Term
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Definition
| The years of rapid physical growth and sexual maturation that end childhood, producing a person of adult size, shape, and sexuality |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ produce external growth and internal changes including heightened emotions and sexual desires |
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Term
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Definition
| The time period from the ages 8 to 14 |
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Term
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Definition
| The _____ gland located in the brain responds to a signal from the hypothalamus by producing many hormones, including those that regulate growth and control other glands including the adrenal gland |
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Term
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Definition
| Two glands located above the kidneys producing hormones including stress hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
| Production of many hormones is regulated deep within the brain where biochemical signals from the _____ signal another brain structure the pituitary to go into action and the pituitary signals the ____ gland; This process is called the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormalities in the ____ are associated with eating disorders, anxiety, and depression |
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Term
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Definition
| Many pathologies are connected to ______ and appear for the first time or worsen at puberty |
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Term
| GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing) |
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Definition
| _______ hormone causes the gonads to enlarge and dramatically increase their production of sex hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| ______, a sex hormone, is considered the chief estrogen. Females produce more then boys |
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Term
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Definition
| _____, a sex hormone, is the best known of the androgens (male hormones) secreted in far greater amounts in males then females. |
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Term
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Definition
| Both sex hormones affect the body's entire shape and functioning including hormones that regulate ____ and ______. |
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Term
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Definition
| Estrogen increase __ times for girls during puberty |
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Term
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Definition
| Testosterone increases __ times for boys during puberty |
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Term
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Definition
| Puberty alters ____ rhythms |
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Term
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Definition
| The hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulate hormones that affect _____, _____, and _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormones cause a "phase delay" in the sleep-wake patterns making some teens sleepy in the ____ and wide awake at ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dangers of ______ include accidents, insomnia, nightmares, and mood disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| About two thirds of variation in age of puberty is ______, evident not only in families but also in ethnic groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ also affects the age of puberty at least in girls |
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Term
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Definition
| ____, a hormone that affects appetite and is believed to affect the onset of puberty, is more active in females |
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Term
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Definition
| Leptin levels increase during childhood and peak at around age __. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stress, diet, and where the teen lives, urban vs rural, all affect _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| All the changes of puberty depend on adequate nourishment, yet many adolescents do not consume enough _____ and ______. Skipping meals and eating junk. |
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Term
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Definition
| menstruation depletes ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ is more common among adolescent girls than among any other age group |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ is often found in green veggies, eggs, and meat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Recommended intake of calcium for teenagers is ____ mg; most consume less than ___ mg. |
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Term
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Definition
| About half of adult bone mass is acquired from age __ to __ which means many contemporary teens will develop osteoporosis, a major cause of disability, injury, and death in late adulthood. |
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Term
-Fast food establishments near high schools
-Dollar menu lacks good food choices
-Vending machines in schools
-Banning unhealthy food at school has a positive effect but more is needed
-Education an effective intervention, for life! |
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Definition
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Term
-Can lead to eating disorders
-Anorexia Nervosa
-Bulimia Nervosa
-The family eating together may be one of the best interventions
-Eating habits and body image are learned at home |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Transformations of puberty follow this sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| when, where, and how much depends on heredity, hormones, diet, exercise, and gender |
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Term
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Definition
| follows weight a year or two later ending the clumsiness of early puberty |
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Term
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Definition
| strength increases for both sexes |
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Term
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Definition
| Lungs ____ in weight, consequently breathing is more slow and deeper |
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Term
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Definition
| Heart ____ in size and beats more ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| Both height and weight increases occur before ____ growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Only the _____ system (which includes the tonsils and adenoids) decreases in size, making teens less susceptible to respiratory ailments, less cases of mild asthma, colds |
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Term
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Definition
| The sex characteristics that occur first? |
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Term
| Primary Sex Characteristics |
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Definition
| the parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis |
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Term
| Secondary Sex Characteristics |
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Definition
| Physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity such as a man's beard and a woman's breasts |
