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Human Growth & Development Test 4
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156
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
04/20/2013

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Term
Puberty
Definition
The years of rapid physical growth and sexual maturation that end childhood, producing a person of adult size, shape, and sexuality
Term
Hormones
Definition
_____ produce external growth and internal changes including heightened emotions and sexual desires
Term
Adolescence
Definition
The time period from the ages 8 to 14
Term
Pituitary
Definition
The _____ gland located in the brain responds to a signal from the hypothalamus by producing many hormones, including those that regulate growth and control other glands including the adrenal gland
Term
Adrenal Gland
Definition
Two glands located above the kidneys producing hormones including stress hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
Term
hypothalamus;adrenal
Definition
Production of many hormones is regulated deep within the brain where biochemical signals from the _____ signal another brain structure the pituitary to go into action and the pituitary signals the ____ gland; This process is called the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA)
Term
HPA
Definition
Abnormalities in the ____ are associated with eating disorders, anxiety, and depression
Term
hormones
Definition
Many pathologies are connected to ______ and appear for the first time or worsen at puberty
Term
GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing)
Definition
_______ hormone causes the gonads to enlarge and dramatically increase their production of sex hormones
Term
Estradiol
Definition
______, a sex hormone, is considered the chief estrogen. Females produce more then boys
Term
Testosterone
Definition
_____, a sex hormone, is the best known of the androgens (male hormones) secreted in far greater amounts in males then females.
Term
stress;immunity
Definition
Both sex hormones affect the body's entire shape and functioning including hormones that regulate ____ and ______.
Term
8
Definition
Estrogen increase __ times for girls during puberty
Term
20
Definition
Testosterone increases __ times for boys during puberty
Term
circadian
Definition
Puberty alters ____ rhythms
Term
stress;appetite;sleep
Definition
The hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulate hormones that affect _____, _____, and _____.
Term
morning;midnight
Definition
Hormones cause a "phase delay" in the sleep-wake patterns making some teens sleepy in the ____ and wide awake at ____.
Term
sleep deprivation
Definition
Dangers of ______ include accidents, insomnia, nightmares, and mood disorders.
Term
genetic
Definition
About two thirds of variation in age of puberty is ______, evident not only in families but also in ethnic groups.
Term
Body fat
Definition
_____ also affects the age of puberty at least in girls
Term
Leptin
Definition
____, a hormone that affects appetite and is believed to affect the onset of puberty, is more active in females
Term
12
Definition
Leptin levels increase during childhood and peak at around age __.
Term
development
Definition
Stress, diet, and where the teen lives, urban vs rural, all affect _____.
Term
vitamins;minerals
Definition
All the changes of puberty depend on adequate nourishment, yet many adolescents do not consume enough _____ and ______. Skipping meals and eating junk.
Term
iron
Definition
menstruation depletes ____
Term
Anemia
Definition
____ is more common among adolescent girls than among any other age group
Term
Iron
Definition
____ is often found in green veggies, eggs, and meat.
Term
1,300;500
Definition
Recommended intake of calcium for teenagers is ____ mg; most consume less than ___ mg.
Term
10;20
Definition
About half of adult bone mass is acquired from age __ to __ which means many contemporary teens will develop osteoporosis, a major cause of disability, injury, and death in late adulthood.
Term
-Fast food establishments near high schools
-Dollar menu lacks good food choices
-Vending machines in schools
-Banning unhealthy food at school has a positive effect but more is needed
-Education an effective intervention, for life!
Definition
Choices made (know this)
Term
-Can lead to eating disorders
-Anorexia Nervosa
-Bulimia Nervosa
-The family eating together may be one of the best interventions
-Eating habits and body image are learned at home
Definition
Body image
Term
-Weight
-Height
-Muscles
Definition
Transformations of puberty follow this sequence
Term
Weight
Definition
when, where, and how much depends on heredity, hormones, diet, exercise, and gender
Term
Height
Definition
follows weight a year or two later ending the clumsiness of early puberty
Term
Muscles
Definition
strength increases for both sexes
Term
triple
Definition
Lungs ____ in weight, consequently breathing is more slow and deeper
Term
doubles;slowly
Definition
Heart ____ in size and beats more ____
Term
organ
Definition
Both height and weight increases occur before ____ growth
Term
lymphoid
Definition
Only the _____ system (which includes the tonsils and adenoids) decreases in size, making teens less susceptible to respiratory ailments, less cases of mild asthma, colds
Term
primary
Definition
The sex characteristics that occur first?
