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Human Growth and Development Final
Guicherit Final
99
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
12/09/2017

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Term
Development
Definition
The pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the life-span. It involves growth and decline brought on by aging and dying.
Term
Sociocultural contexts and diversity
Definition
Culture
Ethnicity
Socioeconomic Status
Gender
Term
Culture
Definition
Past on from generation to generation
Term
Ethnicity
Definition
Cultural heritage, nationality, race, and relgion and language
Term
Socioeconomic status
Definition
Occupational, educational, and economical characteristics.
Term
Gender
Definition
Male, female, and other (intersex, transgender, gender-less)
Term
Development is influenced by
Definition
biological, cognitive, and socioemotional influences
Term
socioemotioanl development
Definition
relations with others, emotionality
Term
Development: nature versus nurture
Definition
Nature and nurture play a role in development
Term
Theory
Definition
Theories attempt to explain behavior and then make predictions about that behavior
Term
Psychoanalytic theories
Definition
Freud and Erikson
Term
Freud's psychoanalitic theory:
Definition
Psychosexual stages of development
Term
Erikson's psychosocial stages of development
Definition
psychosocial stages of development (the stuff you did the paper on)
Term
Cogntive theories
Definition
Piaget and Vygotsky
Term
Piaget's cognitive theory
Definition
Cognitive development theory - all children develop in four stages
Term
Vygotsky's Cognitive theory
Definition
Sociocultural cognitive theory - social interaction and culture guide development
Term
Ethological theories
Definition
Lorenz and Bowlby
Term
Lorenz's ethological theories
Definition
Research with geese and imprinting
Term
Bowlby's ethological theories
Definition
Attachment to caregiver in teh first year of life has profound impact on development
Term
Ecological theory
Definition
Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems theory
Term
Brofenbrenner's evironmental systems theory
Definition
development is influence by various environmental systems (home, school, etc.) Developed the head start program.
Term
correlational research
Definition
describes the strenght of a relationship between variables and behavior
Term
experimental research
Definition
uses experimental groups and control groups and measures the difference between them concerning a specific variable
Term
representative sample
Definition
a group that represents the whole population
Term
randomly selecting a sample
Definition
a sample from the population, don't pick and choose
Term
cross-sectional approach
Definition
testing different ages groups at the same time
Term
longitudinal approach
Definition
testing the same group of people over many years
Term
behavior genetics
Definition
studies the influence of genes and environment on individual differences of people
Term
behavioral geneticisits use scietific research
Definition
twin studies and adoption studies
Term
adoption studies
Definition
compare adopted child's behavior with behavior of biological parents and adoptive parents
Term
Thomas Bouchard
Definition
Minnesota study fo twins reared apart
Term
Epigenetic view of hereditary environmental corrlational
Definition
epigenetic view: bidirectional influence between heredity and environment
Term
the egg is receptive for ____ hours
Definition
24
Term
Sperm can survive for _____ days
Definition
5-7
Term
Newborns are born with _________ neurons
Definition
100 billion
Term
Synaptogenesis
Definition
Forming new connections at the synapses between the neurons in teh brain. This is a lifelong process
Term
Myelination
Definition
Speeds up transmission of neural signals. Completed in early twenties
Term
Prevent SIDS
Definition
Put infant to sleep on back
give pacifier before sleeping
breastfeed
no exposure to second-hand smoke or maternal smoking
don't share the same bed as the infant
have a fan running in the infant's bedroom
Term
Piaget's theory of infant development
Definition
The way biology and experience construct the cognitive development of children. Children actively construct their own knowledge of teh world.
Term
sensorimotor stage
Definition
0-2
Term
object permanance
Definition
solid concept at age one
Term
A not B error
Definition
Look for an object in the first hiding plac,e, not in the second)
Term
Developmental cognitve neuroscience
Definition
Study of connections between brain, cognition and development. Says infants can do things before Piaget said they could
Term
Should you sooth an infant?
Definition
Yes. Soothing consistently in the first year is for the best
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
Babies want to be close to their mom because she gives the reward of food. No study of feelings
Term
John Bowley
Definition
Having a close attachment in the first year is crucial to development of close relationships later in life. Close attachment is formed when the caregiver responds consistently and sensitively to the child in the first year.
Term
t/f: Synaptogenesis continues through childhood
Definition
true
Term
egocentrism
Definition
thinking that everybody sees things from the same perspective as you
Term
symbolic function
Definition
mentally representing objects that are not present
Term
artificialism
Definition
humans make everything in nature "daddy can turn off them moon"
Term
no identity consistency
Definition
somebody changes as their appearance changes
Term
vygotsky's theory about ZPD:
Definition
educators can influence mental growth, children do not have to wiat to grow into a skill by themselves.
Term
scaffolding
Definition
step by step teaching a new skill on a child's level. don't do it for them (no "spoon feeding", help them do it themselves
Term
theory of mind
Definition
the understanding that we live in different heads. other people have differnet thoughts than us. Measured with false belief task
Term
discipline environment fit
Definition
certain environments need stricter discipline (authoritarian style) for children to succeed.
Namely, collectivist and dangerous places
Term
reasons to avoid spanking
Definition
modeling aggressive behavior
fear of parent
tells children what not to do, what they should do
might lead to abuse
Term
children of divorced families
Definition
During the divorce parents are disorganized and parenting becomes worse. After a while parenting will go back to normal
Term
play
Definition
Less time for play and more emphasis on academics hinders cognitive and socioemotional development
Term
autism
Definition
Starts in first 3 years of life, problems in social relationships and communication, restrictive repetitive behavior
Term
asperger
Definition
Mild autism spectrum disorder, restricted range of interests and relationships
Term
sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence
Definition
Three types of intelligence:
Analytic:
Standard IQ tests measure this