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Term
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Definition
| Influenced by ____ and ____, all adolescents have sexual interests they did not previously have (biology), which produce behaviors that teens in other nations would not do (culture) |
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Term
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Definition
| Choosing a sexual partner is a private and personal matter but ____ has a strong influence |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ teachings affect sexual behavior worldwide |
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Term
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Definition
| A teen's _____ affects sexual activity as well; sexual activity has ____ since the 1990s |
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Term
-Teen births have overall decreased
-The use of "protection" has risen
-The teen abortion rate is down |
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Definition
| Problems with sexual activity |
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Term
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Definition
| Like the other parts of the body, different parts of the ____ grow at different rates |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ system matures before the prefrontal cortex, and hormones target this area |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ can rule behavior in teens |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ and maturation proceed from the inner brain to the cortex and from back to front |
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Term
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Definition
| Instinctual and emotional areas develop _____ the reflective and analytic |
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Term
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Definition
| Fast reaction time, with increased _____ and slower inhibition reactions are lightning fast |
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Term
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Definition
| Before the brain becomes fully mature (age 25) and before another wave of pruning (age 18) young brains have fast growing _____ and sections that remain _____. This facilities the acquisition of new ideas, words, memories, and personality patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ growth enhances moral development, questioning elders, and forging their own standards |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ that last a lifetime are established |
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Term
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Definition
| The teen brain is wired for _____; a passion for ideas and ideals |
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Term
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Definition
| All of this is possible in the teen brain because of this unique stage of _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a surprise to know that sometimes ____ do not know what they are thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain maturation, intense conversations, additional years of schooling, moral challenges, and increased independence all occur between the ages __ and __ |
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Term
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Definition
| A characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads to young people (ages 10-13) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others |
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Term
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Definition
| Maturation of the brain heightens ______ |
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Term
-Teens think about themselves
-Teens think about what others think of them |
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Definition
| Egocentrism has two aspects regarding teen thinking... |
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Term
| parents;school;classmates |
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Definition
| Teens are attempting to make sense of their conflicting feeling regarding their ____, _____, and _____ and think deeply (but not always realistically) about their future; leads to texting, email, phone calls, and rumination about everything in their life |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in both sexes and all ethnic groups |
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Term
| unique;special;significant |
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Definition
| Teens regard themselves as ____, ____, and much more socially _____ than they actually are |
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Term
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Definition
| Imagining someone else's perspective can be ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| Teens interpret everyone else's behavior as if it were a _____ on them |
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Term
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Definition
| Focus on _____ appearance is very important |
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Term
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Definition
| An aspect of adolescent egocentrism characterized by a teen's belief that his or her thoughts, feeling, and experiences are unique, more wonderful, or awful than anyone else's |
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Term
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Definition
| An adolescent's egocentric conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotected sex, drug abuse, or high speed driving |
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Term
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Definition
| The other people who, in an adolescent's egocentric belief, are watching and taking note of his or her appearance, ideas, and beliefs. This belief makes many teenagers very self-conscious |
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Term
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Definition
| Some adolescents do not feel invincible; in fact, some have an ______ perception of risks |
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Term
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Definition
| Some researchers believe that _______ may signal growth toward cognitive maturity |
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Term
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Definition
| Egocentrism is _____ each time an individual enters into a new environmental context or dramatically new life situation |
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Term
| Formal Operational Thought |
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Definition
| The fourth and final stage of cognitive development, characterized by more systematic logical thinking and by the ability to understand and systematically manipulate abstract concepts |
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Term
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Definition
| Reasoning that includes proposition and possibilities that may not reflect reality |
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Term
| Deductive Reasoning (top-down) |
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Definition
| Begins with an abstract idea or premise and then uses logic to draw specific conclusions |
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Term
| Inductive Reasoning (bottom-up) |
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Definition
| Predominates during the school years as children accumulate facts and personal experiences (the knowledge base) to aid their thought |
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Term
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Definition
| Reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle using logical steps to figure out specifics |
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Term
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Definition
| Reasoning from one or more specific experiences of facts to reach a general conclusion |
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Term
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Definition
| The notion that two networks exist within the human brain, one for emotional and one for analytical processing of stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| Thought that arises form an emotion or a hunch, beyond rational explanation and is influenced by past experiences and cultural assumption |
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Term
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Definition
| Thought that results form evaluation, such as a systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities, and facts; depends on logic and rationality |
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Term
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Definition
| The conviction that when a person has already spent money, time, or effort that cannot be recovered they should continue to try to achieve the desired goal because otherwise that previous effort is wasted; this happens to people of all ages |
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Term
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Definition
| A person ignores statistical information about the frequency of a phenomenon and instead makes a decision on a personal basis, influenced perhaps by a vivid experience |
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Term
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Definition
| With ______, logical, reflective thinking becomes more possible |
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Term
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Definition
| Current research recognizes that there are two modes of cognition: People sometimes use ______ thinking and other times prefer quick, intuitive reasoning. The second kind of thinking is ______, quicker, and more intense that formal operational thought. |
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Term
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Definition
| Grades 7 through 12 or ages 12 to 18, the period between grade school and college |
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Term
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Definition
| Persons who complete ______ education are healthier and wealthier as adults |
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Term
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Definition
| Middle school, __ to __ years old; academic achievement decreases and behavioral problems rise |
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Term
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Definition
| Period of high stress with kids entering puberty could be a cause for _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| Grades usually ____ because teachers mark more harshly and students become less conscientious |
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Term
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Definition
| High stress in _____ can lead students to blame others; teachers report more behavior problems |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ schools and class sizes improve student grades |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ found in most classrooms regardless if rich or poor/male or female |
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Term
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Definition
| Computers and cell phones are used for ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ may help adolescents move past egocentric thought |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ connections bring friends closer together and reduce social isolation |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ encourages rapid shifts of attention, multitasking without reflection, visual learning instead of invisible analysis |
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Term
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Definition
| Technology can become addictive, example ___ of boys play video games daily, taking time away from chores and homework |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ of any kind limits life experience with the harm especially severe when the brain is still growing |
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Term
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Definition
| bully-victims are most likely to engage in and suffer from ____ bullying |
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Term
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Definition
| Changing _____ during the growth spurt or when new sexual impulses arise is stressful |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormones, body changes, sexual experiences, family conflict, and cultural expectations also add ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| Stress can lead to _____ absenteeism, externalizing behavior |
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Term
| Identity vs Role Confusion |
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Definition
| Fifth Ericson stage in which a person tries to figure out "who am I" |
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Term
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Definition
| Ericson's term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans |
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Term
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Definition
| Teens reconsider the ____ and _____ of their parents and culture, accepting some and discarding others and through this process define themselves |
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Term
-Achievement
-Role Confusion
-Foreclosure
-Moratorium |
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Definition
| Four ways teens cope with this stage of life |
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Term
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Definition
| Major psychosocial shifts have lengthened the duration of adolescence and make this more complex |
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Term
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Definition
| The opposite of achievement, characterized by lack of commitment to any goals or values, teen appears unfocused and unconcerned about their future, may sleep too much, or turn from one romance to another; thinking is disorganized, they procrastinate, and avoid issues and actions |
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Term
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Definition
| Premature identify formation, teens adopt parents' or society's roles and values wholesale, without questioning or analysis; this occurs to help stop all the confusion teens are having, it's a comfortable shelter |
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Term
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Definition
| Adolescents may foreclose completely on a ____ identity without any thoughtful questioning |
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Term
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Definition
| A adolescent's choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions like going to college |
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Term
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Definition
| Today attaining autonomy and achieving identity before age __ is unlikely |
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Term
-Religious
-Political
-Vocational
-Sexual |
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Definition
Four areas of identity formation...