Term
Primary Sex Characteristics
Definition
the parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis
Term
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Definition
Physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity such as a man's beard and a woman's breasts
Term
hormones;society
Definition
Influenced by ____ and ____, all adolescents have sexual interests they did not previously have (biology), which produce behaviors that teens in other nations would not do (culture)
Term
culture
Definition
Choosing a sexual partner is a private and personal matter but ____ has a strong influence
Term
Religious
Definition
____ teachings affect sexual behavior worldwide
Term
cohort;decreased
Definition
A teen's _____ affects sexual activity as well; sexual activity has ____ since the 1990s
Term
-Teen births have overall decreased
-The use of "protection" has risen
-The teen abortion rate is down
Definition
Problems with sexual activity
Term
brain
Definition
Like the other parts of the body, different parts of the ____ grow at different rates
Term
Limbic
Definition
_____ system matures before the prefrontal cortex, and hormones target this area
Term
Emotions
Definition
_____ can rule behavior in teens
Term
Myelination
Definition
____ and maturation proceed from the inner brain to the cortex and from back to front
Term
before
Definition
Instinctual and emotional areas develop _____ the reflective and analytic
Term
myelination
Definition
Fast reaction time, with increased _____ and slower inhibition reactions are lightning fast
Term
synapse;unconnected
Definition
Before the brain becomes fully mature (age 25) and before another wave of pruning (age 18) young brains have fast growing _____ and sections that remain _____. This facilities the acquisition of new ideas, words, memories, and personality patterns
Term
Synaptic
Definition
_____ growth enhances moral development, questioning elders, and forging their own standards
Term
Values
Definition
___ that last a lifetime are established
Term
creativity
Definition
The teen brain is wired for _____; a passion for ideas and ideals
Term
development
Definition
All of this is possible in the teen brain because of this unique stage of _____
Term
teens
Definition
It is a surprise to know that sometimes ____ do not know what they are thinking
Term
11;18
Definition
Brain maturation, intense conversations, additional years of schooling, moral challenges, and increased independence all occur between the ages __ and __
Term
Adolescent Egocentrism
Definition
A characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads to young people (ages 10-13) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others
Term
self-consciousness
Definition
Maturation of the brain heightens ______
Term
-Teens think about themselves
-Teens think about what others think of them
Definition
Egocentrism has two aspects regarding teen thinking...
Term
parents;school;classmates
Definition
Teens are attempting to make sense of their conflicting feeling regarding their ____, _____, and _____ and think deeply (but not always realistically) about their future; leads to texting, email, phone calls, and rumination about everything in their life
Term
Egocentrism
Definition
Found in both sexes and all ethnic groups
Term
unique;special;significant
Definition
Teens regard themselves as ____, ____, and much more socially _____ than they actually are
Term
difficult
Definition
Imagining someone else's perspective can be ____
Term
judgment
Definition
Teens interpret everyone else's behavior as if it were a _____ on them
Term
physical
Definition
Focus on _____ appearance is very important
Term
Personal Fable
Definition
An aspect of adolescent egocentrism characterized by a teen's belief that his or her thoughts, feeling, and experiences are unique, more wonderful, or awful than anyone else's
Term
Invincibility Fable
Definition
An adolescent's egocentric conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotected sex, drug abuse, or high speed driving
Term
Imaginary Audience
Definition
The other people who, in an adolescent's egocentric belief, are watching and taking note of his or her appearance, ideas, and beliefs. This belief makes many teenagers very self-conscious
Term
exaggerated
Definition
Some adolescents do not feel invincible; in fact, some have an ______ perception of risks
Term
egocentrism
Definition
Some researchers believe that _______ may signal growth toward cognitive maturity
Term
protective
Definition
Egocentrism is _____ each time an individual enters into a new environmental context or dramatically new life situation
Term
Formal Operational Thought
Definition
The fourth and final stage of cognitive development, characterized by more systematic logical thinking and by the ability to understand and systematically manipulate abstract concepts
Term
Hypothetical Thought
Definition
Reasoning that includes proposition and possibilities that may not reflect reality
Term
Deductive Reasoning (top-down)
Definition
Begins with an abstract idea or premise and then uses logic to draw specific conclusions
Term
Inductive Reasoning (bottom-up)
Definition
Predominates during the school years as children accumulate facts and personal experiences (the knowledge base) to aid their thought
Term
Deductive Reasoning
Definition
Reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle using logical steps to figure out specifics
Term
Inductive Reasoning
Definition
Reasoning from one or more specific experiences of facts to reach a general conclusion
Term
Dual Process Model
Definition
The notion that two networks exist within the human brain, one for emotional and one for analytical processing of stimuli
Term
Intuitive Thought
Definition
Thought that arises form an emotion or a hunch, beyond rational explanation and is influenced by past experiences and cultural assumption
Term
Analytic Thought
Definition
Thought that results form evaluation, such as a systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities, and facts; depends on logic and rationality
Term
Sunk Cost Fallacy
Definition
The conviction that when a person has already spent money, time, or effort that cannot be recovered they should continue to try to achieve the desired goal because otherwise that previous effort is wasted; this happens to people of all ages
Term
Base Rate Neglect
Definition
A person ignores statistical information about the frequency of a phenomenon and instead makes a decision on a personal basis, influenced perhaps by a vivid experience
Term
maturation
Definition
With ______, logical, reflective thinking becomes more possible
Term
analytical;experiential
Definition
Current research recognizes that there are two modes of cognition: People sometimes use ______ thinking and other times prefer quick, intuitive reasoning. The second kind of thinking is ______, quicker, and more intense that formal operational thought.
