Term
|
Definition
| A disease- producing microrganism that are mediated by virulence factors possed by pathogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Determined by quantitative measure (ID 50) |
|
|
Term
| T/F Neither virulence nore "relative" host resistance is a constance factor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does Infection equal Disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any situation where microbe is estabilshed and growing in or on host |
|
|
Term
| Are there healty carriers for many pathogens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the damage or injury to host? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 main factors of infection? |
|
Definition
1. Contact
2. Adhesion
3. Colonization
4. Invasion |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of Normal microbiota/ normal flora? |
|
Definition
1. Microbes normally found at an anatomical site
2. Normal flora can produce infection but in general do not cause disease |
|
|
Term
| What are two types of infections that can result from injury or invasive procedures? |
|
Definition
1. Dental work (#1 entrance)
2. Rupture of a appendix |
|
|
Term
| Where are infections from overgrowth of microbes in normally steriles sites of body? |
|
Definition
| UTIs (Uriniary Tract Infection) |
|
|
Term
| What are the roles played by indigenous microbes in stimulating or shaping the immune response? |
|
Definition
1. Incompatibility of blood types
2. Arthritis
3. Cardiovascular inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What is the mucous membrane against? |
|
Definition
| Loose associa tion vs. specific cell-cell interaction |
|
|
Term
| If it is loose then it is routinely shed, what is an example? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If it is specific cell-cell interaction then cells firmly attach and may invade. What is an example? |
|
Definition
| Fimbraie: E. coli 0157:H7 |
|
|
Term
| What type of barrier is the skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the Skin is Resident (indigenous) vs. Transient microbiota |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What rids the skin the transients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F The skin is a mechanically strong barrier that is constantly shed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the shedding of skin control? |
|
Definition
| Resident populations but also sheds bacteria into the environment. |
|
|
Term
| Most skin commensals are...? |
|
Definition
| Gram positive (+), resident (reproduce) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gram negative (-), do not reproduce |
|
|
Term
| What are the two major hangouts? |
|
Definition
| Sweat and follicular sebaceous glands |
|
|
Term
| What 3 things does populations change with? |
|
Definition
| weather, age, and hygiene |
|
|
Term
| What are two examples of population changes? |
|
Definition
1. Children have greater diverity and more pathogens G (-)
2. Women have greater diversity on hands |
|
|
Term
| Where are commensals found and what do they stimulate? |
|
Definition
| Normally on skin and is responsible for continually stimulating immune response |
|
|
Term
| What are 5 types of commensals? |
|
Definition
| Staph. Epidermis, Corneybacteria, Proptionibacterium, Yeast, and Gram negatives |
|
|
Term
| Where is Staph. epidermis and Corneybacterium found? |
|
Definition
| Dry areas and sweat glands |
|
|
Term
| What stain type and Oxygen type is Proprionibacterium? |
|
Definition
| Gram positive (+) and anaerobe |
|
|
Term
| Where is proprionibacterium found? |
|
Definition
| The skin glands, the microbes break down the secreted lipids |
|
|
Term
| What 2 things does Propionbacterium do when they break down the secreted lipids? |
|
Definition
1. Generate volatile compounds (body odor)
2. Hormonally controlled overproduction of sebum (acne (vulgaris) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are gram-negatives found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the normal microbiota of the nose found? |
|
Definition
just inside the nostriles (nares)
Also sheds onto facial skin surrounding nostrils |
|
|
Term
| What are two examples of the noraml microbiota of the nostrils? |
|
Definition
1.Staph. epidermis
2. Staph. Aureus |
|
|
Term
| T/F The tonsillar crypts are anaerobes and are apart of the naspharynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three potential pathogens of the Nasopharynx that 5 -15% of healthy individuals carry? |
|
Definition
1. Streptococcus
2. Corneybacterium
3. Neisseria |
|
|
Term
| What are the two streps of the Oropharynx (throat at back of mouth)? |
|
Definition
1. α- hemolytic Strep: normal
2. β-hemolytic Strep: strep. throat |
|
|
Term
| T/F there are no normal microbiota in the lower repiratory tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are microbes removed by in the lower respiratory tract? |
