focus on self-improvement and community involvement
structure limits conflict |
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Term
| organismic integration theory |
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Definition
people are inherently motivated to internalize the regulation of uninteresting though important activities.
different internalization processes: introjection vs. identification/integration
these result in qualitatively different self-regulatory styles
the social context influences which internalization process and regulatory style occurs |
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Term
| Ryan, Rigby, & King 1993: different styles of internalization in religion |
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Definition
different samples of age-varied Christians, measure type of internalization and various adjustment outcomes
identified > introjection: global self-esteem, identity integration, and self-actualization.
introjection > identified: anxiety, depression |
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Term
| Vallerand 1990: age vs. religion |
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Definition
| introjection (vs. identification) = depression, unsatisfied with life, lower self-estem, negative meaning in life |
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Term
| Jousemette 2005: how to facilitate healthy internalization |
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Definition
1. provide a meaningful rationale
2. acknowledge the behaver's feelings
3. convey a sense of choice
account for developmental capacities and interests. |
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Term
| non-religious options (to get the motivational benefits) |
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Definition
| try a secular version, adopting ideals into everyday lives |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which cultural beliefs and practices which are adopted by the individual and then enacted in the absence of immediate external contingencies or constraints |
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Term
| Downie et al. 2004: adjustment w/ internalization |
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Definition
bi-cultural integration is linked to global w-b
positive and negative affect in heritage and host cultural contexts is linked to the degree of internalization |
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Term
| Downie et al. 2007: why can some internalize and integrate better? |
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Definition
parental autonomy-support.
internalization of host culture is insignificantly associated with better well-being and adjustment in the USA (not other countries).
internalization of heritage culture is significantly associated with better adjustment and well-being |
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Term
| Chrikov & Ryan 2004: four dimensions of culture... |
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Definition
individualistic vs collectivistic: equally easily internalized
horizontal vs vertical: horizontal is easy, vertical is difficult to fully internalize. |
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Term
| Farah's indications of poverty |
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Definition
Don't own a home
Move almost once per year
Single parenting
Living with relatives
Public assistance: welfare and food stamps
Charity clothes
Exposure to violence and drugs |
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Term
| Family's roles to develop expertise |
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Definition
child-centred
achievement-oriented
responsibility training |
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Term
| Hart & Risley 1995 child language study |
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Definition
recording the number of words that a child learns by age 4
professional: 45 million
working: 26 million
welfare: 13 million
professional 5-year-old knows as many words as a welfare-class adult. |
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Term
| Deci: critical development experiences |
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Definition
autonomy support
structure (for competence)
involvement (for relatedness)
safety and security
lack of these qualities = underparenting --> no healthy internalization or intrinsic motivation --> unlikely to see positive growth and development |
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Term
| Farah's research on brain development in poverty |
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Definition
children have overwhelming biological stress, leading to lower IQ because of the hindrance of brain structure development.
implicates working memory, executive functioning, language abilities.
inappropriate overstimulation vs. understimulation.
need scaffolding |
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Term
| moving out of poverty (casinos cherokees) |
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Definition
| improved behavior; parents have more time to supervise and invest in children |
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Term
| Wealthy parent risks + Deci |
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Definition
| ego involvement in the child's outcomes; highly demanding, pressuring goals; specific and rigorous, perfectionist |
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Term
| Grolnick 2002: parental involvement |
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Definition
| parental ego involvement happens when emphasizing the responsibility for the child's success |
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Term
| Luthar 2003: wealthy kids as an at-risk population |
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Definition
more anxiety and depression, and substance abuse (self-medicating) compared to national norms / middle-class families
girls show both internalizing and externalizing behaviors, while boys show just externalizing behaviors; extra trouble?
mediators:
- excessive parental pressure for achievement
- isolation from parents: absence of supervision, less emotional closeness |
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Term
| Rosenfeld 2000 hyperparenting |
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Definition
| wanting their child to be the best; wanting to be the best parent instead of wanting the best FOR the child. |
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Term
| Rosenfeld: hyperparenting |
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Definition
over-involvement: micromanaging, and too many expectations
over-stimulation: overscheduling
can be avoided by...
- being aware of subculture pressures
- trust in child's Organismic development
- maintain own goals apart from child goals
- maintain couple relationship
- elaborating a new definition of child's success |
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Term
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Definition
| feeling a sense of volition and choice in one's behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| take and acknowledge parent's perspectives, provide choices, provide meaningful rationale |
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Term
| Williams smoking cessation study |
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Definition
autonomy support = encouraging questions and initiation by patient; taking the patient's perspective; providing choices
advise, assist, and arrange. |
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Term
| Williams medical adherence study |
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Definition
most common reasons for noncompliance:
-symptoms
-hard to change habits
-demands of work and family
doctor should ask whether it is reasonable |
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Term
| The activated patient - Hagger & Chatzisarantis 2009 |
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Definition
gather information and shop around for a doctor
record what the doctor says: repeat prescription schedule
inform if the prescription doesn't fit your schedule or you have had previous negative experiences
ask for referrals to support groups or allied professionals |
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Term
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Definition
| buying into the American Dream is associated with lower well-being and extrinsic goals being central to personality |
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Term
| Kasser 2002 framework of aspirations |
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Definition
extrinsic: depend on contingent reaction of others, means to an end. money, fame, power.
intrinsic: expressive of natural growth tendencies, likely to satisfy basic psychological needs. close relationships, community involvement, personal growth.
relative balance is important |
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Term
| Kasser interviews of aspirations vs. well-being |
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Definition
intrinsic: self-actualization and vitality
extrinsic: depression and physical symptoms |
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Term
| Kasser's recommendations for aspirations |
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Definition
can't abandon extrinsic altogether; they have currency in modern life. instead, make sure our extrinsic focus is moderate and outweighed by intrinsic.
become aware of societal, social, and personal factors driving us toward materialism |
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