Term
Secondary Education
Definition
Grades 7 through 12 or ages 12 to 18, the period between grade school and college
Term
secondary
Definition
Persons who complete ______ education are healthier and wealthier as adults
Term
10;13
Definition
Middle school, __ to __ years old; academic achievement decreases and behavioral problems rise
Term
slow learning
Definition
Period of high stress with kids entering puberty could be a cause for _______
Term
fall
Definition
Grades usually ____ because teachers mark more harshly and students become less conscientious
Term
middle school
Definition
High stress in _____ can lead students to blame others; teachers report more behavior problems
Term
Smaller
Definition
_____ schools and class sizes improve student grades
Term
Computers
Definition
____ found in most classrooms regardless if rich or poor/male or female
Term
learning
Definition
Computers and cell phones are used for ____
Term
Social networking
Definition
______ may help adolescents move past egocentric thought
Term
Online
Definition
____ connections bring friends closer together and reduce social isolation
Term
Technology
Definition
_____ encourages rapid shifts of attention, multitasking without reflection, visual learning instead of invisible analysis
Term
1/3
Definition
Technology can become addictive, example ___ of boys play video games daily, taking time away from chores and homework
Term
Addiction
Definition
______ of any kind limits life experience with the harm especially severe when the brain is still growing
Term
cyber
Definition
bully-victims are most likely to engage in and suffer from ____ bullying
Term
schools
Definition
Changing _____ during the growth spurt or when new sexual impulses arise is stressful
Term
stress
Definition
Hormones, body changes, sexual experiences, family conflict, and cultural expectations also add ____
Term
increased
Definition
Stress can lead to _____ absenteeism, externalizing behavior
Term
Identity vs Role Confusion
Definition
Fifth Ericson stage in which a person tries to figure out "who am I"
Term
Identity Achievement
Definition
Ericson's term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans
Term
goals;values
Definition
Teens reconsider the ____ and _____ of their parents and culture, accepting some and discarding others and through this process define themselves
Term
-Achievement
-Role Confusion
-Foreclosure
-Moratorium
Definition
Four ways teens cope with this stage of life
Term
Achievement
Definition
Major psychosocial shifts have lengthened the duration of adolescence and make this more complex
Term
Role Confusion
Definition
The opposite of achievement, characterized by lack of commitment to any goals or values, teen appears unfocused and unconcerned about their future, may sleep too much, or turn from one romance to another; thinking is disorganized, they procrastinate, and avoid issues and actions
Term
Forclosure
Definition
Premature identify formation, teens adopt parents' or society's roles and values wholesale, without questioning or analysis; this occurs to help stop all the confusion teens are having, it's a comfortable shelter
Term
negative
Definition
Adolescents may foreclose completely on a ____ identity without any thoughtful questioning
Term
Moratorium
Definition
A adolescent's choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions like going to college
Term
18
Definition
Today attaining autonomy and achieving identity before age __ is unlikely
Term
-Religious
-Political
-Vocational
-Sexual
Definition
Four areas of identity formation...