Creative:
Think ‘outside the box’,creativity

Practical:
Put ideas into practice, common sense
Term
Gardner's eight frames of intelligence
Definition
Verbal
Mathematical
Interpersonal (relationships)
Intrapersonal (know self)
Spatial (use space)
Musical
Kinesthetic (use of body)
Naturalist (use of nature)
Term
low self esteem
Definition
may be an accurate reflection of one’s shortcomings or a distorted image of the self with a sense of inferiority to others
Term
high self esteem
Definition
can be justified by success and accomplishments or it can be an arrogant, grandiose sense of superiority over others
Term
self esteem
Definition
an overall evaluation of self-worth
Term
adolescence
Definition
A time of evaluation, decision making and finding a place in the world.
Term
For adolescents to reach their full potential, they need ______ and ______________ from adults who care about them
Definition
opportunities; long-term support
Term
menarche
Definition
9-15 - begins puberty - ovulation starts 1-2 years later
Term
spermarche
Definition
boy's first ejaculation with live sperm (15) ejaculation without live sperm from 13-14
Term
secular trend in puberty
Definition
declining age of menarche
Term
limbic system
Definition
Emotions and experience of rewards. Matured at beginning of adolescence
Term
prefrontal cortex
Definition
Self-control, planning and reasoning. Matured around age 18-25
Term
Elkind's adolescent egocentrism
Definition
High self-consciousness, very sensitivity to what other people think of them
Term
Elkind's imaginary audience
Definition
the young teacher's belief that everyone is watching everything they do
Term
Personal fable
Definition
Young teenagers feel they are invincible (‘it cannot happen to me’) and that their life is completely unique
Term
Juvenile Deliquency
Definition
Poor family relationships
Alienated from parents
No parental monitoring
No authoritative parenting

Having delinquent friends

Prior emotion-regulation problems
Term
binge drinking effects
Definition
missing school/school work
-drinking and driving
-unprotected sex
-rape
-one in nine binge drinkers will become alcoholic
Term
consummate love
Definition
Intimacy and commitment and passion
Term
compassionate love
Definition
Intimacy and commitment, low on passion
Term
John Horn
Definition
Cross-sectional studies
Term
Warner Schaie:
Seattle Longitudinal Study
Definition
Effects of aging on intelligence, midlife is the time of peak performance in many intellectual skills
Term
Generativity
Definition
Finding meaning in life through nurturing the next generation. Leads to more eudaimonic happiness
Term
Levinson
Definition
Qualitative research on midlife: in-depth interviews with 40 men and biographic information from famous men.
Term
Vaillant (the Grant Study):
Definition
Quantitative research on 268 men, longitudinally studied over 75 years and ongoing
Term
Grant Study:
Definition
“warmth of relationships has the greatest positive impact on life satisfaction”
Term
Midlife crisis
Definition
Most research and developmental experts say that midlife is NOT a crisis for the majority of people!
Term
Shrinking and slowing of brain in aging
Definition
-shrinkage of neurons
-lower number of synapses
-shorter axons
-reduced myelination
Term
aging: pre-frontal cortex
Definition
shows most decline (complex reasoning, working memory)
Term
Keeping the aging brain healthy
Definition
Exercise and cognitive (intellectual) challenges slow the aging process of the brain!
Term
_____ in old age are positively related to health in old age.
Definition
sexual activity
Term
medical science's effect on aging
Definition
We live a lot longer
We die a lot slower
We die out of sight in hospitals or nursing homes
Term
brain death
Definition
Neurological definition of death. No brain activity seen on EEG (see American Academy of Neurology Guidelines for Brain Death Determination)
Term
passive euthanasia
Definition
Withholding potentially life-saving interventions.
Legal with advance directives
Term
active euthanasia
Definition
A deliberate medical intervention that helps a patient die. Legal only in The Netherlands, Belgium Luxemburg and Colom
Term
physician-assisted suicide
Definition
The physician can prescribe medications that the patient can take to end their life.
Term
Advanced directive
Definition
Any written document with regard to life-prolonging treatment when irretrievably ill and cannot communicate their wishes
Term
advanced directive plans
Definition
Living will
Durable power of attorney for health care
Do not resuscitate order (DNR)
Do not hospitalize order (DNH)

POLST: new, more specific advance directive
Term
Kubler Ross' Stage theory of dying
Definition
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance

Not everybody goes through these stag
Term
Continuing bonds theory
Definition
Finding ways to stay connected to a loved one who has passed.
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