|
Definition
1. Mucociliary blanket
2. Phagocytic cells |
|
|
Term
| When are the normal mucrobiota of the mouth colonized? |
|
Definition
| Within hours after birth, there are many unknown, specialized environment. |
|
|
Term
| What type of film is produced in the mouth? |
|
Definition
| Biofilm (extracellular polysaccharides) has adherence to gums and teeth |
|
|
Term
| What are three examples of biofilms? |
|
Definition
1. Strep. Mutans- Dental carries
2. Lactobacillus- Dental carries
3. Bacteroides: Periodontal diesase |
|
|
Term
| What is a complex assortment of facultatives and anaerobes that have an encrusted biofilm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The microflora in the stomach is ...? |
|
Definition
| Unculturable that live in the mucouse lining of the stomach (higher ph) |
|
|
Term
| How does Helicobacteria survive in the stomach? |
|
Definition
50 % of worlds population
Has urease- so get on wall, get on fold and makes urease, rasies pH, then burrow in. then peptic ulcer forms. You can get Helicobacteria from mom. |
|
|
Term
| What are transicent bacteria killed by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can trancients survive? |
|
Definition
1. Pass through stomach quickly
2. Ingested in food particles
3. Ingested "in bulk"
Pathogen: Vibrio cholerae: 102 to 103 |
|
|
Term
| In the colon how many are unknown and unculturable? |
|
Definition
1. Unknown: 60%
2. Unculturable: 80% |
|
|
Term
| T/F the colon contains the largest microbial population of body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is a huge difference between individuals in the colon, what are the two differences? |
|
Definition
1. Diet
2. Physiological differences
3. Immune response (she added a third one) |
|
|
Term
| How does the colon aid in non-specific immune defense? |
|
Definition
| By secreting bacteriocins |
|
|
Term
| What are two bacteriocins? |
|
Definition
1. E. coli- colicins
2. E. coli- feeds on intestinal mucus not feces and produces B12
|
|
|
Term
| What are the oxygen for the type of flora in the colon? |
|
Definition
| Anaerobes and facultatives (constant slughing, rapid replacement) |
|
|
Term
| They are self regulating but can be disturbed by what two things? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Genitourinary tract the Kidneys, urethra, and bladder are normally ________? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The male genital tract has what type of action? |
|
Definition
| Continuous flushing action |
|
|
Term
| What three things are thefemal genital tract effected by? |
|
Definition
1. Acid-tolerant lactobacilli predominate
2. Dynamic due to hormonal cycle
3. Sensitive to stress, hromonal changes, and antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| What type of process is commenals? |
|
Definition
| Beneficial but not for the host |
|
|
Term
| What four things do commensals have? |
|
Definition
1. Bacterial antimicrobial peptides
2. Bacterial immunomodulins
3. Small amounts of enterotozins
4. Vaccine delivery system |
|
|
Term
| What are bacterial immunomodulins? |
|
Definition
| Bacterial catalase: promtoes cytokine production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Promotes antiproliferative response that provides resistance to cancer |
|
|
Term
| What are vaccine delivery systems? |
|
Definition
| Commensals modified to carry pathogen antigens |
|
|
Term
| What are three advantages of commensals? |
|
Definition
1. Prevent colonizaiton by pathogens
2. Out compete transients
3. Secret inhibitory chemicals
|
|
|
Term
| What is the disadvantages of commensals? |
|
Definition
| They are opportunistic pathogens which means the normal microbiota can produce diease under certain circumstances. |
|
|
Term
| Commensal have a compromised host which is? |
|
Definition
| Lowered resistance to infection |
|
|
Term
| What are two examples of compromised hosts? |
|
Definition
| strep. pneumoniae and influenza |
|
|
Term
| What is the immune system? |
|
Definition
Wide distribution of cells, tissues, and organs
it has "self" vs " non self" recognition
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to resist a particular disease or infection |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is adaptave immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has generalized resistance and no memory (does not improve with repeated exposure)? |
|
Definition
| Nonspecific immune response: innate or natural |
|
|
Term
| What has a specific resistance to a specific foreign agent which is an antigen and has a memory (omproves with repeated exposure to antigen) |
|
Definition
| Specific immune response: Adaptive or acquired |
|
|
Term
| T/F some of the cells in the immune system are involved in both innate and adaptive immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main cell of the immune system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 groups of Leukocytes (WBC)? |