(most do not achieve all four by age 18) |
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Term
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Definition
| Few totally reject religion because faith provides meaning and coping skills; most adolescents accept the religious identity of their parents and culture, questioning specific beliefs as their cognitive processes allow more reflective, less concrete assumptions, but they do not have a crisis of faith unless unusual circumstances propel it |
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Term
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Definition
| Most adolescents follow the political traditions of their parents; most young adults identify as independent |
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Term
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Definition
| Not as important today because most people have multiple during their lifetime |
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Term
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Definition
| Now called gender identity, is a person's acceptance of the roles and behaviors that society associates with the biological categories of male and female |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ usually begins with the person's biological sex and leads to assumption of a gender role, behavior that society considers appropriate for the gender |
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Term
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Definition
| Disputes with parents are common because the adolescent's drive for ______ clashes with the parent's desire to maintain control; especially in mothers/daughters |
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Term
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Definition
| repeated petty argument (more nagging than fighting) about routine day-to-day concerns such as cleanliness, clothes, chores, and schedules; some is healthy, indicates closeness |
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Term
-Communication
-Support
-Connectedness
-Control |
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Definition
| Family closeness has four aspects... |
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Term
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Definition
| Parental knowledge about each child's whereabouts, activities, and companions |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ should be a part of a warm supportive relationship; children are likely to become confident, well educated adults, avoiding drugs and risky sex |
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Term
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Definition
| Other adults, pastors, teachers, coaches, influential relatives, siblings, cousins, aunts and uncles, grandparents, can become a valued confidant to a teen encouraging either _____ or ______ behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Never underestimate the importance of _____ approval for adolescents |
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Term
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Definition
| Encouragement to conform to one's friends or contemporaries in behavior, dress, and attitude; usually considered a negative force, as when adolescents encourage one another to defy adult authority; can be used for good purposes |
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Term
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Definition
| A cluster of close friends who are loyal to one another and who exclude outsiders |
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Term
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Definition
| A larger group of adolescents who share common interests |
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Term
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Definition
| Both ___ and _____ provide social control and social support |
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Term
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Definition
| In which one person shows another how to rebel against social norms |
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Term
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Definition
| It is not accurate to imagine that an upstanding, innocent teen is somehow corrupted by _____ friends; Adolescents ____ their friends and models not always wisely, but never randomly |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ and _____ are two helpful concepts, teens choose cliques whose values and interests they share |
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Term
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Definition
| If a teens friends are doing something good or bad they are more likely to also engage in it, peer ______ helps adolescents act in ways they are unlikely to act on their own |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ can be like family to a teen |
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Term
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Definition
| Early exclusive romances are more often a sign of social trouble than maturity, especially for girls |
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Term
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Definition
| First romances usually appear in high school and last less than ___ year, with girls having a steady partner more often then boys |
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Term
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Definition
| Breakups are common and unreciprocated crushes, both can be ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| A term that refers to whether a person is sexually and romantically attracted to others of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes |
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Term
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Definition
| Whether or not an adolescent becomes sexually active depends on ____, _____, and _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| Adults and peers provide _______ either explicit or implicit through examples, expressions, or silences |
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Term
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Definition
| Sex education policies vary dramatically, _____ schools begin sex education in elementary school and have a significantly lower teen pregnancy rate |
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Term
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Definition
| A deep sadness and hopelessness that disrupts all normal regular activities, feelings of hopelessness, lethargy, and worthlessness that last two weeks or more; causes predate puberty including genes and early care |
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Term
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Definition
| Clinical depression rates rise in boys 1 in __ and girls 1 in __, reasons for gender differences not known |
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Term
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Definition
| Talking about remembering and mentally replaying past experiences, more common in girls |
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Term
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Definition
| Serious, distressing thoughts about killing oneself; reaches its peak at age 15 |
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Term
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Definition
| Stress can lead to depression and thoughts of _____ |
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Term
| Parasuicide (attempted suicide) |
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Definition
| Any deliberate self-harm that could have been lethal |
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Term
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Definition
| Depression and parasuicide are far more common among ____, completed suicide among ____ |
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Term
| Life-course-persistent-offender |
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Definition
| A person whose criminal activity typically begins in early adolescences and continues throughout life, a career criminal; more common in boys than girls |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurological impairment (either born or caused by early life experience) increases the risk for _____ |
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Term
-Deviant friends
-Few connections to school
-Living in a crowded, violent unstable neighborhood
-Not having a job
-Using drugs/alcohol
-Having close relatives in jail |
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Definition
| Psychosocial causes for delinquency include... |
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Term
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Definition
-Variations in use depend on where you live
-By generation and gender
-Harms developing hearts, lungs, brains, and reproductive organs
-Alcohol is the most commonly abused |
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