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| What is Human Development? |
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Definition
| A field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan. |
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an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior.
1) Describe. 2) Explain. 3) predict |
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| Three basic issues of development theories: |
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1) Is the course of development continuous or discontinuous?
2) One course of development for all people or multiple?
3) Are genetic or environmental factors more important in influencing development? |
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| a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with. |
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| a process in which new and different ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times. |
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Continuous or Discontinuous?
"The difference b/t the immature and mature being is simply one of amount or complexity" |
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| that is a Continuous way of thinking |
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| The discontinuous perspective regards development as taking place in _____. |
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Qualitative changes in the thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize specific periods of development.
Think climbing a staircase. |
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Unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change.
Ex: what contexts a shy person developed versus someone extrovert... |
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| What is the Nature-Nurture controversy in a nutshell? it can be any kind of nut. |
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Definition
| Are genetic or environmental factors more important? |
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the genes we got from our parents.
no...not levi's |
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| complex forces of physical and social world that influence our biological makeup and psychological experiences before and after birth. |
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| The Four assumptions of the Lifespan Perspective hold that development is: |
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Definition
1) Lifelong
2) multidimensional and multidirectional
3) highly plastic-change is possible
4)affected by multiple interactin forces |
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| The three broad domains that change occurs in according to the Lifespan Perspective: |
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Definition
1) Physical
2) Cognitive
3) emotional/social |
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| Three main categories of influence on development: |
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1) Age-graded influences
2) History Graded influences
3) Nonnormative Influences. |
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Events that are strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last.
Ex: Biology: puberty, menopause, learning to walk.
Social: starting school, getting your driver license. |
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| History-Graded Influences |
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Definition
explain why cohorts tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born other times.
Ex: economic depression, epidemics, wars, the internet, |
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Events that are irregular.
They happen to just one person or a few people and do not follow a predictable timetable.
Ex:Getting mugged, a blind date, winning the lottery, saving a ton of money on your car insurance by switching to Geiko . |
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Definition
| The ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development |
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| Philosophies of Childhood: |
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Definition
-Tabula rasa
-noble savages
-original sin
-innate goodness |
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-Latin for "blank slate"
-Theory supported by John Locke.
-Children begin with nothing and are shaped by experience.
-change from harshness to kindness and compassion.
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-children are naturally endowed with a sense of right and wrong and with an innate plan for orderly, healthy growth.
-believed by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
-2 parts: Stage and maturation. |
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| genetically determined, naturally unfolding course of growth. |
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| What did John Locke propose? |
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| What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau think? |
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| G. Stanley Hall and his student Arnold Gesell developed the __________ ____. |
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| measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development. |
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| psychoanalytic perspective |
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Definition
| people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts b/t biological drives and social expectations. The way these conflicts are resolved determines the individual's ability to learn, to get along with others, and to cope with anxiety. |
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| Two main contributers to the the Psychoanalytic perspective? |
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Definition
| Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson |
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Definition
emphasized that how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development.
-developed by Sigmund Freud |
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| Three Parts of personality: |
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Id-basic biological needs and desires
Ego-the conscious, rational pert of personality
Superego-the conscience |
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emphasis that the ego does not just mediate b/t id impulses and superego demands. At each stage, it also acquires attitudes and skills that make the individual an active, contributing member of society.
-developed by Erickson |
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| The Psychosexual Stages are? |
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Definition
-Oral
-Anal
-Phallic
-Latency
-Genital |
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| -holds that directly observable events-stimuli and responses-are the appropriate focus of study. |
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-Devised by Albert Bandura
-Emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning, as a powerful source of development. |
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| consists of procedures that combine conditioning and modeling to eliminate undersirable behaviors and increase desirable responses. |
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| Cognitive-developmental Theory |
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Definition
-Devised by Jean Piaget
-children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world. |
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| Perspective that the human mind might be viewed as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows. |
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| developmental cognitive neuroscience |
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Definition
-A new area of investigation that expands on information processing
-combines psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine to study the relationship b/t changes in the brain and the developing person's cognitive processing and behavior pattersn. |
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| ____________ is concerned with the adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history. |
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| Name two European zoologists who laid the foundation for Ethology. |
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Definition
-Konrad Lorenz
-Niko Tinbergen. |
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| a time that is optimal for certain capacities to emerge and in which the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences. |
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| Evolutionary Developmental Psychology |
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| A field that seeks to understand the adaptive value of specieswide cognitive, emotional, and social competencies as those competencies change with age. |
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-Developed by Lev Vygotsky
-Focuses on how culture is transmitted to the next generation.
-Social interaction with more knowledgeable members of society is necessary for for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community's culture. |
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| Who developed the sociocultural theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| Urie Bronfenbrenner devloped ________ _____ ______. |
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Definition
| Ecological Systems Theory |
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| Ecological Systems Theory |
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Definition
| Views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment. |
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| What are Bronfenbrenner's five layers of the environment? |
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1)Microsystem
2)Mesosystem
3)Exosystem
4)Macrosystem
5)Chronosystem |
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| According to Bronfenbrenner's Ecological systems theory, ________ is the innermost layer of the environment and consist's of things in one's immediate environment. |
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| The second level of Bronfenbrenner's model which encompasses connections b/t microcystems. |
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| The second level of Bronfenbrenner's model which encompasses connections b/t microcsystems. |
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| The Exosystem is made up of _____ _____ that do not contain the developing person but still affect _________ in immediate settings. |
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| Social Settings, Experiences. |
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Outermost level of Bronfenbrenner's model
consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources. |
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History/time related things.
Starting school, war, getting someone knocked up, getting the big promotion. |
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Definition
| -Going into the field, or natural enviornment, and record the behavior of interest. |
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| ovservations in which the investigator sets up a lab situation that evokes the behavior of interest so that every participant has an equal opportunity to display the response. |
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| Interview where researchers use a flexible, conversational style to probe for the participant's point of view. |
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| Interviews in which each participant is asked the same set of questions in the same way |
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| The clinical/case study method |
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Definition
-outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory
-brings together a wide range of info on one person, including interviews, observations, and sometimes test cores. |
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| a descriptive, qualitative technique. But instead of aiming to understand a single individual, it is directed toward understanding a culture or a distinct social group through participant observation. |
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| The two main types of designs that are used in all research of human behavior are? |
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Definition
-Correlational
-Experimental |
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Definition
| researchers look for relationships b/t participans characteristics and their behavior or development. |
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a number that describes how two measures, or variables, are associated with one another.
-closer the value is to +1.00 or -1.00 the stronger the relationship is |
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| permits inferences about cause and effect b/c researchers use an evenhanded procedure t oassign people to two or more treatment conditions. |
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| study in which participants are studied repeatedly, and changes are noted as they get older. |
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| The investigator studies groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time. |
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| the investigator conducts several similiar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies (called sequences) at varying times. |
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