|
Definition
1. Lymphocytes: NK, T cells, and B cells
2. Macrophages
3. Mast cells
4. Granularcytes |
|
|
Term
| How does some pathogens invade immune system cells? |
|
Definition
| They hide from the immune system and use the cell as a taxi |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of granulocytes? |
|
Definition
1. Eosinohiles
2. Basophils
3.Neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| What type of dyes are Eosinophiles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of dyes are Basophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What releases antimicrobial peptides and oxygen radicals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are responsible for basophils? |
|
Definition
| Heparin,histamine, Phagocytic |
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils are _________ and kill with enzymes and nitrous oxide. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the infection associated with Eosinophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What reaction is associated with Basophiles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In neutrophils: the _________ is to site of inflammation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basophils (Allergies) and Neutrophils (Tissue damage) are? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Histamine and Vasoactive molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lysozyme, Cathelicidins, lactoferrin, and defensin |
|
|
Term
| T/F Mast cells of Allergies are located in particular sites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do Allergies rupture and release ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of trigger for mast cells? |
|
Definition
| Physical, chemical, specific etc. |
|
|
Term
| An important role allergies and hypersensitivities? |
|
Definition
Hives
(Granules with pharmacologically active agents) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the prescence of ______ causes B cells to produce non- specific antibodies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the T cells Help? |
|
Definition
| Help B- cells and Kill (Some have a role in innate immunity) |
|
|
Term
| What are macrophages considered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrophages are highly _______? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since macrophages are highly phagocytic they move around and phagocytize cellular debris or ____ tagged for removal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are macrophages named? |
|
Definition
| Named according to the tissue in which they reside (Alveolar, synovial, microglual,etc.) |
|
|
Term
| Dendrites have many _____: have dendrites like neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dendrite cells take part in what two response systems? |
|
Definition
| Nonspecific resistance and specific immune response |
|
|
Term
| Dendritic cells are _______ and involved in " antigen presentation" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The complement C system is an alternative pathway an is ___________, may be triggered during membrane inversion events. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The complement C system have soluble c protein factors where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The complement c pathway has a major activity. What is it? |
|
Definition
| The formation of hole in target. MAC |
|
|
Term
| The innate mechanism involes __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The innate mechanism has what type of receptors, which are on the surface og mucosal cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the toll-like receptors recognize? |
|
Definition
| Glycosylation or proteinaceous patterns present on microbes. |
|
|
Term
| The cytokines in innate mechanisms have what two things? |
|
Definition
| Interleukins and interferons |
|
|
Term
| What are the defensions of the innate mechanism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the CRP of the innate mechanism? |
|
Definition
| The C reactive protein which is produced in response to inflammation. (Now used to prevent heart attacks) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two enzymes of innate mechanisms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the cardinal signs of inflammation? |
|
Definition
| Redness, Warmth, Pain, and Swelling |
|
|
Term
| What is considered increased blood flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is considered increased temp, limits pathogens growth (some take advantage of the increase in temp) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pressure on nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the formation of fibrin clots prevents spread of pathogens? (What is the down side (influx of immune system cells)) |
|
Definition
|
|