(most do not achieve all four by age 18)
Term
Religious Identity
Definition
Few totally reject religion because faith provides meaning and coping skills; most adolescents accept the religious identity of their parents and culture, questioning specific beliefs as their cognitive processes allow more reflective, less concrete assumptions, but they do not have a crisis of faith unless unusual circumstances propel it
Term
Political Identity
Definition
Most adolescents follow the political traditions of their parents; most young adults identify as independent
Term
Vocational Identity
Definition
Not as important today because most people have multiple during their lifetime
Term
Sexual Identity
Definition
Now called gender identity, is a person's acceptance of the roles and behaviors that society associates with the biological categories of male and female
Term
Gender identity
Definition
_____ usually begins with the person's biological sex and leads to assumption of a gender role, behavior that society considers appropriate for the gender
Term
independence
Definition
Disputes with parents are common because the adolescent's drive for ______ clashes with the parent's desire to maintain control; especially in mothers/daughters
Term
Bickering
Definition
repeated petty argument (more nagging than fighting) about routine day-to-day concerns such as cleanliness, clothes, chores, and schedules; some is healthy, indicates closeness
Term
-Communication
-Support
-Connectedness
-Control
Definition
Family closeness has four aspects...
Term
Parental Monitoring
Definition
Parental knowledge about each child's whereabouts, activities, and companions
Term
Monitoring
Definition
____ should be a part of a warm supportive relationship; children are likely to become confident, well educated adults, avoiding drugs and risky sex
Term
destructive;constructive
Definition
Other adults, pastors, teachers, coaches, influential relatives, siblings, cousins, aunts and uncles, grandparents, can become a valued confidant to a teen encouraging either _____ or ______ behavior
Term
peer
Definition
Never underestimate the importance of _____ approval for adolescents
Term
Peer Pressure
Definition
Encouragement to conform to one's friends or contemporaries in behavior, dress, and attitude; usually considered a negative force, as when adolescents encourage one another to defy adult authority; can be used for good purposes
Term
Clique
Definition
A cluster of close friends who are loyal to one another and who exclude outsiders
Term
Crowd
Definition
A larger group of adolescents who share common interests
Term
Clique;Crowd
Definition
Both ___ and _____ provide social control and social support
Term
Deviancy Training
Definition
In which one person shows another how to rebel against social norms
Term
deviant;choose
Definition
It is not accurate to imagine that an upstanding, innocent teen is somehow corrupted by _____ friends; Adolescents ____ their friends and models not always wisely, but never randomly
Term
Selection;Facilitation
Definition
_____ and _____ are two helpful concepts, teens choose cliques whose values and interests they share
Term
facilitaion
Definition
If a teens friends are doing something good or bad they are more likely to also engage in it, peer ______ helps adolescents act in ways they are unlikely to act on their own
Term
Best friends
Definition
_____ can be like family to a teen
Term
First Love
Definition
Early exclusive romances are more often a sign of social trouble than maturity, especially for girls
Term
one
Definition
First romances usually appear in high school and last less than ___ year, with girls having a steady partner more often then boys
Term
devastating
Definition
Breakups are common and unreciprocated crushes, both can be ___
Term
Sexual Orientation
Definition
A term that refers to whether a person is sexually and romantically attracted to others of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes
Term
family;peers;culture
Definition
Whether or not an adolescent becomes sexually active depends on ____, _____, and _____
Term
sex education
Definition
Adults and peers provide _______ either explicit or implicit through examples, expressions, or silences
Term
European
Definition
Sex education policies vary dramatically, _____ schools begin sex education in elementary school and have a significantly lower teen pregnancy rate
Term
Clinical Depression
Definition
A deep sadness and hopelessness that disrupts all normal regular activities, feelings of hopelessness, lethargy, and worthlessness that last two weeks or more; causes predate puberty including genes and early care
Term
10;5
Definition
Clinical depression rates rise in boys 1 in __ and girls 1 in __, reasons for gender differences not known
Term
Rumination
Definition
Talking about remembering and mentally replaying past experiences, more common in girls
Term
Suicidal Ideation
Definition
Serious, distressing thoughts about killing oneself; reaches its peak at age 15
Term
suicide
Definition
Stress can lead to depression and thoughts of _____
Term
Parasuicide (attempted suicide)
Definition
Any deliberate self-harm that could have been lethal
Term
girls;boys
Definition
Depression and parasuicide are far more common among ____, completed suicide among ____
Term
Life-course-persistent-offender
Definition
A person whose criminal activity typically begins in early adolescences and continues throughout life, a career criminal; more common in boys than girls
Term
delinquency
Definition
Neurological impairment (either born or caused by early life experience) increases the risk for _____
Term
-Deviant friends
-Few connections to school
-Living in a crowded, violent unstable neighborhood
-Not having a job
-Using drugs/alcohol
-Having close relatives in jail
Definition
Psychosocial causes for delinquency include...
Term
Drug use/abuse
Definition
-Variations in use depend on where you live
-By generation and gender
-Harms developing hearts, lungs, brains, and reproductive organs
-Alcohol is the most commonly abused
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